Sugar (English Wikipedia)

"Tantangan Menghadapi Ketergantungan Impor Gula Rafinasi" (in Indonesian). Asosiasi Gula Rafinasi Indonesia. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

aicr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Sugar and Cancer Connection". American Institute for Cancer Research. 2016. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

Ramakrishnan A (13 July 2025). "In a sweet discovery, astronomers find sugar lurking in the space between stars". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 July 2026.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Rolph G (1873). Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution. San Francisco: J.J. Newbegin.
Mintz S (1986). Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-009233-2.
Robinson J (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 665–66. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2.
Panel on Macronutrients, Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber, Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, et al. (2005). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-08525-0. Retrieved 4 December 2018. Although there were insufficient data to set a UL [Tolerable Upper Intake Levels] for added sugars, a maximal intake level of 25 percent or less of energy is suggested to prevent the displacement of foods that are major sources of essential micronutrients

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Jiménez-Serra I, García de la Concepción J, Cuppen HM, et al. (13 July 2026). "Detection of a four-carbon sugar in interstellar space". Nature Astronomy: 1–11. arXiv:2606.03313. Bibcode:2026NatAs.tmp..156J. doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02905-7. ISSN 2397-3366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Faas P, Whiteside S (2005). Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome. University of Chicago Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-226-23347-5.
Marggraf (1747). "Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées" [Chemical experiments made with the intention of extracting real sugar from diverse plants that grow in our lands]. Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin (in French). pp. 79–90. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022.
Kretchmer N, Claire B. Hollenbeck (1991). Sugars and Sweeteners. CRC Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8493-8835-4.
Teller GL (January 1918). "Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet". The American Food Journal: 23–24. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Edwards WP (9 November 2015). The Science of Sugar Confectionery. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-78262-609-1.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Andreas Sigismund Marggraf | German chemist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020.
Lactase at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Maltase at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Sucrase at the Encyclopædia Britannica

britishsugar.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The journey of sugar". British Sugar. Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.

cancer.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Does Sugar Cause Cancer?". American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2021. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023.

cancer.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Does sugar cause cancer?". Cancer Council Australia. 2021. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024.

cancerresearchuk.org (Global: 9,972^nd place; English: 7,596^th place)

news.cancerresearchuk.org

"Sugar and cancer – what you need to know". Cancer Research UK. 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Katie Hunt (14 July 2026). "Astronomers detect sugar in interstellar space for the first time". CNN. Retrieved 14 July 2026.

csb.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CSB Releases New Safety Video, "Inferno: Dust Explosion at Imperial Sugar"". U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Washington, D.C. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.

diabetes.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sugar and diabetes". Diabetes Canada. 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, et al. (April 2023). "Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review". BMJ. 381 e071609. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071609. PMC 10074550. PMID 37019448.
Galloway JH (2000). "Sugar". In Kiple KF, Ornelas KC (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Food. pp. 437–449. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521402149. ISBN 978-1-139-05863-6.
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2023. doi:10.4060/cc8166en. ISBN 978-92-5-138262-2.
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. doi:10.4060/cb4477en. ISBN 978-92-5-134332-6. S2CID 240163091. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021 – via www.fao.org.
Schenck, Fred W. "Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_457.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
Schiweck H, Clarke M, Pollach G (2007). "Sugar". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_345.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
Hofman DL, Van Buul VJ, Brouns FJ (2015). "Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (12): 2091–2100. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.940415. PMC 4940893. PMID 25674937.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. (2010). "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2477–83. doi:10.2337/dc10-1079. PMC 2963518. PMID 20693348.
Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, et al. (October 2013). "Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 98 (4): 1084–1102. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.058362. PMC 3778861. PMID 23966427.
Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD (2020). "The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions". The Journal of Nutrition. 150 (4): 663–671. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz268. PMC 7317613. PMID 31758189.
Del-Ponte B, Quinte GC, Cruz S, et al. (June 2019). "Dietary patterns and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 252: 160–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.061. hdl:10923/18896. PMID 30986731.
Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, et al. (June 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762.
Wolraich ML (22 November 1995). "The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children: A Meta-analysis". JAMA. 274 (20): 1617–1621. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200053037. PMID 7474248.
Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, et al. (June 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762.
Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, et al. (October 2016). "Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes". BMJ Open. 6 (10) e010380. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380. PMC 5073652. PMID 27855083.
Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA (2014). "Effect on Caries of Restricting Sugars Intake: Systematic Review to Inform WHO Guidelines". Journal of Dental Research. 93 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1177/0022034513508954. PMC 3872848. PMID 24323509.
Valenzuela MJ, Waterhouse B, Aggarwal VR, et al. (2021). "Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur J Public Health. 31 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147. PMID 32830237.
Marriott BP, Olsho L, Hadden L, et al. (2010). "Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 50 (3): 228–58. doi:10.1080/10408391003626223. PMID 20301013.
Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA (2016). "Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (11): 1680–85. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394. PMC 5099084. PMID 27617709.
Jiménez-Serra I, García de la Concepción J, Cuppen HM, et al. (13 July 2026). "Detection of a four-carbon sugar in interstellar space". Nature Astronomy: 1–11. arXiv:2606.03313. Bibcode:2026NatAs.tmp..156J. doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02905-7. ISSN 2397-3366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)
Ahart J (2026). "First 'true sugar' molecule found in space — offering hints to life's origins". Nature. 655 (8124): 834. Bibcode:2026Natur.655..834A. doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02173-5. PMID 42443509.

ethnoleaflets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sharpe, Peter (1998). "Sugar Cane: Past and Present". Illinois: Southern Illinois University. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

Harper D. "Sugar". Online Etymology Dictionary.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

eur-lex.europa.eu

European Parliament and Council (1990). "Council Directive on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs". Council Directive of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs. p. 4. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

fao.org

"OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020–2029 – Sugar" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
"Sugar beet production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. doi:10.4060/cb4477en. ISBN 978-92-5-134332-6. S2CID 240163091. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021 – via www.fao.org.

openknowledge.fao.org

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2023. doi:10.4060/cc8166en. ISBN 978-92-5-138262-2.

faostat.fao.org

"Food Balance Sheets". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2012.

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

fda.gov

United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
Nutrition Cf (22 February 2021). "Labeling & Nutrition – Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2017.

accessdata.fda.gov

"Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". AccessData, US Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.

gmo-compass.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Biennial beet". GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.

gov.uk (Global: 401^st place; English: 228^th place)

"SACN Carbohydrates and Health Report". Public Health England. 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO. World Health Organization. 2003. hdl:10665/42665. ISBN 978-92-4-120916-8.^{[page needed]}
Del-Ponte B, Quinte GC, Cruz S, et al. (June 2019). "Dietary patterns and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 252: 160–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.061. hdl:10923/18896. PMID 30986731.

heart.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Added sugars". American Heart Association. 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

ibtimes.com (Global: 1,495^th place; English: 1,080^th place)

Flynn K (23 April 2016). "India Drought 2016 May Lead 29–35% Drop In Sugar Output For 2016–17 Season: Report". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.

kompas.com (Global: 510^th place; English: 875^th place)

bisniskeuangan.kompas.com

"Rafinasi Vs Gula Kristal Putih" (in Indonesian). Kompas Gramedia. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

lancs.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,918^th place)

eprints.lancs.ac.uk

Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, et al. (June 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762.
Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, et al. (June 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

Steigerwald W (18 November 2019). "First Detection of Sugars in Meteorites Gives Clues to Origin of Life". NASA. Retrieved 15 July 2026.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

Jiménez-Serra I, García de la Concepción J, Cuppen HM, et al. (13 July 2026). "Detection of a four-carbon sugar in interstellar space". Nature Astronomy: 1–11. arXiv:2606.03313. Bibcode:2026NatAs.tmp..156J. doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02905-7. ISSN 2397-3366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, et al. (April 2023). "Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review". BMJ. 381 e071609. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071609. PMC 10074550. PMID 37019448.
Hofman DL, Van Buul VJ, Brouns FJ (2015). "Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (12): 2091–2100. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.940415. PMC 4940893. PMID 25674937.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. (2010). "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2477–83. doi:10.2337/dc10-1079. PMC 2963518. PMID 20693348.
Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, et al. (October 2013). "Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 98 (4): 1084–1102. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.058362. PMC 3778861. PMID 23966427.
Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD (2020). "The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions". The Journal of Nutrition. 150 (4): 663–671. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz268. PMC 7317613. PMID 31758189.
Del-Ponte B, Quinte GC, Cruz S, et al. (June 2019). "Dietary patterns and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 252: 160–173. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.061. hdl:10923/18896. PMID 30986731.
Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, et al. (June 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762.
Wolraich ML (22 November 1995). "The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children: A Meta-analysis". JAMA. 274 (20): 1617–1621. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200053037. PMID 7474248.
Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, et al. (June 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762.
Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, et al. (October 2016). "Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes". BMJ Open. 6 (10) e010380. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380. PMC 5073652. PMID 27855083.
Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA (2014). "Effect on Caries of Restricting Sugars Intake: Systematic Review to Inform WHO Guidelines". Journal of Dental Research. 93 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1177/0022034513508954. PMC 3872848. PMID 24323509.
Valenzuela MJ, Waterhouse B, Aggarwal VR, et al. (2021). "Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur J Public Health. 31 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147. PMID 32830237.
Marriott BP, Olsho L, Hadden L, et al. (2010). "Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 50 (3): 228–58. doi:10.1080/10408391003626223. PMID 20301013.
Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA (2016). "Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (11): 1680–85. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394. PMC 5099084. PMID 27617709.
Ahart J (2026). "First 'true sugar' molecule found in space — offering hints to life's origins". Nature. 655 (8124): 834. Bibcode:2026Natur.655..834A. doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02173-5. PMID 42443509.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, et al. (April 2023). "Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review". BMJ. 381 e071609. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071609. PMC 10074550. PMID 37019448.
"Executive summary". Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children. World Health Organization. 2015. ISBN 978-92-4-154902-8.
Hofman DL, Van Buul VJ, Brouns FJ (2015). "Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (12): 2091–2100. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.940415. PMC 4940893. PMID 25674937.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. (2010). "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2477–83. doi:10.2337/dc10-1079. PMC 2963518. PMID 20693348.
Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, et al. (October 2013). "Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 98 (4): 1084–1102. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.058362. PMC 3778861. PMID 23966427.
Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD (2020). "The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions". The Journal of Nutrition. 150 (4): 663–671. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz268. PMC 7317613. PMID 31758189.
Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, et al. (October 2016). "Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes". BMJ Open. 6 (10) e010380. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380. PMC 5073652. PMID 27855083.
Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA (2014). "Effect on Caries of Restricting Sugars Intake: Systematic Review to Inform WHO Guidelines". Journal of Dental Research. 93 (1): 8–18. doi:10.1177/0022034513508954. PMC 3872848. PMID 24323509.
Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA (2016). "Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (11): 1680–85. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394. PMC 5099084. PMID 27617709.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

O'Connor, Anahad (12 June 2007). "The Claim: Brown Sugar Is Healthier Than White Sugar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Dzombak R (13 July 2026). "A Sweet Surprise: Scientists Find Sugar Deep in Our Galaxy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 July 2026.

oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689^th place; English: 1,562^nd place)

"Jaggery". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.

powderandbulk.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Engineering Resources – Bulk Density Chart". Powder and Bulk. Archived from the original on 27 October 2002.

ragus.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Eastick B (4 April 2024). "Global sugar market report April 2024". Ragus. Retrieved 15 January 2025.

self.com (Global: 8,252^nd place; English: 7,525^th place)

nutritiondata.self.com

"Sugars, granulated (sucrose) in 4 grams (from pick list)". Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2017.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. doi:10.4060/cb4477en. ISBN 978-92-5-134332-6. S2CID 240163091. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021 – via www.fao.org.

sucrose.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How Cane Sugar is Made – the Basic Story". Sugar Knowledge International. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
"How Beet Sugar is Made". Sugar Knowledge International. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
"How Sugar is Refined". SKIL. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.

sugar.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sugar types". The sugar association. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

sugarnutrition.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Types and uses". Sugar Nutrition UK. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.

tu-berlin.de (Global: 8,273^rd place; English: low place)

www2.tu-berlin.de

"Festveranstaltung zum 100 jährigen Bestehen des Berliner Institut für Zuckerindustrie". Technische Universität Berlin. 23 November 2004. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007.

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

apps.fas.usda.gov

"Sugar: World Markets and Trade" (PDF). Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. November 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.

ars.usda.gov

What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013–2014 Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

wcrf.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Curbing global sugar consumption" (PDF). World Cancer Research Fund International. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2024.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020–2029 – Sugar" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
"Jaggery". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Sharpe, Peter (1998). "Sugar Cane: Past and Present". Illinois: Southern Illinois University. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.
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westernsugar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Refining and Processing Sugar" (PDF). The Sugar Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2014.

who.int (Global: 213^th place; English: 314^th place)

"Sugars and dental caries". World Health Organization. 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2024.

worldatlas.com (Global: 2,266^th place; English: 2,297^th place)

Amber Pariona (25 April 2017). "Top Sugar Consuming Nations In The World". World Atlas. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Sugar (English Wikipedia)

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