Stuttering (English Wikipedia)

"Stuttering". Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Fibiger S. 2009. Stuttering. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation.
Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine

clinicaltrials.gov (Global: 4,259^th place; English: 3,081^st place)

"Effects of Psilocybin on Speech Fluency, Struggle, and Brain Activity in People Who Stutter". ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 18 December 2025. Retrieved 2026-05-06.

didistutter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Did I Stutter?". Did I Stutter?. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-10-05.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Greene JS (July 1937). "Dysphemia and Dysphonia: Cardinal Features of Three Types of Functional Syndrome: Stuttering, Aphonia and Falsetto (Male)". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 26 (1): 74–82. doi:10.1001/archotol.1937.00650020080011.
Iverach L, Rapee RM (June 2014). "Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 40: 69–82. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003. PMID 24929468.
Tichenor SE, Yaruss JS (18 December 2019). "Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 62 (12): 4356–4369. doi:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00137. PMID 31830837.
Constantino C, Campbell P, Simpson S (March 2022). "Stuttering and the social model". Journal of Communication Disorders. 96 106200. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106200. PMID 35248920.
Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–110. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.
Druker K, Hennessey N, Mazzucchelli T, Beilby J (March 2019). "Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 59: 80–90. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002. PMID 30477807.
Donaher J, Richels C (December 2012). "Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 37 (4): 242–252. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002. PMID 23218208.
Arndt J, Healey EC (April 2001). "Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 32 (2): 68–78. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006). PMID 27764357.
Riley J, Riley JG (October 2000). "A Revised Component Model for diagnosing and Treating Children Who Stutter". Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders. 27 (Fall): 188–199. doi:10.1044/cicsd_27_F_188.
Peterson RL, Pennington BF (May 2012). "Developmental dyslexia". The Lancet. 379 (9830): 1997–2007. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6. PMC 3465717. PMID 22513218.
Blood GW, Ridenour VJ, Qualls CD, Hammer CS (November 2003). "Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter". Journal of Communication Disorders. 36 (6): 427–448. doi:10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6. PMID 12967738.
Elsherif MM, Wheeldon LR, Frisson S (March 2021). "Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 67 105827. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827. PMID 33444937.
Briley PM, Ellis C (10 December 2018). "The Coexistence of Disabling Conditions in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 61 (12): 2895–2905. doi:10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378. PMID 30458520.
Ntourou K, Conture EG, Lipsey MW (August 2011). "Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 20 (3): 163–179. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102). PMC 3738062. PMID 21478281.
Iverach L, Rapee RM (June 2014). "Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 40: 69–82. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003. PMID 24929468.
St Louis KO, Hinzman AR (October 1988). "A descriptive study of speech, language, and hearing characteristics of school-aged stutterers". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 13 (5): 331–355. doi:10.1016/0094-730X(88)90003-4.
Kang C, Riazuddin S, Mundorff J, Krasnewich D, Friedman P, Mullikin JC, Drayna D (25 February 2010). "Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering". New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (8): 677–685. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902630. PMC 2936507. PMID 20147709.
West R, Nelson S, Berry M (February 1939). "The heredity of stuttering". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 25 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1080/00335633909380434.
Frigerio-Domingues C, Drayna D (March 2017). "Genetic contributions to stuttering: the current evidence". Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 5 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1002/mgg3.276. PMC 5370225. PMID 28361094.
Gordon N (April 2002). "Stuttering: incidence and causes". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 44 (4): 278–282. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x. PMID 11995897.
Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P (3 December 2007). "Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering". Brain. 131 (1): 50–59. doi:10.1093/brain/awm241. PMC 2492392. PMID 17928317.
Bryngelson B, Clark TB (October 1933). "Left-Handedness and Stuttering". Journal of Heredity. 24 (10): 387–390. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103681.
Johnson W, Duke L (December 1935). "Changes in Handedness Associated with Onset or Disappearance of Stuttering: Sixteen Cases". The Journal of Experimental Education. 4 (2): 112–132. doi:10.1080/00220973.1935.11010003.
Ambrose NG, Yairi E (August 1999). "Normative Disfluency Data for Early Childhood Stuttering". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 42 (4): 895–909. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4204.895. PMID 10450909. Stuttering is shown to be qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from normal disfluency even at the earliest stages of stuttering.
Craig A, Tran Y (March 2005). "The epidemiology of stuttering: The need for reliable estimates of prevalence and anxiety levels over the lifespan". Advances in Speech Language Pathology. 7 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1080/14417040500055060.
Yaruss JS (2003). "One Size Does Not Fit All: Special Topics in Stuttering Therapy". Seminars in Speech and Language. 24 (1): 003–006. doi:10.1055/s-2003-37381. PMID 12601580.
Sisskin V (17 January 2023). "Disfluency-Affirming Therapy for Young People Who Stutter: Unpacking Ableism in the Therapy Room". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 54 (1): 114–119. doi:10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015. PMID 36279203.
Tichenor SE, Constantino C, Yaruss JS (9 February 2022). "A Point of View About Fluency". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 65 (2): 645–652. doi:10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00342. PMC 9135003. PMID 34982943.
"Graphique 1.3 Avantages sanitaires de la lutte contre le changement climatique" [Figure 1.3 Health benefits of combating climate change] (in French). doi:10.1787/888932428576. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL (27 March 2020). "The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 14 158. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00158. PMC 7118465. PMID 32292321.
Pasculli G, Busan P, Jackson ES, Alm PA, De Gregorio D, Maguire GA, Goodwin GM, Gobbi G, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL (19 June 2024). "Psychedelics in developmental stuttering to modulate brain functioning: a new therapeutic perspective?". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 18 1402549. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549. hdl:11573/1712146. PMC 11221540. PMID 38962146.
Boyle MP (December 2013). "Psychological characteristics and perceptions of stuttering of adults who stutter with and without support group experience". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 38 (4): 368–381. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.09.001. PMID 24331244.
Andrews G, Hoddinott S, Craig A, Howie P, Feyer AM, Neilson M (August 1983). "Stuttering: A Review of Research Findings and Theories circa 1982". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 48 (3): 226–246. doi:10.1044/jshd.4803.226. PMID 6353066.
Yairi E, Ambrose N (August 1992). "Onset of Stuttering in Preschool Children: Selected Factors". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 35 (4): 782–788. doi:10.1044/jshr.3504.782. PMID 1405533.
Yairi E (June 1993). "Epidemiologic and other considerations in treatment efficacy research with preschool age children who stutter". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 18 (2–3): 197–219. doi:10.1016/0094-730X(93)90007-Q.
Månsson H (March 2000). "Childhood stuttering". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 25 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6.
Yairi E, Ambrose N, Cox N (August 1996). "Genetics of Stuttering: A Critical Review". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 39 (4): 771–784. doi:10.1044/jshr.3904.771. PMID 8844557.
Kloth S, Janssen P, Kraaimaat F, Brutten G (June 1995). "Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young stutterers prior to onset". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 20 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00022-L. hdl:2066/21168.
Yairi E, Ambrose NG (October 1999). "Early Childhood Stuttering I: Persistency and Recovery Rates". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 42 (5): 1097–1112. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097. PMID 10515508.
Craig A, Hancock K, Tran Y, Craig M, Peters K (December 2002). "Epidemiology of Stuttering in the Community Across the Entire Life Span". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 45 (6): 1097–1105. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088). PMID 12546480.
Nwokah EE (October 1988). "The imbalance of stuttering behavior in bilingual speakers". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 13 (5): 357–373. doi:10.1016/0094-730X(88)90004-6.
Kornisch M (March 2021). "Bilinguals who stutter: A cognitive perspective". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 67 105819. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105819. PMID 33296800.
Brosch S, Pirsig W (June 2001). "Stuttering in history and culture". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 59 (2): 81–87. doi:10.1016/S0165-5876(01)00474-8. PMID 11378182.
Rieber R, Wollock J (March 1977). "The historical roots of the theory and therapy of stuttering". Journal of Communication Disorders. 10 (1–2): 3–24. doi:10.1016/0021-9924(77)90009-0. PMID 325028.
"Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country, 1830–1882". Perceptions of the Press in Nineteenth-Century British Periodicals. 2012. pp. 261–299. doi:10.7135/upo9781843317562.019. ISBN 978-1-84331-756-2.
Weiner C, Tetnowski JA (July 2016). "Stuttering Discrimination Under the Law: Here's a look at how the law applies". The ASHA Leader. 21 (7): 52–57. doi:10.1044/leader.FTR2.21072016.52.

elsevier.com (Global: 365^th place; English: 372^nd place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Boyle MP (December 2013). "Psychological characteristics and perceptions of stuttering of adults who stutter with and without support group experience". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 38 (4): 368–381. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.09.001. PMID 24331244.

gov.uk (Global: 401^st place; English: 228^th place)

"Defence Stammering Network launched". Archived from the original on 2015-08-25. Retrieved 2015-07-25.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Pasculli G, Busan P, Jackson ES, Alm PA, De Gregorio D, Maguire GA, Goodwin GM, Gobbi G, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL (19 June 2024). "Psychedelics in developmental stuttering to modulate brain functioning: a new therapeutic perspective?". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 18 1402549. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549. hdl:11573/1712146. PMC 11221540. PMID 38962146.
Kloth S, Janssen P, Kraaimaat F, Brutten G (June 1995). "Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young stutterers prior to onset". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 20 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00022-L. hdl:2066/21168.

latrobe.edu.au (Global: low place; English: 9,225^th place)

"Trobe University School of Human Communication Disorders".

mnsu.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sheree Reese, Joseph Jordania (2001). "Stuttering in the Chinese population in some Southeast Asian countries: A preliminary investigation on attitude and incidence". "Stuttering Awareness Day"; Minnesota State University, Mankato. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06.
Kuster, Judith Maginnis (2005-04-01). "Folk Myths About Stuttering". Minnesota State University. Archived from the original on 2005-04-19. Retrieved 2005-04-03.

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

Thurber J (25 April 1930). "Stammerers' Club". The New Yorker.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Iverach L, Rapee RM (June 2014). "Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 40: 69–82. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003. PMID 24929468.
Tichenor SE, Yaruss JS (18 December 2019). "Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 62 (12): 4356–4369. doi:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00137. PMID 31830837.
Constantino C, Campbell P, Simpson S (March 2022). "Stuttering and the social model". Journal of Communication Disorders. 96 106200. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106200. PMID 35248920.
Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–110. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.
Druker K, Hennessey N, Mazzucchelli T, Beilby J (March 2019). "Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 59: 80–90. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002. PMID 30477807.
Donaher J, Richels C (December 2012). "Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 37 (4): 242–252. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002. PMID 23218208.
Arndt J, Healey EC (April 2001). "Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 32 (2): 68–78. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006). PMID 27764357.
Peterson RL, Pennington BF (May 2012). "Developmental dyslexia". The Lancet. 379 (9830): 1997–2007. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6. PMC 3465717. PMID 22513218.
Blood GW, Ridenour VJ, Qualls CD, Hammer CS (November 2003). "Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter". Journal of Communication Disorders. 36 (6): 427–448. doi:10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6. PMID 12967738.
Elsherif MM, Wheeldon LR, Frisson S (March 2021). "Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 67 105827. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827. PMID 33444937.
Briley PM, Ellis C (10 December 2018). "The Coexistence of Disabling Conditions in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 61 (12): 2895–2905. doi:10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378. PMID 30458520.
Ntourou K, Conture EG, Lipsey MW (August 2011). "Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 20 (3): 163–179. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102). PMC 3738062. PMID 21478281.
Iverach L, Rapee RM (June 2014). "Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 40: 69–82. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003. PMID 24929468.
Kang C, Riazuddin S, Mundorff J, Krasnewich D, Friedman P, Mullikin JC, Drayna D (25 February 2010). "Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering". New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (8): 677–685. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902630. PMC 2936507. PMID 20147709.
Frigerio-Domingues C, Drayna D (March 2017). "Genetic contributions to stuttering: the current evidence". Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 5 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1002/mgg3.276. PMC 5370225. PMID 28361094.
Sander RW, Osborne CA (November 2019). "Stuttering: Understanding and Treating a Common Disability". American Family Physician. 100 (9): 556–560. PMID 31674746.
Gordon N (April 2002). "Stuttering: incidence and causes". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 44 (4): 278–282. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x. PMID 11995897.
Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P (3 December 2007). "Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering". Brain. 131 (1): 50–59. doi:10.1093/brain/awm241. PMC 2492392. PMID 17928317.
Lewis R (May 1949). "The psychological approach to the preschool stutterer". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 60 (5): 497–500. PMC 1591462. PMID 18125462.
Ambrose NG, Yairi E (August 1999). "Normative Disfluency Data for Early Childhood Stuttering". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 42 (4): 895–909. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4204.895. PMID 10450909. Stuttering is shown to be qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from normal disfluency even at the earliest stages of stuttering.
Yaruss JS (2003). "One Size Does Not Fit All: Special Topics in Stuttering Therapy". Seminars in Speech and Language. 24 (1): 003–006. doi:10.1055/s-2003-37381. PMID 12601580.
Perez HR, Stoeckle JH (June 2016). "Stuttering: Clinical and research update". Canadian Family Physician. 62 (6): 479–484. PMC 4907555. PMID 27303004.
Sisskin V (17 January 2023). "Disfluency-Affirming Therapy for Young People Who Stutter: Unpacking Ableism in the Therapy Room". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 54 (1): 114–119. doi:10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015. PMID 36279203.
Tichenor SE, Constantino C, Yaruss JS (9 February 2022). "A Point of View About Fluency". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 65 (2): 645–652. doi:10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00342. PMC 9135003. PMID 34982943.
Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL (27 March 2020). "The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 14 158. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00158. PMC 7118465. PMID 32292321.
Pasculli G, Busan P, Jackson ES, Alm PA, De Gregorio D, Maguire GA, Goodwin GM, Gobbi G, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL (19 June 2024). "Psychedelics in developmental stuttering to modulate brain functioning: a new therapeutic perspective?". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 18 1402549. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549. hdl:11573/1712146. PMC 11221540. PMID 38962146.
Boyle MP (December 2013). "Psychological characteristics and perceptions of stuttering of adults who stutter with and without support group experience". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 38 (4): 368–381. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.09.001. PMID 24331244.
Andrews G, Hoddinott S, Craig A, Howie P, Feyer AM, Neilson M (August 1983). "Stuttering: A Review of Research Findings and Theories circa 1982". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 48 (3): 226–246. doi:10.1044/jshd.4803.226. PMID 6353066.
Yairi E, Ambrose N (August 1992). "Onset of Stuttering in Preschool Children: Selected Factors". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 35 (4): 782–788. doi:10.1044/jshr.3504.782. PMID 1405533.
Yairi E, Ambrose N, Cox N (August 1996). "Genetics of Stuttering: A Critical Review". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 39 (4): 771–784. doi:10.1044/jshr.3904.771. PMID 8844557.
Yairi E, Ambrose NG (October 1999). "Early Childhood Stuttering I: Persistency and Recovery Rates". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 42 (5): 1097–1112. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097. PMID 10515508.
Craig A, Hancock K, Tran Y, Craig M, Peters K (December 2002). "Epidemiology of Stuttering in the Community Across the Entire Life Span". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 45 (6): 1097–1105. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088). PMID 12546480.
Kornisch M (March 2021). "Bilinguals who stutter: A cognitive perspective". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 67 105819. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105819. PMID 33296800.
Brosch S, Pirsig W (June 2001). "Stuttering in history and culture". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 59 (2): 81–87. doi:10.1016/S0165-5876(01)00474-8. PMID 11378182.
Rieber R, Wollock J (March 1977). "The historical roots of the theory and therapy of stuttering". Journal of Communication Disorders. 10 (1–2): 3–24. doi:10.1016/0021-9924(77)90009-0. PMID 325028.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–110. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.
Peterson RL, Pennington BF (May 2012). "Developmental dyslexia". The Lancet. 379 (9830): 1997–2007. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6. PMC 3465717. PMID 22513218.
Ntourou K, Conture EG, Lipsey MW (August 2011). "Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 20 (3): 163–179. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102). PMC 3738062. PMID 21478281.
Kang C, Riazuddin S, Mundorff J, Krasnewich D, Friedman P, Mullikin JC, Drayna D (25 February 2010). "Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering". New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (8): 677–685. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902630. PMC 2936507. PMID 20147709.
Frigerio-Domingues C, Drayna D (March 2017). "Genetic contributions to stuttering: the current evidence". Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 5 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1002/mgg3.276. PMC 5370225. PMID 28361094.
Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P (3 December 2007). "Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering". Brain. 131 (1): 50–59. doi:10.1093/brain/awm241. PMC 2492392. PMID 17928317.
Lewis R (May 1949). "The psychological approach to the preschool stutterer". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 60 (5): 497–500. PMC 1591462. PMID 18125462.
Perez HR, Stoeckle JH (June 2016). "Stuttering: Clinical and research update". Canadian Family Physician. 62 (6): 479–484. PMC 4907555. PMID 27303004.
Tichenor SE, Constantino C, Yaruss JS (9 February 2022). "A Point of View About Fluency". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 65 (2): 645–652. doi:10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00342. PMC 9135003. PMID 34982943.
Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL (27 March 2020). "The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 14 158. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00158. PMC 7118465. PMID 32292321.
Pasculli G, Busan P, Jackson ES, Alm PA, De Gregorio D, Maguire GA, Goodwin GM, Gobbi G, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris RL (19 June 2024). "Psychedelics in developmental stuttering to modulate brain functioning: a new therapeutic perspective?". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 18 1402549. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549. hdl:11573/1712146. PMC 11221540. PMID 38962146.

nidcd.nih.gov

"Prevalence (In Percent) of Stuttering, as Determined by Examiner, in Young African American (Black) and European American (White) Boys and Girls in Illinois". 7 June 2010.
"NIH study in mice identifies type of brain cell involved in stuttering". NIDCD. 2019-08-16. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
"Stuttering". NIDCD. 2015-08-18. Archived from the original on 2018-05-20. Retrieved 2020-01-29.

nla.gov.au (Global: 112^th place; English: 56^th place)

"STAMMERERS' CLUB". Sydney Morning Herald. 1935-05-23. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
"THE STAMMERERS' CLUB OF QUEENSLAND". Cairns Post. 1936-10-10.

osf.io (Global: 8,809^th place; English: 5,705^th place)

Elsherif MM, Wheeldon LR, Frisson S (March 2021). "Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?". Journal of Fluency Disorders. 67 105827. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827. PMID 33444937.

sid.ir (Global: low place; English: low place)

Proctor A, Duff M, Yairi E (2002). "Early childhood stuttering: African Americans and European Americans". ASHA Leader. 4 (15): 102.

speech-language-therapy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bowen C. "Information for Families: Stuttering- What can be done about it?". speech-language-therapy dot com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2013.

stamma.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Stammering Groups | STAMMA". stamma.org. Retrieved 2023-07-23.

stutteringhelp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Stuttering and the Bilingual Child". Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
"Research on Incidence and Prevalance | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter". www.stutteringhelp.org. Retrieved 2025-08-04.

stutteringtreatment.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Stuttering (English Wikipedia)

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