Sumer (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sumer" in English language version.

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Flutopedia.com

Goss, Clint (15 April 2017). "Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia". Flutopedia. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

academia.edu

Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers). Archaeopress. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3.
Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers). Archaeopress. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3.

archive.org

Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. Elizabeth Williams-Forte. New York: Harper & Row. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-06-014713-6.
Algaze, Guillermo (2005). The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, Second Edition, University of Chicago Press.
Roux, Georges (1993). Ancient Iraq. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-012523-8.
Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Sayce (Reverend), A. H. (1908). The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions (2nd revised ed.). London, England; Brighton, England; New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 98–100.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. The Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood, p. 132, ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6.
Dening, Sarah (1996). "Chapter 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations". The Mythology of Sex. London, England: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-861207-2.
Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-70794-0.
Campbell, Lyle; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007). A glossary of historical linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7486-2379-2.
Gately, Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. Gotham Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-59240-303-5.
Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Gadd, G. J. (1958). Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur.
Hallo, William W.; Simpson, William Kelly (1971). The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-15-502755-8.

archive.today

"The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Home". Archived from the original on 2015-04-11. Retrieved 2019-07-21.

books.google.com

Diakonoff, I. M.; D'I︠A︡konov, Igor' Mik︠h︡aílovich (1991). Early Antiquity. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-14465-8.
Feuerstein, Georg; Kak, Subhash; Frawley, David (2005). The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India (Second Revised ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 117. ISBN 978-81-208-2037-1.
Black, Jeremy A.; George, A. R.; Postgate, J. N.; Breckwoldt, Tina (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 384. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
Miller, Douglas B.; Shipp, R. Mark (1996). An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List. Eisenbrauns. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-931464-86-7.
Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2.
Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003). Sumerian Grammar. Brill. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-474-0340-1.
"The origin of the Sumerians is unknown; they described themselves as the 'black-headed people'" Haywood, John (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations. Penguin. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-14-101448-7.
Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). Early Antiquity. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-14467-2.
Finer, Samuel Edward; Finer, S. E. (1997). The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Ancient monarchies and empires. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-820664-4.
"I am the king of the four quarters, I am a shepherd, the pastor of the "black-headed people"" in Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-134-75084-9.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography. Wayne State University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8143-2121-8.
Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Gómez-Casado, Eduardo (2000). Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics. International Conference on Prehistoric Iberia : Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics; November 16–17, 1998; Madrid, Spain. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-306-46364-8.
In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography. Wayne State University Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-8143-2121-8.
Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R. (2010). Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7.
Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization". Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5.
Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10976-5.
Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). A dictionary of archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
Crüsemann, Nicola; Ess, Margarete van; Hilgert, Markus; Salje, Beate; Potts, Timothy (2019). Uruk: First City of the Ancient World. Getty Publications. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-60606-444-3.
"The stepped design of the Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, the oldest known pyramid along the Nile, suggests that it was borrowed from the Mesopotamian ziggurat concept." in Held, Colbert C. (University of Nebraska) (2018). Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-429-96199-1.
Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0.
Henrickson, Elizabeth F.; Thuesen, Ingolf; Thuesen, I. (1989). Upon this Foundation: The N̜baid Reconsidered : Proceedings from the U̜baid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th–June1st, 1988. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 353. ISBN 978-87-7289-070-8.
Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2003). The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer. JHU Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8018-7389-8.
Cinthia Gannett (1992). Gender and the Journal: Diaries and Academic Discourse, p. 62.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994], Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, New York: Routledge, p. 219, ISBN 978-1-134-92074-7.
Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2006), The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0
Anderson, Marlow; Wilson, Robin J. (2004). Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history. ISBN 978-0-88385-546-1. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2.
Guimet, Musée (2016). Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. ISBN 978-2-402-05246-7.
Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-4443-4234-5.
Rowlands, Michael J. (1987). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-25103-7.
For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see Reade, Julian (2013). Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. pp. 148–152. ISBN 978-1-136-15531-4.
For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2.
Podany, Amanda H. (2012). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-971829-0.
Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1. Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.
Cotterell, Arthur (2011). Asia: A Concise History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-470-82959-2.
Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy, eds. (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

britannica.com

"Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-03-29.

britishmuseum.org

"Ubaid Culture". The British Museum.
"Indus stamp-seal found in Ur BM 122187". British Museum.
"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208". British Museum.
"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228". British Museum.

brown.edu

proteus.brown.edu

"The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Home". Archived from the original on 2015-04-11. Retrieved 2019-07-21.

cambridge.org

Van Der Toorn, K.; Van Der Horst, P. W. (1990-01-01). "Nimrod Before and After the Bible". Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. ISSN 1475-4517.

crystalinks.com

"Dilmun – Tilmun – Creation – Aliens – Middle East". Crystalinks. Retrieved 2024-10-19.

doi.org

van der Toorn, K.; van der Horst, P. W. (January 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". The Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. S2CID 161371511.
Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians.
Harrassowitz, O. (2015-10-01), "Enki (Ea) in the mythology of creation", The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology, pp. 139–188, doi:10.2307/j.ctvc16s63.14, retrieved 2024-10-19
Van Der Toorn, K.; Van Der Horst, P. W. (1990-01-01). "Nimrod Before and After the Bible". Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. ISSN 1475-4517.
Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.
Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science. 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.
Thompson, William R. (2004). "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 10 (3): 612–652. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2004.288. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699, JSTOR 3642699, S2CID 163489322.
Whatever the assertions of cosmography here, when modern-day archaeologists carve out areas of exploration based on physical-remains and other data, there is an emphasis on three, vide Marcella Frangipane, "Different Trajectories in State Formation in Greater Mesopotamia: A View from Arslantepe (Turkey)", Journal of Archaeological Research 26 (2018): 3–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2. Archived 2022-11-23 at the Wayback Machine: "southern Mesopotamia, northern Mesopotamia, and [to the west] Upper Euphrates valley" (3), with no reference to any of these proper-names.
Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley". Paléorient. 10: 71–72. doi:10.3406/paleo.1984.4350.

dx.doi.org

Harrassowitz, O. (2015-10-01), "Enki (Ea) in the mythology of creation", The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology, pp. 139–188, doi:10.2307/j.ctvc16s63.14, retrieved 2024-10-19

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians.

ishtartemple.org

Dening, Sarah (1996). "Chapter 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations". The Mythology of Sex. London, England: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-861207-2.

jhu.edu

krieger2.jhu.edu

Cooper, Jerrold S. (2001). "Virginity in Ancient Mesopotamia". Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-951-45-9054-2.

jstor.org

Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699, JSTOR 3642699, S2CID 163489322.
For the etching technique, see MacKay, Ernest (1925). "Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (4): 699. JSTOR 25220818.

metmuseum.org

"The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2003. Archived from the original on 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2014-02-22.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians.
Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science. 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians.

optusnet.com.au

members.optusnet.com.au

Thompson, Gary. "History of Constellation and Star Names". Members.optusnet.com.au. Archived from the original on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-03-29.

ox.ac.uk

cdli.ox.ac.uk

"Rulers of Mesopotamia". CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.

persee.fr

Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley". Paléorient. 10: 71–72. doi:10.3406/paleo.1984.4350.

scientificrussia.ru

"Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus". Scientific Russia. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

van der Toorn, K.; van der Horst, P. W. (January 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". The Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. S2CID 161371511.
Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699, JSTOR 3642699, S2CID 163489322.

sjsu.edu

"Sumerian Civilization". San José State University. Retrieved 2024-10-19.

stlawu.edu

it.stlawu.edu

Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology. Archived 2018-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, Third Millennium Mathematics. St. Lawrence University.

sumerian.org

"Sumerian Questions and Answers". Sumerian.org. Retrieved 2012-03-29.

theeffect.org

Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?" (PDF). Smithsonian Magazine. 18 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.

time.com

"Science: Home City of Sumer?". Time. April 18, 1960.

uchicago.edu

oi.uchicago.edu

"Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials". Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Carter, Rober A.; Graham, Philip, eds. (April 2006). "Beyond the Ubaid" (PDF). University of Durham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
Woods, C. 2006. "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". Archived 2013-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. In S. L. Sanders (ed), Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120 Chicago.

ucla.edu

cdli.ucla.edu

Foxvog, Daniel A. (2016). Elementary Sumerian Glossary (PDF). University of California at Berkeley. p. 52.
Kassian, A. (2014). "Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios". Cuneiform Digital Library Journal. 2014 (4).

unesco.org

unesdoc.unesco.org

The Diversity of the Chechen culture: from historical roots to the present. UNESCO. 2009. p. 14. ISBN 978-5-904549-01-5.

upenn.edu

psd.museum.upenn.edu

"The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: saĝgiga [humankind]". psd.museum.upenn.edu.
"emeĝir [SUMERIAN]". The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

web.archive.org

"Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials". Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
"The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2003. Archived from the original on 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
Carter, Rober A.; Graham, Philip, eds. (April 2006). "Beyond the Ubaid" (PDF). University of Durham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
"Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus". Scientific Russia. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15.
Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?" (PDF). Smithsonian Magazine. 18 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
Thompson, William R. (2004). "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 10 (3): 612–652. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2004.288. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
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wikidata.org

Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science. 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians.
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Cooper, Jerrold S. (2016). "Sumerian literature and Sumerian identity". Problems of canonicity and identity formation in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Kim Ryholt, Gojko Barjamovic, Københavns universitet, Denmark. Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark) Literature and Identity Formation (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-87-635-4372-9. OCLC 944087535.
Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science. 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.

worldcat.org

Cooper, Jerrold S. (2016). "Sumerian literature and Sumerian identity". Problems of canonicity and identity formation in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Kim Ryholt, Gojko Barjamovic, Københavns universitet, Denmark. Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark) Literature and Identity Formation (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-87-635-4372-9. OCLC 944087535.
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