Surnames by country (English Wikipedia)

Cassar, Mario. "Vestiges of Arabic Nomenclature in Maltese Surnames". Atti del XXII Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Onomastiche. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2013-08-16 – via Academia.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Scapoli, Chiara; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Carrieri, Alberto; Rodriguez-Larralde, Alvaro; Barrai, Italo (2007-02-01). "Surnames in Western Europe: A comparison of the subcontinental populations through isonymy". Theoretical Population Biology. 71 (1): 37–48. Bibcode:2007TPBio..71...37S. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.06.010. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 17028051. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-05-29.

al-kindipublisher.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Al-Jarf, Reima (June 12, 2023). "The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities: An Onomastic Study". Journal of Gender, Culture and Society. 3 (1): 42–56. doi:10.32996/jgcs.2023.3.1.5. ISSN 2754-3293.

allexperts.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.allexperts.com

"Indian Culture: NAME CHANGE IN MARRIAGE, tamil muslim, western customs". Archived from the original on 2017-04-23. Retrieved 2016-05-26.

ancestry.com (Global: 943^rd place; English: 516^th place)

"Nair Name Meaning & Nair Family History at Ancestry.com®". www.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-28.

argentina.gob.ar (Global: 3,025^th place; English: 6,376^th place)

"Nombre de las personas". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Singh, K. S. (1998). People Of India:Rajasthan(part2). Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-769-2.
Terry, Edith. How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle, pp. 632 ff. M.E. Sharpe, 2002. ISBN 0-7656-0356-X.
Nash, Bruce M.; et al. (2001). The New Lawyer's Wit and Wisdom. Running Press. p. 199. ISBN 0762410639. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

bps.go.id (Global: 653^rd place; English: 3,230^th place)

"Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Pakistani Names and Naming Traditions". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2025.

carlos.com.hk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Carlos do Rosario Tchiang (home page)". Archived from the original on 2007-07-02.

chile.gob.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chile, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de. "Apellido bajo la legislación chilena" [Last name under Chilean law]. Chile en el Exterior (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-03-11.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

Hirose, Yoko (March 11, 2016). "The Complexity of Nationalism in Azerbaijan" (PDF). International Journal of Social Science Studies. 4 (5): 136–149. doi:10.11114/ijsss.v4i5.1531.

czechology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Petra (2024-11-04). "Guide to Czech Surnames - Origins and meaning". Czechology. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

detik.com (Global: 563^rd place; English: 920^th place)

news.detik.com

(in Indonesian) Permendagri 73 Tahun 2022: Ini Aturan Lengkap Penulisan Nama di KTP-KK

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Scapoli, Chiara; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Carrieri, Alberto; Rodriguez-Larralde, Alvaro; Barrai, Italo (2007-02-01). "Surnames in Western Europe: A comparison of the subcontinental populations through isonymy". Theoretical Population Biology. 71 (1): 37–48. Bibcode:2007TPBio..71...37S. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.06.010. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 17028051. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
Hirose, Yoko (March 11, 2016). "The Complexity of Nationalism in Azerbaijan" (PDF). International Journal of Social Science Studies. 4 (5): 136–149. doi:10.11114/ijsss.v4i5.1531.
Al-Jarf, Reima (June 12, 2023). "The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities: An Onomastic Study". Journal of Gender, Culture and Society. 3 (1): 42–56. doi:10.32996/jgcs.2023.3.1.5. ISSN 2754-3293.

familiestyrelsen.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Familiestyrelsen: Navne". Familiestyrelsen.dk. Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2013-08-16.

familysearch.org (Global: 577^th place; English: 572^nd place)

"Denmark Naming Customs". FamilySearch. Archived from the original on December 28, 2024.
"Norway Naming Customs". Family Search. Archived from the original on 2024-11-05. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
"Finland Naming Customs". FamilySearch Wiki. 2024-01-10. Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
"Bosnia and Herzegovina Naming Customs". Family Search.
"Bulgaria Naming Customs". Family Search.
"Czechia Naming Customs". FamilySearch Wiki. 2023-12-12. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
"Poland Naming Customs". Family Search. Archived from the original on 2024-12-05. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

fbiic.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

United Kingdom (March 2006). "A Guide to Names and Naming Practices" (PDF). Financial and Banking Information Infrastructure Committee. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2018-01-19.

fennia.nu (Global: low place; English: low place)

The whole section is based on the article Paikkala, S. Sukunimet sukututkimuksessa Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11-6-2007. (in Finnish)

finland.fi (Global: 9,688^th place; English: low place)

aucor (2014-07-21). "Surname stories: Land of the –nens". thisisFINLAND. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

finlex.fi (Global: 3,087^th place; English: 6,297^th place)

The information here is taken from the Finnish Nimilaki (694/1985) (Name Act). Retrieved 11-6-2007.

geneanum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.geneanum.com

"Maltese surnames". 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

gov.uk (Global: 401^st place; English: 228^th place)

"Pakistan: Naming conventions". UK Government. Retrieved 3 November 2025.

haberler.com (Global: 2,539^th place; English: 4,393^rd place)

en.haberler.com

Haberler (2025-03-11). "The most commonly used names and surnames in Turkey have been revealed". Retrieved April 29, 2026.

icls.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Icelandic Naming System: A Unique Tradition in Modern Times". www.icls.edu. 2024-11-13. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
"How Do Russian Names Work? A Detailed Guide". www.icls.edu. 2024-05-06. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

island.is (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Name giving | Ísland.is". island.is. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

jusrionegro.gov.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

ministeriopublico.jusrionegro.gov.ar

"Nuevo Código Civil ¿apellido de la madre o padre? ¿ambos? ¿en qué orden?" [New Civil Code: mother's or father's surname? Both? In what order?]. Ministerio Público Provincia de Rio Negro (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-03-11.

legeaz.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Art. 282 Noul cod civil Alegerea numelui de familie Formalităţile pentru încheierea căsătoriei Încheierea căsătoriei". Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
"Art. 449 Noul cod civil Numele copilului din căsătorie Situaţia legală a copilului Filiaţia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
"Art. 450 Noul cod civil Numele copilului din afara căsătoriei Situaţia legală a copilului Filiaţia". Archived from the original on 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2016-11-30.

magzinedreams.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Grayson, Pike (2026-03-02). "Swedish Last Names Explained: Origins, Meanings, and Popular Surnames". Retrieved 2026-03-11.

mangalamnepal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bahun the Nepali Brahmin – Top of the hierarchy of Hindu caste system". Mangalam Nepal. Archived from the original on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2018-12-31.

meer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hauptmann, Katharina (2013-02-24). "The peculiarities of Icelandic naming". Meer. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

mol.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Equality in Finland: Information for immigrants" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-02.

mongoleiservice.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hans Peter Vietze: Mongolische Namen (in German)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-01-07.

mydanishroots.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

MyDanishRoots.com. "Surnames deriving from a farmstead". Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2009-05-17.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Scapoli, Chiara; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Carrieri, Alberto; Rodriguez-Larralde, Alvaro; Barrai, Italo (2007-02-01). "Surnames in Western Europe: A comparison of the subcontinental populations through isonymy". Theoretical Population Biology. 71 (1): 37–48. Bibcode:2007TPBio..71...37S. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.06.010. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 17028051. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-05-29.

norwaydna.no (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Norwegian Names". Norway DNA Norgesprosjektet. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

nwsgenealogy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cameron, Howard (29 June 2020). "German Surnames: Where They Come From and What They Mean". Northwest Suburban Genealogy Society. Retrieved 13 February 2025.

olympictech.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

odf.olympictech.org

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

"Personal names and the Islamic identity in Pakistan". ResearchGate. Retrieved 3 November 2025.

rlp.de (Global: 744^th place; English: 2,273^rd place)

service.rlp.de

"Requesting a change of surname". Serviceportal Rheinland-Pfalz.

sbs.com.au (Global: 1,047^th place; English: 609^th place)

culturalatlas.sbs.com.au

"Pakistani – Naming – Cultural Atlas". SBS Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
"Pakistani naming and forms of address". SBS Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 3 November 2025.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Scapoli, Chiara; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Carrieri, Alberto; Rodriguez-Larralde, Alvaro; Barrai, Italo (2007-02-01). "Surnames in Western Europe: A comparison of the subcontinental populations through isonymy". Theoretical Population Biology. 71 (1): 37–48. Bibcode:2007TPBio..71...37S. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.06.010. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 17028051. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-05-29.

sites.google.com (Global: 658^th place; English: 657^th place)

"Romanian Personal Names". Slavic Cataloging Manual. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

startpolish.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Małyska, Agnieszka (2025-10-22). "Principles of name variation in Polish • START Polish". START Polish. Retrieved 2026-03-11.

stolaf.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

naha.stolaf.edu

"Norwegian Names (Norwegian-American Historical Association)". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-08-31.

unitn.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

jus.unitn.it

(in Italian) Italian Civil Code, art. 143 bis Archived 2008-10-21 at the Wayback Machine

visions.az (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bashirov, Kamal (February 2012). "Azerbaijani Personal Names Origins, Meanings and Development". Visions of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-09.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Denmark Naming Customs". FamilySearch. Archived from the original on December 28, 2024.
"Familiestyrelsen: Navne". Familiestyrelsen.dk. Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
"Norway Naming Customs". Family Search. Archived from the original on 2024-11-05. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
MyDanishRoots.com. "Surnames deriving from a farmstead". Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
"Norwegian Names (Norwegian-American Historical Association)". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
"Finland Naming Customs". FamilySearch Wiki. 2024-01-10. Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
The whole section is based on the article Paikkala, S. Sukunimet sukututkimuksessa Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11-6-2007. (in Finnish)
"Equality in Finland: Information for immigrants" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
"Czechia Naming Customs". FamilySearch Wiki. 2023-12-12. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
"Poland Naming Customs". Family Search. Archived from the original on 2024-12-05. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
Scapoli, Chiara; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Carrieri, Alberto; Rodriguez-Larralde, Alvaro; Barrai, Italo (2007-02-01). "Surnames in Western Europe: A comparison of the subcontinental populations through isonymy". Theoretical Population Biology. 71 (1): 37–48. Bibcode:2007TPBio..71...37S. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.06.010. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 17028051. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
"Nair Name Meaning & Nair Family History at Ancestry.com®". www.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
"Indian Culture: NAME CHANGE IN MARRIAGE, tamil muslim, western customs". Archived from the original on 2017-04-23. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
"Bahun the Nepali Brahmin – Top of the hierarchy of Hindu caste system". Mangalam Nepal. Archived from the original on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
"Carlos do Rosario Tchiang (home page)". Archived from the original on 2007-07-02.
Bashirov, Kamal (February 2012). "Azerbaijani Personal Names Origins, Meanings and Development". Visions of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
"Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
(in Italian) Italian Civil Code, art. 143 bis Archived 2008-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
"Maltese surnames". 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Cassar, Mario. "Vestiges of Arabic Nomenclature in Maltese Surnames". Atti del XXII Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Onomastiche. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2013-08-16 – via Academia.
"Hans Peter Vietze: Mongolische Namen (in German)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
"Art. 282 Noul cod civil Alegerea numelui de familie Formalităţile pentru încheierea căsătoriei Încheierea căsătoriei". Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
"Art. 449 Noul cod civil Numele copilului din căsătorie Situaţia legală a copilului Filiaţia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
"Art. 450 Noul cod civil Numele copilului din afara căsătoriei Situaţia legală a copilului Filiaţia". Archived from the original on 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
"Romanian Personal Names". Slavic Cataloging Manual. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
United Kingdom (March 2006). "A Guide to Names and Naming Practices" (PDF). Financial and Banking Information Infrastructure Committee. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2018-01-19.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Scapoli, Chiara; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Carrieri, Alberto; Rodriguez-Larralde, Alvaro; Barrai, Italo (2007-02-01). "Surnames in Western Europe: A comparison of the subcontinental populations through isonymy". Theoretical Population Biology. 71 (1): 37–48. Bibcode:2007TPBio..71...37S. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2006.06.010. ISSN 0040-5809. PMID 17028051. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
Al-Jarf, Reima (June 12, 2023). "The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities: An Onomastic Study". Journal of Gender, Culture and Society. 3 (1): 42–56. doi:10.32996/jgcs.2023.3.1.5. ISSN 2754-3293.

Surnames by country (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

ema-ps.academia.edu

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

al-kindipublisher.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

allexperts.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.allexperts.com

ancestry.com (Global: 943rd place; English: 516th place)

argentina.gob.ar (Global: 3,025th place; English: 6,376th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

bps.go.id (Global: 653rd place; English: 3,230th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

carlos.com.hk (Global: low place; English: low place)

chile.gob.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383rd place; English: 954th place)

czechology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

detik.com (Global: 563rd place; English: 920th place)

news.detik.com

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

familiestyrelsen.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

familysearch.org (Global: 577th place; English: 572nd place)

fbiic.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

fennia.nu (Global: low place; English: low place)

finland.fi (Global: 9,688th place; English: low place)

finlex.fi (Global: 3,087th place; English: 6,297th place)

geneanum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.geneanum.com

gov.uk (Global: 401st place; English: 228th place)

haberler.com (Global: 2,539th place; English: 4,393rd place)

en.haberler.com

icls.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

island.is (Global: low place; English: low place)

jusrionegro.gov.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

ministeriopublico.jusrionegro.gov.ar

legeaz.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

magzinedreams.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mangalamnepal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

meer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mol.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

mongoleiservice.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

mydanishroots.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

norwaydna.no (Global: low place; English: low place)

nwsgenealogy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

olympictech.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

odf.olympictech.org

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

rlp.de (Global: 744th place; English: 2,273rd place)

service.rlp.de

sbs.com.au (Global: 1,047th place; English: 609th place)

culturalatlas.sbs.com.au

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

sites.google.com (Global: 658th place; English: 657th place)

startpolish.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

stolaf.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

naha.stolaf.edu

unitn.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

jus.unitn.it

visions.az (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ancestry.com (Global: 943^rd place; English: 516^th place)

argentina.gob.ar (Global: 3,025^th place; English: 6,376^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

bps.go.id (Global: 653^rd place; English: 3,230^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

detik.com (Global: 563^rd place; English: 920^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

familysearch.org (Global: 577^th place; English: 572^nd place)

finland.fi (Global: 9,688^th place; English: low place)

finlex.fi (Global: 3,087^th place; English: 6,297^th place)

gov.uk (Global: 401^st place; English: 228^th place)

haberler.com (Global: 2,539^th place; English: 4,393^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

rlp.de (Global: 744^th place; English: 2,273^rd place)

sbs.com.au (Global: 1,047^th place; English: 609^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

sites.google.com (Global: 658^th place; English: 657^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)