Stimulant (English Wikipedia)

Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists". In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.

acha.org

Greydanus D. "Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem" (PDF). American College Health Association (Review Article). ACHA Professional Development Program. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

amazon.com

"San Francisco Meth Zombies". Drugs, Inc. Season 4. Episode 1. 11 August 2013. 43 minutes in. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016.

aspetjournals.org

molpharm.aspetjournals.org

West RE, Zweig A, Shih NY, Siegel MI, Egan RW, Clark MA (November 1990). "Identification of two H3-histamine receptor subtypes". Molecular Pharmacology. 38 (5): 610–613. PMID 2172771. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.

avancepsicologos.com

"Efectos psicológicos del consumo de la cocaína". Avance Psicólogos (in Spanish). 2020. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Drugs crackdown hailed a success". BBC News. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2010.

books.google.com

Meulen R, Hall W, Mohammed A (2017). Rethinking Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-872739-2.
J. Moncrieff (13 April 2016). The Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drug Treatment. Springer. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-0-230-58944-5. OCLC 1047624331. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022. A well-known textbook of physical treatments described stimulants as having 'limited value in depression' because the euphoria they induce quickly wears off and 'the patient slips back' (Sargant & Slater 1944).
Glennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2020. The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).
O'Connor A (2007). Never shower in a thunderstorm: surprising facts and misleading myths about our health and the world we live in (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8050-8312-5. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Dickens C (1856) [Digitized 19 February 2010]. "The Orsons of East Africa". Household Words: A Weekly Journal, Volume 14. Bradbury & Evans. p. 176. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2014. (Free eBook)

cambridge.org

Ellison GD, Eison MS (1983). "Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode". Psychological Medicine. 13 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1017/S003329170005145X. PMID 6320247. S2CID 2337423. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.

cdsco.nic.in

"Drugs Banned in India". Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.

doi.org

Costa VM, Grando LG, Milandri E, Nardi J, Teixeira P, Mladěnka P, Remião F, et al. (OEMONOM) (November 2022). "Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology". Biomolecules. 12 (12): 1793. doi:10.3390/biom12121793. PMC 9775352. PMID 36551221.
Rozenek EB, Górska M, Wilczyńska K, Waszkiewicz N (September 2019). "In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers". Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 70 (3): 150–159. doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3298. PMID 32597132. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
Avois L, Robinson N, Saudan C, Baume N, Mangin P, Saugy M (7 January 2017). "Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (Suppl 1): i16–i20. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027557. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 2657493. PMID 16799095.
Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (1 April 2014). "Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review". Addiction. 109 (4): 547–557. doi:10.1111/add.12460. ISSN 1360-0443. PMC 4471173. PMID 24749160.
Zamanian MY, Karimvandi MN, Nikbakhtzadeh M, Zahedi E, Bokov DO, Kujawska M, et al. (2023). "Effects of Modafinil (Provigil) on Memory and Learning in Experimental and Clinical Studies: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behaviour Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 16 (4): 507–516. doi:10.2174/1874467215666220901122824. PMID 36056861. S2CID 252046371.
Hashemian SM, Farhadi T (2020). "A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care". Journal of Drug Assessment. 9 (1): 82–86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209. PMC 7170336. PMID 32341841.
Morton WA, Stockton GG (8 January 2017). "Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2 (5): 159–164. doi:10.4088/PCC.v02n0502. ISSN 1523-5998. PMC 181133. PMID 15014637.
Westover AN, Halm EA (9 June 2012). "Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 12 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-12-41. ISSN 1471-2261. PMC 3405448. PMID 22682429.
Fredriksen M, Halmøy A, Faraone SV, Haavik J (1 June 2013). "Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 23 (6): 508–527. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016. hdl:10852/40257. ISSN 1873-7862. PMID 22917983. S2CID 20400392.
Hammerness PG, Karampahtsis C, Babalola R, Alexander ME (1 April 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 14 (4): 543–551. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1011620. ISSN 1744-764X. PMID 25648243. S2CID 39425997.
Hechtman L, Greenfield B (1 January 2003). "Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome". Paediatric Drugs. 5 (12): 787–794. doi:10.2165/00148581-200305120-00002. ISSN 1174-5878. PMID 14658920. S2CID 68191253.
Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (1 September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 142: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468.
COUGHLIN P, MAVOR, A (1 October 2006). "Arterial Consequences of Recreational Drug Use". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 32 (4): 389–396. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.003. PMID 16682239.
Tashkin DP (1 March 2001). "Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 7 (2): 43–61. doi:10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001. ISSN 1070-5287. PMID 11224724. S2CID 23421796.
Trozak D, Gould W (1984). "Cocaine abuse and connective tissue disease". J Am Acad Dermatol. 10 (3): 525. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80112-7. PMID 6725666.
Ramón Peces, Navascués RA, Baltar J, Seco M, Alvarez J (1999). "Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use". Nephron. 81 (4): 434–438. doi:10.1159/000045328. PMID 10095180. S2CID 26921706.
Moore PM, Richardson B (1998). "Neurology of the vasculitides and connective tissue diseases". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 65 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1136/jnnp.65.1.10. PMC 2170162. PMID 9667555.
Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Arch. Toxicol. 86 (8): 1167–1231. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5. PMID 22392347. S2CID 2873101.
Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M (2009). "Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Pharmacol Rep. 61 (6): 966–977. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6. PMID 20081231. S2CID 4729728. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.
Sulzer D, Zecca L (February 2000). "Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review". Neurotox. Res. 1 (3): 181–195. doi:10.1007/BF03033289. PMID 12835101. S2CID 21892355.
Miyazaki I, Asanuma M (June 2008). "Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself". Acta Med. Okayama. 62 (3): 141–150. doi:10.18926/AMO/30942. PMID 18596830.
Harper SJ, Jones NS (1 October 2006). "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 120 (10): 808–811. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. S2CID 28169472.
Kaplan LM (1 March 2005). "Pharmacological therapies for obesity". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 34 (1): 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2004.12.002. ISSN 0889-8553. PMID 15823441.
Palamara KL, Mogul HR, Peterson SJ, Frishman WH (1 October 2016). "Obesity: new perspectives and pharmacotherapies". Cardiology in Review. 14 (5): 238–258. doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000233903.57946.fd. ISSN 1538-4683. PMID 16924165.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (7 January 2017). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. ISSN 0269-8811. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Stotz G, Woggon B, Angst J (1 December 1999). "Psychostimulants in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression Review of the literature and findings from a retrospective study in 65 depressed patients". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 1 (3): 165–174. doi:10.31887/DCNS.1999.1.3/gstotz. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 3181580. PMID 22034135.
Chu EK, Drazen JM (1 June 2005). "Asthma". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 171 (11): 1202–1208. doi:10.1164/rccm.200502-257OE. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 15778490.
Moncrieff J (June 2008). "The creation of the concept of an antidepressant: an historical analysis". Soc Sci Med. 66 (11): 2346–55. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.047. PMID 18321627.
Morelli M, Tognotti E (August 2021). "Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants". Exp Neurol. 342: 113754. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113754. PMID 34000249. S2CID 234768496.
Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, Boyce P, Hopwood M, Lyndon W, Mulder R, Porter R, Singh A, Murray G (March 2016). "Stimulants for depression: On the up and up?". Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 50 (3): 203–7. doi:10.1177/0004867416634208. PMID 26906078. S2CID 45341424.
Orr K, Taylor D (2007). "Psychostimulants in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence". CNS Drugs. 21 (3): 239–57. doi:10.2165/00023210-200721030-00004. PMID 17338594. S2CID 35761979.
Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (August 2022). "Dopamine and Beyond: Implications of Psychophysical Studies of Intracranial Self-Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression". Brain Sci. 12 (8): 1052. doi:10.3390/brainsci12081052. PMC 9406029. PMID 36009115.
Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (2022). "The Convergence Model of Brain Reward Circuitry: Implications for Relief of Treatment-Resistant Depression by Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle". Front Behav Neurosci. 16: 851067. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.851067. PMC 9011331. PMID 35431828.
Giacobbe P, Rakita U, Lam R, Milev R, Kennedy SH, McIntyre RS (January 2018). "Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine as an antidepressant augmentation strategy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". J Affect Disord. 226: 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.041. PMID 29028590.
McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Zhou AJ, Rosenblat JD, Peters EM, Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Rong C, Jerrell JM (August 2017). "The Efficacy of Psychostimulants in Major Depressive Episodes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 37 (4): 412–418. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000723. PMID 28590365. S2CID 27622964.
Bahji A, Mesbah-Oskui L (September 2021). "Comparative efficacy and safety of stimulant-type medications for depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". J Affect Disord. 292: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.119. PMID 34144366.
Nuñez NA, Joseph B, Pahwa M, Kumar R, Resendez MG, Prokop LJ, Veldic M, Seshadri A, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, Wang Z, Singh B (April 2022). "Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". J Affect Disord. 302: 385–400. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.134. PMC 9328668. PMID 34986373.
Barr AM, Markou A (2005). "Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 29 (4–5): 675–706. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.012. PMID 15893821. S2CID 23653608.
Folgering JH, Choi M, Schlumbohm C, van Gaalen MM, Stratford RE (April 2019). "Development of a non-human primate model to support CNS translational research: Demonstration with D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response". J Neurosci Methods. 317: 71–81. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.005. PMID 30768951. S2CID 72333922.
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (April 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 369 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (7 February 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 369 (1). American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
Ermer JC, Pennick M, Frick G (May 2016). "Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: Prodrug Delivery, Amphetamine Exposure and Duration of Efficacy". Clin Drug Investig. 36 (5): 341–56. doi:10.1007/s40261-015-0354-y. PMC 4823324. PMID 27021968.
Dolder PC, Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Hammann F, Odermatt A, Liechti ME (2017). "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lisdexamfetamine Compared with D-Amphetamine in Healthy Subjects". Front Pharmacol. 8: 617. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00617. PMC 5594082. PMID 28936175.
Brauer LH, Ambre J, De Wit H (February 1996). "Acute tolerance to subjective but not cardiovascular effects of d-amphetamine in normal, healthy men". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 16 (1): 72–6. doi:10.1097/00004714-199602000-00012. PMID 8834422.
Comer SD, Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (June 2001). "Effects of repeated oral methamphetamine administration in humans". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 155 (4): 397–404. doi:10.1007/s002130100727. PMID 11441429. S2CID 19103494.
Barr AM, Markou A, Phillips AG (October 2002). "A 'crash' course on psychostimulant withdrawal as a model of depression". Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23 (10): 475–82. doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(02)02086-2. PMID 12368072.
D'Souza MS, Markou A (2010). "Neural substrates of psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia". Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 3. Berlin, Heidelberg: 119–78. doi:10.1007/7854_2009_20. ISBN 978-3-642-03000-0. PMID 21161752.
Baicy K, Bearden CE, Monterosso J, Brody AL, Isaacson AJ, London ED (2005). "Common substrates of dysphoria in stimulant drug abuse and primary depression: therapeutic targets". Int Rev Neurobiol. International Review of Neurobiology. 65: 117–45. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(04)65005-7. ISBN 978-0-12-366866-0. PMID 16140055.
Gallardo-Godoy A, Fierro A, McLean TH, Castillo M, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M, Nichols DE (April 2005). "Sulfur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitors: biological activities, CoMFA analysis, and active site modeling". J Med Chem. 48 (7): 2407–19. doi:10.1021/jm0493109. PMID 15801832.
Fitzgerald LR, Gannon BM, Walther D, Landavazo A, Hiranita T, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Fantegrossi WE (March 2024). "Structure-activity relationships for locomotor stimulant effects and monoamine transporter interactions of substituted amphetamines and cathinones". Neuropharmacology. 245: 109827. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109827. PMC 10842458. PMID 38154512. S2CID 266558677.
Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3]. ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79]. ...
[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). "Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives". Forensic Sci. Int. 49 (2): 205–213. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90081-s. PMID 1855720.
Miller GM (January 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity". J. Neurochem. 116 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x. PMC 3005101. PMID 21073468.
Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216 (1): 86–98. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...86E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. PMC 4183197. PMID 21272013.
Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (2015). "Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs". Biochemical Pharmacology. 95 (2): 81–97. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 25813654.
Docherty JR (7 January 2017). "Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 606–622. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527. PMID 18500382.
Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications". Sleep Medicine. 68: 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001. PMID 32032921. S2CID 203405397.
Lazarus M, Chen JF, Huang ZL, Urade Y, Fredholm BB (2019). "Adenosine and Sleep". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 253: 359–381. doi:10.1007/164_2017_36. ISBN 978-3-030-11270-7. PMID 28646346.
Liddle DG, Connor DJ (June 2013). "Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS". Prim. Care. 40 (2): 487–505. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009. PMID 23668655. Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training...
Physiologic and performance effects
• Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
• Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
• Improved reaction time
• Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
• Increased acceleration
• Increased alertness and attention to task
Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S (January 2008). "Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature". J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 47 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1. PMID 18174822. Stimulant misuse appears to occur both for performance enhancement and their euphorogenic effects, the latter being related to the intrinsic properties of the stimulants (e.g., IR versus ER profile)...

Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". J. Psychopharmacol. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950". J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 61 (3): 288–323. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039. PMID 16492800. S2CID 24974454.
Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W (2009). "Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (Review)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD003026. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3. PMC 7004251. PMID 19160215.
Lipton RB, Diener HC, Robbins MS, Garas SY, Patel K (October 2017). "Caffeine in the management of patients with headache". J Headache Pain. 18 (1): 107. doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0806-2. PMC 5655397. PMID 29067618.
Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M (May 2018). "Caffeine-Related Deaths: Manner of Deaths and Categories at Risk". Nutrients. 10 (5): 611. doi:10.3390/nu10050611. PMC 5986491. PMID 29757951.
Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G (1 August 2016). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects". Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 17 (2): 139–170. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b. PMID 1356551. S2CID 14277779.
Bjorness TE, Greene RW (8 January 2017). "Adenosine and Sleep". Current Neuropharmacology. 7 (3): 238–245. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007. PMID 20190965.
Solinas M, Ferré S, You ZB, Karcz-Kubicha M, Popoli P, Goldberg SR (1 August 2002). "Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens". Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (15): 6321–6324. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129. PMID 12151508.
Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Yoshioka K, Nakata H (June 2003). "Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 306 (2): 544–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00991-4. PMID 12804599.
Temple JL (2009). "Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (6): 793–806. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001. PMC 2699625. PMID 19428492.
Nkondjock A (May 2009). "Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview". Cancer Lett. 277 (2): 121–5. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.022. PMID 18834663.
Arab L (2010). "Epidemiologic evidence on coffee and cancer". Nutrition and Cancer. 62 (3): 271–83. doi:10.1080/01635580903407122. PMID 20358464. S2CID 44949233.
Santos C, Costa J, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Lunet N (2010). "Caffeine intake and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Alzheimers Dis. 20 (Suppl 1): S187–204. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091387. PMID 20182026.
Marques S, Batalha VL, Lopes LV, Outeiro TF (2011). "Modulating Alzheimer's disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics". J. Alzheimers Dis. 24 (2): 161–71. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-110032. PMID 21427489.
Arendash GW, Cao C (2010). "Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease". J. Alzheimers Dis. 20 (Suppl 1): S117–26. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249. PMID 20182037.
Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB (11 February 2014). "Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". Circulation. 129 (6): 643–59. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925. PMC 3945962. PMID 24201300.
van Dam RM (2008). "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 33 (6): 1269–1283. doi:10.1139/H08-120. PMID 19088789.
Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L (June 2011). "Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93 (6): 1212–9. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044. PMID 21450934.
Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X (March 2011). "The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 249 (3): 435–42. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1455-1. PMID 20706731. S2CID 668498.
Muriel P, Arauz J (2010). "Coffee and liver diseases". Fitoterapia. 81 (5): 297–305. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003. PMID 19825397.
Hackett PH (2010). "Caffeine at high altitude: java at base Camp". High Alt. Med. Biol. 11 (1): 13–7. doi:10.1089/ham.2009.1077. PMID 20367483. S2CID 8820874.
Meyer JS (21 November 2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791.
Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2012). "Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro". British Journal of Pharmacology. 168 (2): 458–470. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571. PMID 22897747.
Karch SB (January 2015). "Cathinone neurotoxicity ("The "3Ms")". Curr Neuropharmacol. 13 (1): 21–5. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210225009. PMC 4462040. PMID 26074741.
Pantano F, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pacifici R, di Luca A, Busardò FP, Marinelli E (2017). "Neurotoxicity Induced by Mephedrone: An up-to-date Review". Curr Neuropharmacol. 15 (5): 738–749. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666161130130718. PMC 5771050. PMID 27908258.
Mead J, Parrott A (May 2020). "Mephedrone and MDMA: A comparative review". Brain Res. 1735: 146740. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146740. PMID 32087112. S2CID 211199225.
Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379–407. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002. PMC 2731235. PMID 19328213. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007).
Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W (February 1995). "Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine". J. Neurosci. 15 (2): 1308–1317. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995. PMC 6577819. PMID 7869099.
Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT (October 2006). "Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80 (4): 403–420. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013. PMID 17015058. S2CID 19072636.
Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR (July 2009). "A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine". Addiction. 104 (7): 1085–1099. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x. PMID 19426289. S2CID 37079117.
Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277. PMID 23247506.
Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J (September 2013). "Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies". J. Clin. Psychiatry. 74 (9): 902–917. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287. PMC 3801446. PMID 24107764.
Ellison GD, Eison MS (1983). "Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode". Psychological Medicine. 13 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1017/S003329170005145X. PMID 6320247. S2CID 2337423. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
Talhouth R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam G C J (October 2007). "Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 17 (10): 627–636. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013. PMID 17382522. S2CID 25866206.
Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719.
Flavahan NA (April 2005). "Phenylpropanolamine constricts mouse and human blood vessels by preferentially activating alpha2-adrenoceptors". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 313 (1): 432–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.076653. PMID 15608085. S2CID 41470513.
Hunter Gillies, Wayne E. Derman, Timothy D. Noakes, Peter Smith, Alicia Evans, Gary Gabriels (1 December 1996). "Pseudoephedrine is without ergogenic effects during prolonged exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (6): 2611–2617. doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2611. PMID 9018513. S2CID 15702353.
Hodges K, Hancock S, Currel K, Hamilton B, Jeukendrup AE (February 2006). "Pseudoephedrine enhances performance in 1500-m runners". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 38 (2): 329–33. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000183201.79330.9c. PMID 16531903.
Nutt D, King LA, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Kredlow MA, Keshishian A, Oppenheimer S, Otto MW (1 September 2019). "The Efficacy of Modafinil as a Cognitive Enhancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 39 (5): 455–461. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001085. PMID 31433334. S2CID 201119084 – via Europe PMC.
Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655.
Kakehi S, Tompkins DM (October 2021). "A Review of Pharmacologic Neurostimulant Use During Rehabilitation and Recovery After Brain Injury". Ann Pharmacother. 55 (10): 1254–1266. doi:10.1177/1060028020983607. PMID 33435717. S2CID 231593912.
Kim D (2012). "Practical use and risk of modafinil, a novel waking drug". Environmental Health and Toxicology. 27: e2012007. doi:10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012007. PMC 3286657. PMID 22375280.
Warot D, Corruble E, Payan C, Weil JS, Puech AJ (1993). "Subjective effects of modafinil, a new central adrenergic stimulant in healthy volunteers: a comparison with amphetamine, caffeine and placebo". European Psychiatry. 8 (4): 201–208. doi:10.1017/S0924933800002923. S2CID 151797528.
O'Brien CP, Dackis CA, Kampman K (June 2006). "Does modafinil produce euphoria?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (6): 1109. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1109. PMID 16741217.
Lamb YN (February 2020). "Pitolisant: A Review in Narcolepsy with or without Cataplexy". CNS Drugs. 34 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00703-x. PMID 31997137. S2CID 210949049.
Kollb-Sielecka M, Demolis P, Emmerich J, Markey G, Salmonson T, Haas M (1 May 2017). "The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use". Sleep Medicine. 33: 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002. PMID 28449891 – via Europe PMC.
"Pitolisant (Wakix) for Narcolepsy". JAMA. 326 (11): 1060–1061. 21 September 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1349. PMID 34546302. S2CID 237583921 – via Silverchair.
de Biase S, Pellitteri G, Gigli GL, Valente M (February 2021). "Evaluating pitolisant as a narcolepsy treatment option". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 22 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1817387. PMID 32941089. S2CID 221788777.
Sarfraz N, Okuampa D, Hansen H, Alvarez M, Cornett EM, Kakazu J, et al. (30 May 2022). "pitolisant, a novel histamine-3 receptor competitive antagonist, and inverse agonist, in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adult patients with narcolepsy". Health Psychology Research. 10 (3): 34222. doi:10.52965/001c.34222. PMC 9239364. PMID 35774905.
Dackis CA, Gold MS (1990). "Addictiveness of central stimulants". Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse. 9 (1–2): 9–26. doi:10.1300/J251v09n01_02. PMID 1974121.
Huskinson SL, Naylor JE, Rowlett JK, Freeman KB (7 January 2017). "Predicting abuse potential of stimulants and other dopaminergic drugs: Overview and recommendations". Neuropharmacology. 87: 66–80. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.009. ISSN 0028-3908. PMC 4171344. PMID 24662599.
Stoops WW (7 January 2017). "Reinforcing Effects of Stimulants in Humans: Sensitivity of Progressive-Ratio Schedules". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (6): 503–512. doi:10.1037/a0013657. ISSN 1064-1297. PMC 2753469. PMID 19086771.
Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, Amato L (29 September 2016). "Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD011866. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011866.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6457581. PMID 27684277.

drugabuse.gov

Efforts of the National Institute on Drug Abuse to Prevent and Treat Prescription Drug Abuse Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources Committee on Government Reform, United States House of Representatives, 26 July 2006

ww1.drugabuse.gov

Fishchman N, Mello N. Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse. p. 179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016.

drugpolicy.org

"Methamphetamine facts". DrugPolicy.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2014.

drugs.com

"Top 100 Drugs for Q4 2013 by Sales – U.S. Pharmaceutical Statistics". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013.
"Modafinil Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
"Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
"Pitolisant Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
"List of CNS stimulants + Uses & Side Effects". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.

fda.gov

accessdata.fda.gov

"Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. June 2013. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
"Adderall IR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. March 2007. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
"Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. June 2013. pp. 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
"Desoxyn Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
"CFR TITLE 21: DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE: PART 341 – COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE". United States Food and Drug Administration. April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016. Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. The product delivers in each 800 milliliters of air 0.04 to 0.150 milligrams of levmetamfetamine.
"Provigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). FDA.gov. United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2015.

fda.gov

"The Voice of the Patient A series of reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Patient-Focused Drug Development Initiative" (PDF). Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2017.
Research Cf (26 June 2019). "Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
Commissioner Oo (24 March 2020). "FDA warns companies to stop selling dangerous and illegal pure and highly concentrated caffeine products". FDA. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Fredriksen M, Halmøy A, Faraone SV, Haavik J (1 June 2013). "Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 23 (6): 508–527. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016. hdl:10852/40257. ISSN 1873-7862. PMID 22917983. S2CID 20400392.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216 (1): 86–98. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...86E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. PMC 4183197. PMID 21272013.

hc-sc.gc.ca

"Advisories, Warnings and Recalls – 2001". Health Canada. 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011.

health.gov.au

"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

healthybodydaily.com

"MDPV Bath Salts Drug Over The Counter". Archived from the original on 10 March 2011.

if-pan.krakow.pl

Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M (2009). "Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Pharmacol Rep. 61 (6): 966–977. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6. PMID 20081231. S2CID 4729728. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.

incb.org

"List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. United Nations. August 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2005.

kmbc.com

"Abuse Of Fake 'Bath Salts' Sends Dozens To ER". KMBC.com. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011.

medlineplus.gov

"Lisdexamfetamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

merckmanuals.com

Merck Manuals EPHEDrine Archived 24 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Last full review/revision January 2010

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of ERGOGENIC". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

nationalgeographic.com

channel.nationalgeographic.com

"San Francisco Meth Zombies". Drugs, Inc. Season 4. Episode 1. 11 August 2013. 43 minutes in. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016.

nbc33tv.com

Samantha Morgan (9 November 2010). "Parents cautioned against over the counter synthetic speed". NBC 33 News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Kelsey Scram (6 January 2011). "Bath Salts Used to Get High". NBC 33 News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

newscientist.com

Lovett R (24 September 2005). "Coffee: The demon drink?". New Scientist (2518). Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2009. (subscription required)

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Costa VM, Grando LG, Milandri E, Nardi J, Teixeira P, Mladěnka P, Remião F, et al. (OEMONOM) (November 2022). "Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology". Biomolecules. 12 (12): 1793. doi:10.3390/biom12121793. PMC 9775352. PMID 36551221.
Rozenek EB, Górska M, Wilczyńska K, Waszkiewicz N (September 2019). "In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers". Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 70 (3): 150–159. doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3298. PMID 32597132. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
Avois L, Robinson N, Saudan C, Baume N, Mangin P, Saugy M (7 January 2017). "Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (Suppl 1): i16–i20. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027557. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 2657493. PMID 16799095.
Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (1 April 2014). "Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review". Addiction. 109 (4): 547–557. doi:10.1111/add.12460. ISSN 1360-0443. PMC 4471173. PMID 24749160.
Zamanian MY, Karimvandi MN, Nikbakhtzadeh M, Zahedi E, Bokov DO, Kujawska M, et al. (2023). "Effects of Modafinil (Provigil) on Memory and Learning in Experimental and Clinical Studies: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behaviour Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 16 (4): 507–516. doi:10.2174/1874467215666220901122824. PMID 36056861. S2CID 252046371.
Hashemian SM, Farhadi T (2020). "A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care". Journal of Drug Assessment. 9 (1): 82–86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209. PMC 7170336. PMID 32341841.
Morton WA, Stockton GG (8 January 2017). "Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2 (5): 159–164. doi:10.4088/PCC.v02n0502. ISSN 1523-5998. PMC 181133. PMID 15014637.
Westover AN, Halm EA (9 June 2012). "Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 12 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-12-41. ISSN 1471-2261. PMC 3405448. PMID 22682429.
Fredriksen M, Halmøy A, Faraone SV, Haavik J (1 June 2013). "Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 23 (6): 508–527. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016. hdl:10852/40257. ISSN 1873-7862. PMID 22917983. S2CID 20400392.
Hammerness PG, Karampahtsis C, Babalola R, Alexander ME (1 April 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 14 (4): 543–551. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1011620. ISSN 1744-764X. PMID 25648243. S2CID 39425997.
Hechtman L, Greenfield B (1 January 2003). "Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome". Paediatric Drugs. 5 (12): 787–794. doi:10.2165/00148581-200305120-00002. ISSN 1174-5878. PMID 14658920. S2CID 68191253.
Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (1 September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 142: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468.
COUGHLIN P, MAVOR, A (1 October 2006). "Arterial Consequences of Recreational Drug Use". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 32 (4): 389–396. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.003. PMID 16682239.
Tashkin DP (1 March 2001). "Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 7 (2): 43–61. doi:10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001. ISSN 1070-5287. PMID 11224724. S2CID 23421796.
Trozak D, Gould W (1984). "Cocaine abuse and connective tissue disease". J Am Acad Dermatol. 10 (3): 525. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80112-7. PMID 6725666.
Ramón Peces, Navascués RA, Baltar J, Seco M, Alvarez J (1999). "Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use". Nephron. 81 (4): 434–438. doi:10.1159/000045328. PMID 10095180. S2CID 26921706.
Moore PM, Richardson B (1998). "Neurology of the vasculitides and connective tissue diseases". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 65 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1136/jnnp.65.1.10. PMC 2170162. PMID 9667555.
Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Arch. Toxicol. 86 (8): 1167–1231. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5. PMID 22392347. S2CID 2873101.
Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M (2009). "Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Pharmacol Rep. 61 (6): 966–977. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6. PMID 20081231. S2CID 4729728. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.
Sulzer D, Zecca L (February 2000). "Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review". Neurotox. Res. 1 (3): 181–195. doi:10.1007/BF03033289. PMID 12835101. S2CID 21892355.
Miyazaki I, Asanuma M (June 2008). "Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself". Acta Med. Okayama. 62 (3): 141–150. doi:10.18926/AMO/30942. PMID 18596830.
Harper SJ, Jones NS (1 October 2006). "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 120 (10): 808–811. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. S2CID 28169472.
Kaplan LM (1 March 2005). "Pharmacological therapies for obesity". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 34 (1): 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2004.12.002. ISSN 0889-8553. PMID 15823441.
Palamara KL, Mogul HR, Peterson SJ, Frishman WH (1 October 2016). "Obesity: new perspectives and pharmacotherapies". Cardiology in Review. 14 (5): 238–258. doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000233903.57946.fd. ISSN 1538-4683. PMID 16924165.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (7 January 2017). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. ISSN 0269-8811. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Stotz G, Woggon B, Angst J (1 December 1999). "Psychostimulants in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression Review of the literature and findings from a retrospective study in 65 depressed patients". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 1 (3): 165–174. doi:10.31887/DCNS.1999.1.3/gstotz. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 3181580. PMID 22034135.
Doig RL (February 1905). "Epinephrin; especially in asthma". California State Journal of Medicine. 3 (2): 54–5. PMC 1650334. PMID 18733372.
Chu EK, Drazen JM (1 June 2005). "Asthma". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 171 (11): 1202–1208. doi:10.1164/rccm.200502-257OE. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 15778490.
Moncrieff J (June 2008). "The creation of the concept of an antidepressant: an historical analysis". Soc Sci Med. 66 (11): 2346–55. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.047. PMID 18321627.
Morelli M, Tognotti E (August 2021). "Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants". Exp Neurol. 342: 113754. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113754. PMID 34000249. S2CID 234768496.
Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, Boyce P, Hopwood M, Lyndon W, Mulder R, Porter R, Singh A, Murray G (March 2016). "Stimulants for depression: On the up and up?". Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 50 (3): 203–7. doi:10.1177/0004867416634208. PMID 26906078. S2CID 45341424.
Orr K, Taylor D (2007). "Psychostimulants in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence". CNS Drugs. 21 (3): 239–57. doi:10.2165/00023210-200721030-00004. PMID 17338594. S2CID 35761979.
Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (August 2022). "Dopamine and Beyond: Implications of Psychophysical Studies of Intracranial Self-Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression". Brain Sci. 12 (8): 1052. doi:10.3390/brainsci12081052. PMC 9406029. PMID 36009115.
Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (2022). "The Convergence Model of Brain Reward Circuitry: Implications for Relief of Treatment-Resistant Depression by Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle". Front Behav Neurosci. 16: 851067. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.851067. PMC 9011331. PMID 35431828.
Giacobbe P, Rakita U, Lam R, Milev R, Kennedy SH, McIntyre RS (January 2018). "Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine as an antidepressant augmentation strategy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". J Affect Disord. 226: 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.041. PMID 29028590.
McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Zhou AJ, Rosenblat JD, Peters EM, Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Rong C, Jerrell JM (August 2017). "The Efficacy of Psychostimulants in Major Depressive Episodes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 37 (4): 412–418. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000723. PMID 28590365. S2CID 27622964.
Bahji A, Mesbah-Oskui L (September 2021). "Comparative efficacy and safety of stimulant-type medications for depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". J Affect Disord. 292: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.119. PMID 34144366.
Nuñez NA, Joseph B, Pahwa M, Kumar R, Resendez MG, Prokop LJ, Veldic M, Seshadri A, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, Wang Z, Singh B (April 2022). "Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". J Affect Disord. 302: 385–400. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.134. PMC 9328668. PMID 34986373.
Barr AM, Markou A (2005). "Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 29 (4–5): 675–706. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.012. PMID 15893821. S2CID 23653608.
Folgering JH, Choi M, Schlumbohm C, van Gaalen MM, Stratford RE (April 2019). "Development of a non-human primate model to support CNS translational research: Demonstration with D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response". J Neurosci Methods. 317: 71–81. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.005. PMID 30768951. S2CID 72333922.
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (April 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 369 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (7 February 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 369 (1). American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
Ermer JC, Pennick M, Frick G (May 2016). "Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: Prodrug Delivery, Amphetamine Exposure and Duration of Efficacy". Clin Drug Investig. 36 (5): 341–56. doi:10.1007/s40261-015-0354-y. PMC 4823324. PMID 27021968.
Dolder PC, Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Hammann F, Odermatt A, Liechti ME (2017). "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lisdexamfetamine Compared with D-Amphetamine in Healthy Subjects". Front Pharmacol. 8: 617. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00617. PMC 5594082. PMID 28936175.
Brauer LH, Ambre J, De Wit H (February 1996). "Acute tolerance to subjective but not cardiovascular effects of d-amphetamine in normal, healthy men". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 16 (1): 72–6. doi:10.1097/00004714-199602000-00012. PMID 8834422.
Comer SD, Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (June 2001). "Effects of repeated oral methamphetamine administration in humans". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 155 (4): 397–404. doi:10.1007/s002130100727. PMID 11441429. S2CID 19103494.
Barr AM, Markou A, Phillips AG (October 2002). "A 'crash' course on psychostimulant withdrawal as a model of depression". Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23 (10): 475–82. doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(02)02086-2. PMID 12368072.
D'Souza MS, Markou A (2010). "Neural substrates of psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia". Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 3. Berlin, Heidelberg: 119–78. doi:10.1007/7854_2009_20. ISBN 978-3-642-03000-0. PMID 21161752.
Baicy K, Bearden CE, Monterosso J, Brody AL, Isaacson AJ, London ED (2005). "Common substrates of dysphoria in stimulant drug abuse and primary depression: therapeutic targets". Int Rev Neurobiol. International Review of Neurobiology. 65: 117–45. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(04)65005-7. ISBN 978-0-12-366866-0. PMID 16140055.
Gallardo-Godoy A, Fierro A, McLean TH, Castillo M, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M, Nichols DE (April 2005). "Sulfur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitors: biological activities, CoMFA analysis, and active site modeling". J Med Chem. 48 (7): 2407–19. doi:10.1021/jm0493109. PMID 15801832.
Fitzgerald LR, Gannon BM, Walther D, Landavazo A, Hiranita T, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Fantegrossi WE (March 2024). "Structure-activity relationships for locomotor stimulant effects and monoamine transporter interactions of substituted amphetamines and cathinones". Neuropharmacology. 245: 109827. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109827. PMC 10842458. PMID 38154512. S2CID 266558677.
Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3]. ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79]. ...
[Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). "Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives". Forensic Sci. Int. 49 (2): 205–213. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90081-s. PMID 1855720.
Miller GM (January 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity". J. Neurochem. 116 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x. PMC 3005101. PMID 21073468.
Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216 (1): 86–98. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...86E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. PMC 4183197. PMID 21272013.
Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (2015). "Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs". Biochemical Pharmacology. 95 (2): 81–97. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 25813654.
Docherty JR (7 January 2017). "Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 606–622. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527. PMID 18500382.
Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications". Sleep Medicine. 68: 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001. PMID 32032921. S2CID 203405397.
Gerrard P, Malcolm R (June 2007). "Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (3): 349–364. PMC 2654794. PMID 19300566.
Lazarus M, Chen JF, Huang ZL, Urade Y, Fredholm BB (2019). "Adenosine and Sleep". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 253: 359–381. doi:10.1007/164_2017_36. ISBN 978-3-030-11270-7. PMID 28646346.
Liddle DG, Connor DJ (June 2013). "Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS". Prim. Care. 40 (2): 487–505. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009. PMID 23668655. Amphetamines and caffeine are stimulants that increase alertness, improve focus, decrease reaction time, and delay fatigue, allowing for an increased intensity and duration of training...
Physiologic and performance effects
• Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation
• Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40
• Improved reaction time
• Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue
• Increased acceleration
• Increased alertness and attention to task
Montgomery KA (June 2008). "Sexual desire disorders". Psychiatry. 5 (6): 50–55. PMC 2695750. PMID 19727285.
Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S (January 2008). "Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature". J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 47 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1. PMID 18174822. Stimulant misuse appears to occur both for performance enhancement and their euphorogenic effects, the latter being related to the intrinsic properties of the stimulants (e.g., IR versus ER profile)...

Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". J. Psychopharmacol. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950". J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 61 (3): 288–323. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039. PMID 16492800. S2CID 24974454.
Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W (2009). "Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (Review)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD003026. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3. PMC 7004251. PMID 19160215.
Lipton RB, Diener HC, Robbins MS, Garas SY, Patel K (October 2017). "Caffeine in the management of patients with headache". J Headache Pain. 18 (1): 107. doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0806-2. PMC 5655397. PMID 29067618.
Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M (May 2018). "Caffeine-Related Deaths: Manner of Deaths and Categories at Risk". Nutrients. 10 (5): 611. doi:10.3390/nu10050611. PMC 5986491. PMID 29757951.
Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G (1 August 2016). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects". Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 17 (2): 139–170. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b. PMID 1356551. S2CID 14277779.
Bjorness TE, Greene RW (8 January 2017). "Adenosine and Sleep". Current Neuropharmacology. 7 (3): 238–245. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007. PMID 20190965.
Solinas M, Ferré S, You ZB, Karcz-Kubicha M, Popoli P, Goldberg SR (1 August 2002). "Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens". Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (15): 6321–6324. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129. PMID 12151508.
Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Yoshioka K, Nakata H (June 2003). "Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 306 (2): 544–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00991-4. PMID 12804599.
Temple JL (2009). "Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (6): 793–806. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001. PMC 2699625. PMID 19428492.
Nkondjock A (May 2009). "Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview". Cancer Lett. 277 (2): 121–5. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.022. PMID 18834663.
Arab L (2010). "Epidemiologic evidence on coffee and cancer". Nutrition and Cancer. 62 (3): 271–83. doi:10.1080/01635580903407122. PMID 20358464. S2CID 44949233.
Santos C, Costa J, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Lunet N (2010). "Caffeine intake and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Alzheimers Dis. 20 (Suppl 1): S187–204. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091387. PMID 20182026.
Marques S, Batalha VL, Lopes LV, Outeiro TF (2011). "Modulating Alzheimer's disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics". J. Alzheimers Dis. 24 (2): 161–71. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-110032. PMID 21427489.
Arendash GW, Cao C (2010). "Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease". J. Alzheimers Dis. 20 (Suppl 1): S117–26. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091249. PMID 20182037.
Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB (11 February 2014). "Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". Circulation. 129 (6): 643–59. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925. PMC 3945962. PMID 24201300.
van Dam RM (2008). "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 33 (6): 1269–1283. doi:10.1139/H08-120. PMID 19088789.
Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L (June 2011). "Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93 (6): 1212–9. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044. PMID 21450934.
Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X (March 2011). "The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 249 (3): 435–42. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1455-1. PMID 20706731. S2CID 668498.
Muriel P, Arauz J (2010). "Coffee and liver diseases". Fitoterapia. 81 (5): 297–305. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003. PMID 19825397.
Gilmore B, Michael M (February 2011). "Treatment of acute migraine headache". Am Fam Physician. 83 (3): 271–80. PMID 21302868.
Hackett PH (2010). "Caffeine at high altitude: java at base Camp". High Alt. Med. Biol. 11 (1): 13–7. doi:10.1089/ham.2009.1077. PMID 20367483. S2CID 8820874.
Meyer JS (21 November 2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791.
Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2012). "Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro". British Journal of Pharmacology. 168 (2): 458–470. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571. PMID 22897747.
Karch SB (January 2015). "Cathinone neurotoxicity ("The "3Ms")". Curr Neuropharmacol. 13 (1): 21–5. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210225009. PMC 4462040. PMID 26074741.
Pantano F, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pacifici R, di Luca A, Busardò FP, Marinelli E (2017). "Neurotoxicity Induced by Mephedrone: An up-to-date Review". Curr Neuropharmacol. 15 (5): 738–749. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666161130130718. PMC 5771050. PMID 27908258.
Mead J, Parrott A (May 2020). "Mephedrone and MDMA: A comparative review". Brain Res. 1735: 146740. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146740. PMID 32087112. S2CID 211199225.
Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379–407. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002. PMC 2731235. PMID 19328213. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007).
Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W (February 1995). "Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine". J. Neurosci. 15 (2): 1308–1317. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995. PMC 6577819. PMID 7869099.
Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT (October 2006). "Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80 (4): 403–420. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013. PMID 17015058. S2CID 19072636.
Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR (July 2009). "A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine". Addiction. 104 (7): 1085–1099. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x. PMID 19426289. S2CID 37079117.
Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277. PMID 23247506.
Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J (September 2013). "Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies". J. Clin. Psychiatry. 74 (9): 902–917. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287. PMC 3801446. PMID 24107764.
Ellison GD, Eison MS (1983). "Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode". Psychological Medicine. 13 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1017/S003329170005145X. PMID 6320247. S2CID 2337423. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
Talhouth R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam G C J (October 2007). "Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 17 (10): 627–636. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013. PMID 17382522. S2CID 25866206.
Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719.
Flavahan NA (April 2005). "Phenylpropanolamine constricts mouse and human blood vessels by preferentially activating alpha2-adrenoceptors". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 313 (1): 432–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.076653. PMID 15608085. S2CID 41470513.
Hunter Gillies, Wayne E. Derman, Timothy D. Noakes, Peter Smith, Alicia Evans, Gary Gabriels (1 December 1996). "Pseudoephedrine is without ergogenic effects during prolonged exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (6): 2611–2617. doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2611. PMID 9018513. S2CID 15702353.
Hodges K, Hancock S, Currel K, Hamilton B, Jeukendrup AE (February 2006). "Pseudoephedrine enhances performance in 1500-m runners". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 38 (2): 329–33. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000183201.79330.9c. PMID 16531903.
Nutt D, King LA, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Kredlow MA, Keshishian A, Oppenheimer S, Otto MW (1 September 2019). "The Efficacy of Modafinil as a Cognitive Enhancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 39 (5): 455–461. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001085. PMID 31433334. S2CID 201119084 – via Europe PMC.
Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655.
Kakehi S, Tompkins DM (October 2021). "A Review of Pharmacologic Neurostimulant Use During Rehabilitation and Recovery After Brain Injury". Ann Pharmacother. 55 (10): 1254–1266. doi:10.1177/1060028020983607. PMID 33435717. S2CID 231593912.
Kim D (2012). "Practical use and risk of modafinil, a novel waking drug". Environmental Health and Toxicology. 27: e2012007. doi:10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012007. PMC 3286657. PMID 22375280.
O'Brien CP, Dackis CA, Kampman K (June 2006). "Does modafinil produce euphoria?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (6): 1109. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1109. PMID 16741217.
Greenblatt K, Adams N (February 2022). "Modafinil". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30285371. NCBI NBK531476.
"Pitolisant". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 24 January 2012. PMID 34516055. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2024 – via PubMed.
"Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulants". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 22 January 2012. PMID 31644012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via PubMed.
Lamb YN (February 2020). "Pitolisant: A Review in Narcolepsy with or without Cataplexy". CNS Drugs. 34 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00703-x. PMID 31997137. S2CID 210949049.
Kollb-Sielecka M, Demolis P, Emmerich J, Markey G, Salmonson T, Haas M (1 May 2017). "The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use". Sleep Medicine. 33: 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002. PMID 28449891 – via Europe PMC.
"Pitolisant (Wakix) for Narcolepsy". JAMA. 326 (11): 1060–1061. 21 September 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1349. PMID 34546302. S2CID 237583921 – via Silverchair.
de Biase S, Pellitteri G, Gigli GL, Valente M (February 2021). "Evaluating pitolisant as a narcolepsy treatment option". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 22 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1817387. PMID 32941089. S2CID 221788777.
West RE, Zweig A, Shih NY, Siegel MI, Egan RW, Clark MA (November 1990). "Identification of two H3-histamine receptor subtypes". Molecular Pharmacology. 38 (5): 610–613. PMID 2172771. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
Sarfraz N, Okuampa D, Hansen H, Alvarez M, Cornett EM, Kakazu J, et al. (30 May 2022). "pitolisant, a novel histamine-3 receptor competitive antagonist, and inverse agonist, in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adult patients with narcolepsy". Health Psychology Research. 10 (3): 34222. doi:10.52965/001c.34222. PMC 9239364. PMID 35774905.
Dackis CA, Gold MS (1990). "Addictiveness of central stimulants". Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse. 9 (1–2): 9–26. doi:10.1300/J251v09n01_02. PMID 1974121.
Huskinson SL, Naylor JE, Rowlett JK, Freeman KB (7 January 2017). "Predicting abuse potential of stimulants and other dopaminergic drugs: Overview and recommendations". Neuropharmacology. 87: 66–80. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.009. ISSN 0028-3908. PMC 4171344. PMID 24662599.
Stoops WW (7 January 2017). "Reinforcing Effects of Stimulants in Humans: Sensitivity of Progressive-Ratio Schedules". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (6): 503–512. doi:10.1037/a0013657. ISSN 1064-1297. PMC 2753469. PMID 19086771.
Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, Amato L (29 September 2016). "Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD011866. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011866.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6457581. PMID 27684277.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1999). Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). Archived from the original on 19 February 2017.
Costa VM, Grando LG, Milandri E, Nardi J, Teixeira P, Mladěnka P, Remião F, et al. (OEMONOM) (November 2022). "Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology". Biomolecules. 12 (12): 1793. doi:10.3390/biom12121793. PMC 9775352. PMID 36551221.
Avois L, Robinson N, Saudan C, Baume N, Mangin P, Saugy M (7 January 2017). "Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (Suppl 1): i16–i20. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027557. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 2657493. PMID 16799095.
Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (1 April 2014). "Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review". Addiction. 109 (4): 547–557. doi:10.1111/add.12460. ISSN 1360-0443. PMC 4471173. PMID 24749160.
Hashemian SM, Farhadi T (2020). "A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care". Journal of Drug Assessment. 9 (1): 82–86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209. PMC 7170336. PMID 32341841.
Morton WA, Stockton GG (8 January 2017). "Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2 (5): 159–164. doi:10.4088/PCC.v02n0502. ISSN 1523-5998. PMC 181133. PMID 15014637.
"Chapter 5—Medical Aspects of Stimulant Use Disorders". Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders.Chapter 5—Medical Aspects of Stimulant Use Disorders. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). 1999. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017.
Westover AN, Halm EA (9 June 2012). "Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 12 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-12-41. ISSN 1471-2261. PMC 3405448. PMID 22682429.
Moore PM, Richardson B (1998). "Neurology of the vasculitides and connective tissue diseases". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 65 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1136/jnnp.65.1.10. PMC 2170162. PMID 9667555.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (7 January 2017). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. ISSN 0269-8811. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Stotz G, Woggon B, Angst J (1 December 1999). "Psychostimulants in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression Review of the literature and findings from a retrospective study in 65 depressed patients". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 1 (3): 165–174. doi:10.31887/DCNS.1999.1.3/gstotz. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 3181580. PMID 22034135.
Doig RL (February 1905). "Epinephrin; especially in asthma". California State Journal of Medicine. 3 (2): 54–5. PMC 1650334. PMID 18733372.
"Pseudoephedrine (By mouth) – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014.
Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (August 2022). "Dopamine and Beyond: Implications of Psychophysical Studies of Intracranial Self-Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression". Brain Sci. 12 (8): 1052. doi:10.3390/brainsci12081052. PMC 9406029. PMID 36009115.
Pallikaras V, Shizgal P (2022). "The Convergence Model of Brain Reward Circuitry: Implications for Relief of Treatment-Resistant Depression by Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle". Front Behav Neurosci. 16: 851067. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.851067. PMC 9011331. PMID 35431828.
Nuñez NA, Joseph B, Pahwa M, Kumar R, Resendez MG, Prokop LJ, Veldic M, Seshadri A, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, Wang Z, Singh B (April 2022). "Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". J Affect Disord. 302: 385–400. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.134. PMC 9328668. PMID 34986373.
Ermer JC, Pennick M, Frick G (May 2016). "Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: Prodrug Delivery, Amphetamine Exposure and Duration of Efficacy". Clin Drug Investig. 36 (5): 341–56. doi:10.1007/s40261-015-0354-y. PMC 4823324. PMID 27021968.
Dolder PC, Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Hammann F, Odermatt A, Liechti ME (2017). "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lisdexamfetamine Compared with D-Amphetamine in Healthy Subjects". Front Pharmacol. 8: 617. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00617. PMC 5594082. PMID 28936175.
Miller GM (January 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity". J. Neurochem. 116 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x. PMC 3005101. PMID 21073468.
Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216 (1): 86–98. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...86E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. PMC 4183197. PMID 21272013.
Docherty JR (7 January 2017). "Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 606–622. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527. PMID 18500382.
Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2001. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017.
Gerrard P, Malcolm R (June 2007). "Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (3): 349–364. PMC 2654794. PMID 19300566.
Montgomery KA (June 2008). "Sexual desire disorders". Psychiatry. 5 (6): 50–55. PMC 2695750. PMID 19727285.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". J. Psychopharmacol. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W (2009). "Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (Review)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD003026. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3. PMC 7004251. PMID 19160215.
Lipton RB, Diener HC, Robbins MS, Garas SY, Patel K (October 2017). "Caffeine in the management of patients with headache". J Headache Pain. 18 (1): 107. doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0806-2. PMC 5655397. PMID 29067618.
Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, Cipolloni L, Aromatario M (May 2018). "Caffeine-Related Deaths: Manner of Deaths and Categories at Risk". Nutrients. 10 (5): 611. doi:10.3390/nu10050611. PMC 5986491. PMID 29757951.
Bjorness TE, Greene RW (8 January 2017). "Adenosine and Sleep". Current Neuropharmacology. 7 (3): 238–245. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007. PMID 20190965.
Solinas M, Ferré S, You ZB, Karcz-Kubicha M, Popoli P, Goldberg SR (1 August 2002). "Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens". Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (15): 6321–6324. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129. PMID 12151508.
Temple JL (2009). "Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (6): 793–806. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001. PMC 2699625. PMID 19428492.
Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB (11 February 2014). "Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". Circulation. 129 (6): 643–59. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925. PMC 3945962. PMID 24201300.
Meyer JS (21 November 2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791.
Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2012). "Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro". British Journal of Pharmacology. 168 (2): 458–470. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571. PMID 22897747.
Karch SB (January 2015). "Cathinone neurotoxicity ("The "3Ms")". Curr Neuropharmacol. 13 (1): 21–5. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210225009. PMC 4462040. PMID 26074741.
Pantano F, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pacifici R, di Luca A, Busardò FP, Marinelli E (2017). "Neurotoxicity Induced by Mephedrone: An up-to-date Review". Curr Neuropharmacol. 15 (5): 738–749. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666161130130718. PMC 5771050. PMID 27908258.
Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379–407. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002. PMC 2731235. PMID 19328213. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ...
Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ...
There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ...
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). Elevated choline levels, which are indicative of increased cellular membrane synthesis and turnover are also evident in the frontal gray matter of METH abusers (Ernst et al., 2000; Salo et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2007).
Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W (February 1995). "Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine". J. Neurosci. 15 (2): 1308–1317. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995. PMC 6577819. PMID 7869099.
Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J (September 2013). "Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies". J. Clin. Psychiatry. 74 (9): 902–917. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287. PMC 3801446. PMID 24107764.
Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655.
Kim D (2012). "Practical use and risk of modafinil, a novel waking drug". Environmental Health and Toxicology. 27: e2012007. doi:10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012007. PMC 3286657. PMID 22375280.
Greenblatt K, Adams N (February 2022). "Modafinil". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30285371. NCBI NBK531476.
"Pitolisant". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 24 January 2012. PMID 34516055. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2024 – via PubMed.
"Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulants". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 22 January 2012. PMID 31644012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via PubMed.
Sarfraz N, Okuampa D, Hansen H, Alvarez M, Cornett EM, Kakazu J, et al. (30 May 2022). "pitolisant, a novel histamine-3 receptor competitive antagonist, and inverse agonist, in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adult patients with narcolepsy". Health Psychology Research. 10 (3): 34222. doi:10.52965/001c.34222. PMC 9239364. PMID 35774905.
Huskinson SL, Naylor JE, Rowlett JK, Freeman KB (7 January 2017). "Predicting abuse potential of stimulants and other dopaminergic drugs: Overview and recommendations". Neuropharmacology. 87: 66–80. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.009. ISSN 0028-3908. PMC 4171344. PMID 24662599.
Stoops WW (7 January 2017). "Reinforcing Effects of Stimulants in Humans: Sensitivity of Progressive-Ratio Schedules". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (6): 503–512. doi:10.1037/a0013657. ISSN 1064-1297. PMC 2753469. PMID 19086771.
Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, Amato L (29 September 2016). "Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD011866. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011866.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6457581. PMID 27684277.

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Levomethamphetamine". PubChem. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2017.

orthomolecular.org

Bolton S, Null G (1981). "Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse" (PDF). Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 10 (3): 202–211. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

oxforddictionaries.com

en.oxforddictionaries.com

"stimulant – definition of stimulant in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Zamanian MY, Karimvandi MN, Nikbakhtzadeh M, Zahedi E, Bokov DO, Kujawska M, et al. (2023). "Effects of Modafinil (Provigil) on Memory and Learning in Experimental and Clinical Studies: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behaviour Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 16 (4): 507–516. doi:10.2174/1874467215666220901122824. PMID 36056861. S2CID 252046371.
Fredriksen M, Halmøy A, Faraone SV, Haavik J (1 June 2013). "Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 23 (6): 508–527. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016. hdl:10852/40257. ISSN 1873-7862. PMID 22917983. S2CID 20400392.
Hammerness PG, Karampahtsis C, Babalola R, Alexander ME (1 April 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 14 (4): 543–551. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1011620. ISSN 1744-764X. PMID 25648243. S2CID 39425997.
Hechtman L, Greenfield B (1 January 2003). "Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome". Paediatric Drugs. 5 (12): 787–794. doi:10.2165/00148581-200305120-00002. ISSN 1174-5878. PMID 14658920. S2CID 68191253.
Tashkin DP (1 March 2001). "Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 7 (2): 43–61. doi:10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001. ISSN 1070-5287. PMID 11224724. S2CID 23421796.
Ramón Peces, Navascués RA, Baltar J, Seco M, Alvarez J (1999). "Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use". Nephron. 81 (4): 434–438. doi:10.1159/000045328. PMID 10095180. S2CID 26921706.
Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Arch. Toxicol. 86 (8): 1167–1231. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5. PMID 22392347. S2CID 2873101.
Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M (2009). "Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Pharmacol Rep. 61 (6): 966–977. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6. PMID 20081231. S2CID 4729728. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.
Sulzer D, Zecca L (February 2000). "Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review". Neurotox. Res. 1 (3): 181–195. doi:10.1007/BF03033289. PMID 12835101. S2CID 21892355.
Harper SJ, Jones NS (1 October 2006). "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 120 (10): 808–811. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. S2CID 28169472.
Morelli M, Tognotti E (August 2021). "Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants". Exp Neurol. 342: 113754. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113754. PMID 34000249. S2CID 234768496.
Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, Boyce P, Hopwood M, Lyndon W, Mulder R, Porter R, Singh A, Murray G (March 2016). "Stimulants for depression: On the up and up?". Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 50 (3): 203–7. doi:10.1177/0004867416634208. PMID 26906078. S2CID 45341424.
Orr K, Taylor D (2007). "Psychostimulants in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence". CNS Drugs. 21 (3): 239–57. doi:10.2165/00023210-200721030-00004. PMID 17338594. S2CID 35761979.
McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Zhou AJ, Rosenblat JD, Peters EM, Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Rong C, Jerrell JM (August 2017). "The Efficacy of Psychostimulants in Major Depressive Episodes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 37 (4): 412–418. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000723. PMID 28590365. S2CID 27622964.
Barr AM, Markou A (2005). "Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 29 (4–5): 675–706. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.012. PMID 15893821. S2CID 23653608.
Folgering JH, Choi M, Schlumbohm C, van Gaalen MM, Stratford RE (April 2019). "Development of a non-human primate model to support CNS translational research: Demonstration with D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response". J Neurosci Methods. 317: 71–81. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.005. PMID 30768951. S2CID 72333922.
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (April 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 369 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (7 February 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 369 (1). American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
Comer SD, Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (June 2001). "Effects of repeated oral methamphetamine administration in humans". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 155 (4): 397–404. doi:10.1007/s002130100727. PMID 11441429. S2CID 19103494.
Fitzgerald LR, Gannon BM, Walther D, Landavazo A, Hiranita T, Blough BE, Baumann MH, Fantegrossi WE (March 2024). "Structure-activity relationships for locomotor stimulant effects and monoamine transporter interactions of substituted amphetamines and cathinones". Neuropharmacology. 245: 109827. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109827. PMC 10842458. PMID 38154512. S2CID 266558677.
Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications". Sleep Medicine. 68: 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001. PMID 32032921. S2CID 203405397.
Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950". J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 61 (3): 288–323. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039. PMID 16492800. S2CID 24974454.
Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G (1 August 2016). "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects". Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 17 (2): 139–170. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b. PMID 1356551. S2CID 14277779.
Arab L (2010). "Epidemiologic evidence on coffee and cancer". Nutrition and Cancer. 62 (3): 271–83. doi:10.1080/01635580903407122. PMID 20358464. S2CID 44949233.
Li M, Wang M, Guo W, Wang J, Sun X (March 2011). "The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 249 (3): 435–42. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1455-1. PMID 20706731. S2CID 668498.
Hackett PH (2010). "Caffeine at high altitude: java at base Camp". High Alt. Med. Biol. 11 (1): 13–7. doi:10.1089/ham.2009.1077. PMID 20367483. S2CID 8820874.
Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Mead J, Parrott A (May 2020). "Mephedrone and MDMA: A comparative review". Brain Res. 1735: 146740. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146740. PMID 32087112. S2CID 211199225.
Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, Everhart ET, Jones RT (October 2006). "Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 80 (4): 403–420. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013. PMID 17015058. S2CID 19072636.
Cruickshank CC, Dyer KR (July 2009). "A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine". Addiction. 104 (7): 1085–1099. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x. PMID 19426289. S2CID 37079117.
Ellison GD, Eison MS (1983). "Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode". Psychological Medicine. 13 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1017/S003329170005145X. PMID 6320247. S2CID 2337423. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
Talhouth R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam G C J (October 2007). "Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 17 (10): 627–636. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013. PMID 17382522. S2CID 25866206.
Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719.
Flavahan NA (April 2005). "Phenylpropanolamine constricts mouse and human blood vessels by preferentially activating alpha2-adrenoceptors". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 313 (1): 432–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.076653. PMID 15608085. S2CID 41470513.
Hunter Gillies, Wayne E. Derman, Timothy D. Noakes, Peter Smith, Alicia Evans, Gary Gabriels (1 December 1996). "Pseudoephedrine is without ergogenic effects during prolonged exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (6): 2611–2617. doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2611. PMID 9018513. S2CID 15702353.
Nutt D, King LA, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Kredlow MA, Keshishian A, Oppenheimer S, Otto MW (1 September 2019). "The Efficacy of Modafinil as a Cognitive Enhancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 39 (5): 455–461. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001085. PMID 31433334. S2CID 201119084 – via Europe PMC.
Kakehi S, Tompkins DM (October 2021). "A Review of Pharmacologic Neurostimulant Use During Rehabilitation and Recovery After Brain Injury". Ann Pharmacother. 55 (10): 1254–1266. doi:10.1177/1060028020983607. PMID 33435717. S2CID 231593912.
Warot D, Corruble E, Payan C, Weil JS, Puech AJ (1993). "Subjective effects of modafinil, a new central adrenergic stimulant in healthy volunteers: a comparison with amphetamine, caffeine and placebo". European Psychiatry. 8 (4): 201–208. doi:10.1017/S0924933800002923. S2CID 151797528.
Lamb YN (February 2020). "Pitolisant: A Review in Narcolepsy with or without Cataplexy". CNS Drugs. 34 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00703-x. PMID 31997137. S2CID 210949049.
"Pitolisant (Wakix) for Narcolepsy". JAMA. 326 (11): 1060–1061. 21 September 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1349. PMID 34546302. S2CID 237583921 – via Silverchair.
de Biase S, Pellitteri G, Gigli GL, Valente M (February 2021). "Evaluating pitolisant as a narcolepsy treatment option". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 22 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1817387. PMID 32941089. S2CID 221788777.

srce.hr

hrcak.srce.hr

Rozenek EB, Górska M, Wilczyńska K, Waszkiewicz N (September 2019). "In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers". Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 70 (3): 150–159. doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3298. PMID 32597132. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.

telegraph.co.uk

Hope C, ed. (7 February 2009). "Ecstasy 'no more dangerous than horse riding'". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Cumming E (22 April 2010). "Mephedrone: Chemistry lessons". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2010.

tga.gov.au

"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

un.org

treaties.un.org

"Convention on psychotropic substances". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2014.

unodc.org

"World Drug Report 2015" (PDF). p. 149. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2016.
Chawla S, Le Pichon T (2006). "World Drug Report 2006" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. pp. 128–135. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2007). Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide (PDF). New York: United Nations. ISBN 978-92-1-148223-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

web.archive.org

"stimulant – definition of stimulant in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1999). Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). Archived from the original on 19 February 2017.
Rozenek EB, Górska M, Wilczyńska K, Waszkiewicz N (September 2019). "In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers". Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 70 (3): 150–159. doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3298. PMID 32597132. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
"Definition of ERGOGENIC". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
"Chapter 5—Medical Aspects of Stimulant Use Disorders". Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders.Chapter 5—Medical Aspects of Stimulant Use Disorders. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). 1999. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017.
Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M (2009). "Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Pharmacol Rep. 61 (6): 966–977. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6. PMID 20081231. S2CID 4729728. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.
"Top 100 Drugs for Q4 2013 by Sales – U.S. Pharmaceutical Statistics". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013.
"World Drug Report 2015" (PDF). p. 149. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2016.
"The Voice of the Patient A series of reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Patient-Focused Drug Development Initiative" (PDF). Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2017.
Research Cf (26 June 2019). "Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
"Pseudoephedrine (By mouth) – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014.
J. Moncrieff (13 April 2016). The Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drug Treatment. Springer. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-0-230-58944-5. OCLC 1047624331. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022. A well-known textbook of physical treatments described stimulants as having 'limited value in depression' because the euphoria they induce quickly wears off and 'the patient slips back' (Sargant & Slater 1944).
Glennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2020. The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).
Efforts of the National Institute on Drug Abuse to Prevent and Treat Prescription Drug Abuse Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources Committee on Government Reform, United States House of Representatives, 26 July 2006
Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2001. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017.
"Modafinil Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
"Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. June 2013. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
"Convention on psychotropic substances". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
"Methamphetamine facts". DrugPolicy.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Chawla S, Le Pichon T (2006). "World Drug Report 2006" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. pp. 128–135. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
"Adderall IR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. March 2007. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
"Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. June 2013. pp. 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Westfall DP, Westfall TC (2010). "Miscellaneous Sympathomimetic Agonists". In Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.). Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
Greydanus D. "Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem" (PDF). American College Health Association (Review Article). ACHA Professional Development Program. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
Lovett R (24 September 2005). "Coffee: The demon drink?". New Scientist (2518). Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2009. (subscription required)
Commissioner Oo (24 March 2020). "FDA warns companies to stop selling dangerous and illegal pure and highly concentrated caffeine products". FDA. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Bolton S, Null G (1981). "Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse" (PDF). Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 10 (3): 202–211. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
Fishchman N, Mello N. Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse. p. 179. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016.
O'Connor A (2007). Never shower in a thunderstorm: surprising facts and misleading myths about our health and the world we live in (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8050-8312-5. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Merck Manuals EPHEDrine Archived 24 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Last full review/revision January 2010
Hope C, ed. (7 February 2009). "Ecstasy 'no more dangerous than horse riding'". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
"Abuse Of Fake 'Bath Salts' Sends Dozens To ER". KMBC.com. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011.
"MDPV Bath Salts Drug Over The Counter". Archived from the original on 10 March 2011.
Samantha Morgan (9 November 2010). "Parents cautioned against over the counter synthetic speed". NBC 33 News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Kelsey Scram (6 January 2011). "Bath Salts Used to Get High". NBC 33 News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Cumming E (22 April 2010). "Mephedrone: Chemistry lessons". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
"Drugs crackdown hailed a success". BBC News. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
"Desoxyn Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
"San Francisco Meth Zombies". Drugs, Inc. Season 4. Episode 1. 11 August 2013. 43 minutes in. ASIN B00EHAOBAO. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2007). Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide (PDF). New York: United Nations. ISBN 978-92-1-148223-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
"List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. United Nations. August 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2005.
"CFR TITLE 21: DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE: PART 341 – COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE". United States Food and Drug Administration. April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2016. Topical nasal decongestants --(i) For products containing levmetamfetamine identified in 341.20(b)(1) when used in an inhalant dosage form. The product delivers in each 800 milliliters of air 0.04 to 0.150 milligrams of levmetamfetamine.
"Levomethamphetamine". PubChem. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Ellison GD, Eison MS (1983). "Continuous amphetamine intoxication: An animal model of the acute psychotic episode". Psychological Medicine. 13 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1017/S003329170005145X. PMID 6320247. S2CID 2337423. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
"Efectos psicológicos del consumo de la cocaína". Avance Psicólogos (in Spanish). 2020. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
"Advisories, Warnings and Recalls – 2001". Health Canada. 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
"Drugs Banned in India". Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
"Lisdexamfetamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
"Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
Dickens C (1856) [Digitized 19 February 2010]. "The Orsons of East Africa". Household Words: A Weekly Journal, Volume 14. Bradbury & Evans. p. 176. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2014. (Free eBook)
Al-Mugahed L (October 2008). "Khat chewing in Yemen: turning over a new leaf – Khat chewing is on the rise in Yemen, raising concerns about the health and social consequences". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
"Provigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). FDA.gov. United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
"Pitolisant". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 24 January 2012. PMID 34516055. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2024 – via PubMed.
"Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulants". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 22 January 2012. PMID 31644012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via PubMed.
"Pitolisant Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
"List of CNS stimulants + Uses & Side Effects". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
West RE, Zweig A, Shih NY, Siegel MI, Egan RW, Clark MA (November 1990). "Identification of two H3-histamine receptor subtypes". Molecular Pharmacology. 38 (5): 610–613. PMID 2172771. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.

who.int

Al-Mugahed L (October 2008). "Khat chewing in Yemen: turning over a new leaf – Khat chewing is on the rise in Yemen, raising concerns about the health and social consequences". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.

worldcat.org

Avois L, Robinson N, Saudan C, Baume N, Mangin P, Saugy M (7 January 2017). "Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (Suppl 1): i16–i20. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.027557. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 2657493. PMID 16799095.
Bagot KS, Kaminer Y (1 April 2014). "Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review". Addiction. 109 (4): 547–557. doi:10.1111/add.12460. ISSN 1360-0443. PMC 4471173. PMID 24749160.
Morton WA, Stockton GG (8 January 2017). "Methylphenidate Abuse and Psychiatric Side Effects". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2 (5): 159–164. doi:10.4088/PCC.v02n0502. ISSN 1523-5998. PMC 181133. PMID 15014637.
Westover AN, Halm EA (9 June 2012). "Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 12 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-12-41. ISSN 1471-2261. PMC 3405448. PMID 22682429.
Fredriksen M, Halmøy A, Faraone SV, Haavik J (1 June 2013). "Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 23 (6): 508–527. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016. hdl:10852/40257. ISSN 1873-7862. PMID 22917983. S2CID 20400392.
Hammerness PG, Karampahtsis C, Babalola R, Alexander ME (1 April 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 14 (4): 543–551. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1011620. ISSN 1744-764X. PMID 25648243. S2CID 39425997.
Hechtman L, Greenfield B (1 January 2003). "Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome". Paediatric Drugs. 5 (12): 787–794. doi:10.2165/00148581-200305120-00002. ISSN 1174-5878. PMID 14658920. S2CID 68191253.
Tashkin DP (1 March 2001). "Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 7 (2): 43–61. doi:10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001. ISSN 1070-5287. PMID 11224724. S2CID 23421796.
Harper SJ, Jones NS (1 October 2006). "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 120 (10): 808–811. doi:10.1017/S0022215106001459. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 16848922. S2CID 28169472.
Kaplan LM (1 March 2005). "Pharmacological therapies for obesity". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 34 (1): 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2004.12.002. ISSN 0889-8553. PMID 15823441.
Palamara KL, Mogul HR, Peterson SJ, Frishman WH (1 October 2016). "Obesity: new perspectives and pharmacotherapies". Cardiology in Review. 14 (5): 238–258. doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000233903.57946.fd. ISSN 1538-4683. PMID 16924165.
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (7 January 2017). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. ISSN 0269-8811. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
Stotz G, Woggon B, Angst J (1 December 1999). "Psychostimulants in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression Review of the literature and findings from a retrospective study in 65 depressed patients". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 1 (3): 165–174. doi:10.31887/DCNS.1999.1.3/gstotz. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 3181580. PMID 22034135.
Chu EK, Drazen JM (1 June 2005). "Asthma". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 171 (11): 1202–1208. doi:10.1164/rccm.200502-257OE. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 15778490.
J. Moncrieff (13 April 2016). The Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drug Treatment. Springer. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-0-230-58944-5. OCLC 1047624331. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022. A well-known textbook of physical treatments described stimulants as having 'limited value in depression' because the euphoria they induce quickly wears off and 'the patient slips back' (Sargant & Slater 1944).
van Gaalen MM, Schlumbohm C, Folgering JH, Adhikari S, Bhattacharya C, Steinbach D, Stratford RE (7 February 2019). "Development of a Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model Describing Dextroamphetamine Exposure and Striatal Dopamine Response in Rats and Nonhuman Primates following a Single Dose of Dextroamphetamine". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 369 (1). American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET): 107–120. doi:10.1124/jpet.118.254508. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 30733244. S2CID 73441294.
Dale E, Bang-Andersen B, Sánchez C (2015). "Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs". Biochemical Pharmacology. 95 (2): 81–97. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.011. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 25813654.
Docherty JR (7 January 2017). "Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 606–622. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 2439527. PMID 18500382.
Bjorness TE, Greene RW (8 January 2017). "Adenosine and Sleep". Current Neuropharmacology. 7 (3): 238–245. doi:10.2174/157015909789152182. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 2769007. PMID 20190965.
Solinas M, Ferré S, You ZB, Karcz-Kubicha M, Popoli P, Goldberg SR (1 August 2002). "Caffeine Induces Dopamine and Glutamate Release in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens". Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (15): 6321–6324. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6758129. PMID 12151508.
Meyer JS (21 November 2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. ISSN 1179-8467. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791.
Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (24 March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 17382831. S2CID 5903121.
Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2012). "Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro". British Journal of Pharmacology. 168 (2): 458–470. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 3572571. PMID 22897747.
Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (6 November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719.
Huskinson SL, Naylor JE, Rowlett JK, Freeman KB (7 January 2017). "Predicting abuse potential of stimulants and other dopaminergic drugs: Overview and recommendations". Neuropharmacology. 87: 66–80. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.009. ISSN 0028-3908. PMC 4171344. PMID 24662599.
Stoops WW (7 January 2017). "Reinforcing Effects of Stimulants in Humans: Sensitivity of Progressive-Ratio Schedules". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (6): 503–512. doi:10.1037/a0013657. ISSN 1064-1297. PMC 2753469. PMID 19086771.
Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, Amato L (29 September 2016). "Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD011866. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011866.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6457581. PMID 27684277.