Stingray (English Wikipedia)

Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (2012-04-09). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781439839263. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
Khanna, D. R. (2004). Biology Of Fishes. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 9788171419081. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2020-11-21.

cites.org

The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine CITES AC25 Inf. 6, 2011.

deependdining.com

Lin, Eddie (2006). "The Delicious and Deadly Stingray. Nyonya. New York, NY. (Partially from the Archives.)". Deep End Dining. (blog). Retrieved 2023-02-14.

discovery.com

animal.discovery.com

Discovery Channel Mourns the Death of Steve Irwin Archived 2013-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. animal.discovery.com

divephotoguide.com

Heller, Jason (14 April 2009). "Stingray City - Altering Stingray Behavior & Physiology?". DivePhotoGuide. Retrieved 2023-02-14.

doi.org

Marmi, Josep; Vila #, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Cappetta, Henri (18 May 2010). "Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 970–974. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..970M. doi:10.1080/02724631003758011.
Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Giusberti, Luca; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Kriwet, Jürgen (1 October 2019). "A bizarre Eocene dasyatoid batomorph (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatiformes) from the Bolca Lagerstätte (Italy) reveals a new, extinct body plan for stingrays". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14087. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914087M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50544-y. PMC 6773687. PMID 31575915.
Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
Marramà, Giuseppe; Schultz, Ortwin; Kriwet, Jürgen (3 June 2019). "A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (11): 937–960. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17..937M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1486336. PMC 6510527. PMID 31156351.
De Carvalho, Marcelo R.; Maisey, John G.; Grande, Lance (June 2004). "Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), with the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of ITS Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 284: 1–136. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)284<0001:FSOTGR>2.0.CO;2.
Kolmann, M. A.; Crofts, S. B.; Dean, M. N.; Summers, A. P.; Lovejoy, N. R. (13 November 2015). "Morphology does not predict performance: jaw curvature and prey crushing in durophagous stingrays". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (24): 3941–3949. doi:10.1242/jeb.127340. PMID 26567348.
Kajiura, null; Tricas, null (1996). "Seasonal dynamics of dental sexual dimorphism in the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (Pt 10): 2297–2306. doi:10.1242/jeb.199.10.2297. PMID 9320215.
Bedore CN, Harris LL, Kajiura SM (April 2014). "Behavioral responses of batoid elasmobranchs to prey-simulating electric fields are correlated to peripheral sensory morphology and ecology". Zoology. 117 (2): 95–103. Bibcode:2014Zool..117...95B. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2013.09.002. PMID 24290363.
Tricasa, Timothy C.; Michael, Scott W.; Sisneros, Joseph A. (December 1995). "Electrosensory optimization to conspecific phasic signals for mating". Neuroscience Letters. 202 (1–2): 129–132. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(95)12230-3. PMID 8787848.
Tricas, Timothy C.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Maruska, Karen P. (2000). "Annual Cycles of Steroid Hormone Production, Gonad Development, and Reproductive Behavior in the Atlantic Stingray". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 118 (2): 209–25. doi:10.1006/gcen.2000.7466. PMID 10890563.
Wang, Yangwei; Tan, Jinbo; Zhao, Dongbiao (June 2015). "Design and Experiment on a Biomimetic Robotic Fish Inspired by Freshwater Stingray". Journal of Bionic Engineering. 12 (2): 204–216. doi:10.1016/S1672-6529(14)60113-X.
Fontanella J (2013). "Two- and three-dimensional geometries of batoids in relation to locomotor mode". Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology. 446: 273–281. Bibcode:2013JEMBE.446..273F. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.05.016.
Bottom II, R. G.; Borazjani, I.; Blevins, E. L.; Lauder, G. V. (10 February 2016). "Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays: numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 788: 407–443. Bibcode:2016JFM...788..407B. doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.702.
Kolmann MA, Huber DR, Motta PJ, Grubbs RD (September 2015). "Feeding biomechanics of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, over ontogeny". Journal of Anatomy. 227 (3): 341–51. doi:10.1111/joa.12342. PMC 4560568. PMID 26183820.
Dean MN, Bizzarro JJ, Summers AP (July 2007). "The evolution of cranial design, diet, and feeding mechanisms in batoid fishes". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (1): 70–81. doi:10.1093/icb/icm034. PMID 21672821.
Curio, Eberhard (1976). The Ethology of Predation. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81028-2. ISBN 978-3-642-81030-5.^{[page needed]}
Wilga CD, Maia A, Nauwelaerts S, Lauder GV (February 2012). "Prey handling using whole-body fluid dynamics in batoids". Zoology. 115 (1): 47–57. Bibcode:2012Zool..115...47W. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.002. PMID 22244456.
Kolmann MA, Welch KC, Summers AP, Lovejoy NR (September 2016). "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1838): 20161392. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1392. PMC 5031661. PMID 27629029.
Notarbartolo-di-Sciara G, Hillyer EV (1989-01-01). "Mobulid Rays off Eastern Venezuela (Chondrichthyes, Mobulidae)". Copeia. 1989 (3): 607–614. doi:10.2307/1445487. JSTOR 1445487.
da Silva NJ, Ferreira KR, Pinto RN, Aird SD (June 2015). "A Severe Accident Caused by an Ocellate River Stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) in Central Brazil: How Well Do We Really Understand Stingray Venom Chemistry, Envenomation, and Therapeutics?". Toxins. 7 (6): 2272–88. doi:10.3390/toxins7062272. PMC 4488702. PMID 26094699.
Dos Santos JC, Grund LZ, Seibert CS, Marques EE, Soares AB, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C (August 2017). "Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 7912. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.7912D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y. PMC 5554156. PMID 28801624.
Pedroso CM, Jared C, Charvet-Almeida P, Almeida MP, Garrone Neto D, Lira MS, Haddad V, Barbaro KC, Antoniazzi MM (October 2007). "Morphological characterization of the venom secretory epidermal cells in the stinger of marine and freshwater stingrays". Toxicon. 50 (5): 688–97. Bibcode:2007Txcn...50..688P. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.004. PMID 17659760.
Enzor LA, Wilborn RE, Bennett WA (December 2011). "Toxicity and metabolic costs of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) venom delivery system in relation to its role in life history". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 409 (1–2): 235–239. Bibcode:2011JEMBE.409..235E. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.08.026.
Séret, B.; Couzens, G.; Valenti, S.V. (2016). "Hypanus rudis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T161620A104133548. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T161620A104133548.en. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

fossilmall.com

"Heliobatis radians Stingray Fossil from Green River". www.fossilmall.com. Retrieved 2023-02-14.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Marmi, Josep; Vila #, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Cappetta, Henri (18 May 2010). "Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 970–974. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..970M. doi:10.1080/02724631003758011.
Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Giusberti, Luca; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Kriwet, Jürgen (1 October 2019). "A bizarre Eocene dasyatoid batomorph (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatiformes) from the Bolca Lagerstätte (Italy) reveals a new, extinct body plan for stingrays". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14087. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914087M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50544-y. PMC 6773687. PMID 31575915.
Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
Marramà, Giuseppe; Schultz, Ortwin; Kriwet, Jürgen (3 June 2019). "A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (11): 937–960. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17..937M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1486336. PMC 6510527. PMID 31156351.
Bedore CN, Harris LL, Kajiura SM (April 2014). "Behavioral responses of batoid elasmobranchs to prey-simulating electric fields are correlated to peripheral sensory morphology and ecology". Zoology. 117 (2): 95–103. Bibcode:2014Zool..117...95B. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2013.09.002. PMID 24290363.
Fontanella J (2013). "Two- and three-dimensional geometries of batoids in relation to locomotor mode". Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology. 446: 273–281. Bibcode:2013JEMBE.446..273F. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.05.016.
Bottom II, R. G.; Borazjani, I.; Blevins, E. L.; Lauder, G. V. (10 February 2016). "Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays: numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 788: 407–443. Bibcode:2016JFM...788..407B. doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.702.
Wilga CD, Maia A, Nauwelaerts S, Lauder GV (February 2012). "Prey handling using whole-body fluid dynamics in batoids". Zoology. 115 (1): 47–57. Bibcode:2012Zool..115...47W. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.002. PMID 22244456.
Dos Santos JC, Grund LZ, Seibert CS, Marques EE, Soares AB, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C (August 2017). "Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 7912. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.7912D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y. PMC 5554156. PMID 28801624.
Pedroso CM, Jared C, Charvet-Almeida P, Almeida MP, Garrone Neto D, Lira MS, Haddad V, Barbaro KC, Antoniazzi MM (October 2007). "Morphological characterization of the venom secretory epidermal cells in the stinger of marine and freshwater stingrays". Toxicon. 50 (5): 688–97. Bibcode:2007Txcn...50..688P. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.004. PMID 17659760.
Enzor LA, Wilborn RE, Bennett WA (December 2011). "Toxicity and metabolic costs of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) venom delivery system in relation to its role in life history". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 409 (1–2): 235–239. Bibcode:2011JEMBE.409..235E. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.08.026.

iucnredlist.org

Séret, B.; Couzens, G.; Valenti, S.V. (2016). "Hypanus rudis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T161620A104133548. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T161620A104133548.en. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

jstor.org

Notarbartolo-di-Sciara G, Hillyer EV (1989-01-01). "Mobulid Rays off Eastern Venezuela (Chondrichthyes, Mobulidae)". Copeia. 1989 (3): 607–614. doi:10.2307/1445487. JSTOR 1445487.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Giusberti, Luca; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Kriwet, Jürgen (1 October 2019). "A bizarre Eocene dasyatoid batomorph (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatiformes) from the Bolca Lagerstätte (Italy) reveals a new, extinct body plan for stingrays". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14087. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914087M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50544-y. PMC 6773687. PMID 31575915.
Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
Marramà, Giuseppe; Schultz, Ortwin; Kriwet, Jürgen (3 June 2019). "A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (11): 937–960. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17..937M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1486336. PMC 6510527. PMID 31156351.
Kolmann, M. A.; Crofts, S. B.; Dean, M. N.; Summers, A. P.; Lovejoy, N. R. (13 November 2015). "Morphology does not predict performance: jaw curvature and prey crushing in durophagous stingrays". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (24): 3941–3949. doi:10.1242/jeb.127340. PMID 26567348.
Kajiura, null; Tricas, null (1996). "Seasonal dynamics of dental sexual dimorphism in the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (Pt 10): 2297–2306. doi:10.1242/jeb.199.10.2297. PMID 9320215.
Bedore CN, Harris LL, Kajiura SM (April 2014). "Behavioral responses of batoid elasmobranchs to prey-simulating electric fields are correlated to peripheral sensory morphology and ecology". Zoology. 117 (2): 95–103. Bibcode:2014Zool..117...95B. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2013.09.002. PMID 24290363.
Tricasa, Timothy C.; Michael, Scott W.; Sisneros, Joseph A. (December 1995). "Electrosensory optimization to conspecific phasic signals for mating". Neuroscience Letters. 202 (1–2): 129–132. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(95)12230-3. PMID 8787848.
Tricas, Timothy C.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Maruska, Karen P. (2000). "Annual Cycles of Steroid Hormone Production, Gonad Development, and Reproductive Behavior in the Atlantic Stingray". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 118 (2): 209–25. doi:10.1006/gcen.2000.7466. PMID 10890563.
Kolmann MA, Huber DR, Motta PJ, Grubbs RD (September 2015). "Feeding biomechanics of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, over ontogeny". Journal of Anatomy. 227 (3): 341–51. doi:10.1111/joa.12342. PMC 4560568. PMID 26183820.
Dean MN, Bizzarro JJ, Summers AP (July 2007). "The evolution of cranial design, diet, and feeding mechanisms in batoid fishes". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 47 (1): 70–81. doi:10.1093/icb/icm034. PMID 21672821.
Wilga CD, Maia A, Nauwelaerts S, Lauder GV (February 2012). "Prey handling using whole-body fluid dynamics in batoids". Zoology. 115 (1): 47–57. Bibcode:2012Zool..115...47W. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2011.09.002. PMID 22244456.
Kolmann MA, Welch KC, Summers AP, Lovejoy NR (September 2016). "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1838): 20161392. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1392. PMC 5031661. PMID 27629029.
Slaughter, Robin J.; Beasley, D. Michael G.; Lambie, Bruce S.; Schep, Leo J. (27 February 2009). "New Zealand's venomous creatures". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 122 (1290): 83–97. PMID 19319171.
Flint DJ, Sugrue WJ (April 1999). "Stingray injuries: a lesson in debridement". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 112 (1086): 137–8. PMID 10340692.
da Silva NJ, Ferreira KR, Pinto RN, Aird SD (June 2015). "A Severe Accident Caused by an Ocellate River Stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) in Central Brazil: How Well Do We Really Understand Stingray Venom Chemistry, Envenomation, and Therapeutics?". Toxins. 7 (6): 2272–88. doi:10.3390/toxins7062272. PMC 4488702. PMID 26094699.
Dos Santos JC, Grund LZ, Seibert CS, Marques EE, Soares AB, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C (August 2017). "Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 7912. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.7912D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y. PMC 5554156. PMID 28801624.
Pedroso CM, Jared C, Charvet-Almeida P, Almeida MP, Garrone Neto D, Lira MS, Haddad V, Barbaro KC, Antoniazzi MM (October 2007). "Morphological characterization of the venom secretory epidermal cells in the stinger of marine and freshwater stingrays". Toxicon. 50 (5): 688–97. Bibcode:2007Txcn...50..688P. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.004. PMID 17659760.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Giusberti, Luca; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Kriwet, Jürgen (1 October 2019). "A bizarre Eocene dasyatoid batomorph (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatiformes) from the Bolca Lagerstätte (Italy) reveals a new, extinct body plan for stingrays". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14087. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914087M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50544-y. PMC 6773687. PMID 31575915.
Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
Marramà, Giuseppe; Schultz, Ortwin; Kriwet, Jürgen (3 June 2019). "A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (11): 937–960. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17..937M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1486336. PMC 6510527. PMID 31156351.
Kolmann MA, Huber DR, Motta PJ, Grubbs RD (September 2015). "Feeding biomechanics of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, over ontogeny". Journal of Anatomy. 227 (3): 341–51. doi:10.1111/joa.12342. PMC 4560568. PMID 26183820.
Kolmann MA, Welch KC, Summers AP, Lovejoy NR (September 2016). "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1838): 20161392. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1392. PMC 5031661. PMID 27629029.
da Silva NJ, Ferreira KR, Pinto RN, Aird SD (June 2015). "A Severe Accident Caused by an Ocellate River Stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) in Central Brazil: How Well Do We Really Understand Stingray Venom Chemistry, Envenomation, and Therapeutics?". Toxins. 7 (6): 2272–88. doi:10.3390/toxins7062272. PMC 4488702. PMID 26094699.
Dos Santos JC, Grund LZ, Seibert CS, Marques EE, Soares AB, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C (August 2017). "Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 7912. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.7912D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y. PMC 5554156. PMID 28801624.

reliks.com

"The Samegawa – Parts of a Japanese Katana". Reliks. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-03-10.

scienceline.org

Hadhazy, Adam T. (2006-09-11). "I thought stingrays were harmless, so how did one manage to kill the "Crocodile Hunter?"". Scienceline. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2018-11-18.

sciencing.com

Seubert, Curtis (April 24, 2017). "How Do Stingrays Take Care of Their Young?". Sciencing. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018.

smh.com.au

"Stingrays born in female only tank". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-08-10. Archived from the original on 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2020-07-25.

tfhmagazine.com

Michael, Scott W. (September 2014). "Rays in the Home Aquarium". Tropical Fish Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-03-10.

therightblue.blogspot.com

Sullivan BN (May 2009). "Stingrays: Dangerous or Not?". The Right Blue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

toxinology.com

"Stingray Injury Case Reports". Clinical Toxicology Resources. University of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

ufl.edu

flmnh.ufl.edu

Bester C, Mollett HF, Bourdon J (2017-05-09). "Pelagic Stingray". Florida Museum of Natural History, Ichthyology department. Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Atlantic Stingray Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.
FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Daisy Stingray Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 17 July 2012.

uwlax.edu

bioweb.uwlax.edu

"Stingray". bioweb.uwlax.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-05-12.

web.archive.org

Bester C, Mollett HF, Bourdon J (2017-05-09). "Pelagic Stingray". Florida Museum of Natural History, Ichthyology department. Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine CITES AC25 Inf. 6, 2011.
Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (2012-04-09). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781439839263. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
Khanna, D. R. (2004). Biology Of Fishes. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 9788171419081. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
"Stingray". bioweb.uwlax.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
FAQs on Freshwater Stingray Behavior Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Wetwebmedia.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Atlantic Stingray Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.
Seubert, Curtis (April 24, 2017). "How Do Stingrays Take Care of Their Young?". Sciencing. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
"Stingrays born in female only tank". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-08-10. Archived from the original on 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
"Stingray Injury Case Reports". Clinical Toxicology Resources. University of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Hadhazy, Adam T. (2006-09-11). "I thought stingrays were harmless, so how did one manage to kill the "Crocodile Hunter?"". Scienceline. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
Discovery Channel Mourns the Death of Steve Irwin Archived 2013-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. animal.discovery.com
"Animal Diversity Web – Dasyatidae, Stingrays". Animal Diversity Web. 2021-03-10. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
Sullivan BN (May 2009). "Stingrays: Dangerous or Not?". The Right Blue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
"The Samegawa – Parts of a Japanese Katana". Reliks. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Daisy Stingray Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 17 July 2012.
Michael, Scott W. (September 2014). "Rays in the Home Aquarium". Tropical Fish Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-03-10.

wetwebmedia.com

FAQs on Freshwater Stingray Behavior Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Wetwebmedia.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.