Synagogue (English Wikipedia)

Fine, Steven (2016). This Holy Place: On the Sanctity of the Synagogue During the Greco-Roman Period. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-0926-8.
Horbury, William; Noy, David, eds. (1992). Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt (22. Plaque, dedication of a Schedian proseuche, 246–221 BCE). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41870-6. υπέρ βασιλέως | Πτολεμαίου και | βασιλίσσης | Βερενίκης άδελ | φης καί γυναικδς καί || των τέκνων | τήν προσευχήν | οί 'Ιουδαίοι. [On behalf of king Ptolemy and queen Berenice his sister and wife and their children, the Jews (dedicated) the proseuche.]
Horbury, William; Noy, David, eds. (1992). Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt (117. Stele, dedication of an Arsinoëan-Crocodilopolitan proseuche, 246–221 BCE). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41870-6. υπέρ βασιλέως | Πτολεμαίου τοΰ | Πτολεμαίου καί | βοκηλίσσης | Βερενίκης της || γυναικδς καί | άδελφης καί των | τέκνων οΐ έν Κροκ[ο] | δίλων πόλει *Ιου[δαΐ] | ον την προ[σευχήν] || [ · · · · ] [On behalf of king Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy, and queen Berenice his wife and sister and their children, the Jews in Crocodilopolis (dedicated) the proseuche .....]
Fine, Steven (2016). This Holy Place: On the Sanctity of the Synagogue During the Greco-Roman Period. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5326-0926-8.
Doering, Lutz; Krause, Andrew R.; Löhr, Hermut, eds. (2020). Synagogues in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods: Archaeological Finds, New Methods, New Theories. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 191. ISBN 978-3-647-52215-9.
Skarsaune, Oskar (2008). In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. IVP Academic. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8308-2844-9. Retrieved 1 September 2018. 9780830828449
Steinmetz, Sol (2005). Dictionary of Jewish Usage. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4387-4.
Joseph Gutmann (1983). Iconography of Religions: The Jewish sanctuary. Brill. p. 15. ISBN 90-04-06893-7.
Wischnitzer, Rachel (1964). The architecture of the European synagogue. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 34.
Snyder, S. C. (2008). Acculturation and Particularism in the Modern City: Synagogue Building and Jewish Identity in Northern Europe. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-549-81897-7. Retrieved 2014-12-07.^{[permanent dead link]}

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Synagogue | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". June 2023.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Cohen 1999, p. 298. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Cohen 1999, p. 320. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Cohen 1999, p. 322. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Cohen 1999, p. 321. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Levine, Lee (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "Jewish archaeology in late antiquity: art, architecture, and inscriptions", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 526–527, 539–542, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2024-05-06

chabad.org (Global: 2,486^th place; English: 1,836^th place)

"The Bimah: The Synagogue Platform". www.chabad.org. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
"Ner Tamid: The Eternal Light." Chabad. 28 August 2018.
Zaklikowski, David. "The Chair of Elijah and Welcoming the Baby". Chabad. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

"Ancient synagogue found in Israel". CNN. Retrieved 2020-07-11.

cojs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pummer, Reinhard (13 January 2009). "How to Tell a Samaritan Synagogue from a Jewish Synagogue". Biblical Archaeology Review. May/June 1998 (24:03). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via Center for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.

dictionary.com (Global: 794^th place; English: 588^th place)

"Synagogue Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 26 November 2025.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Aviam, Mordechai (2018). "First-Century Galilee – New Discoveries". Early Christianity. 9 (2): 219–226. doi:10.1628/ec-2018-0014. ISSN 1868-7032.
Grabbe 1988, pp. 409–410. Grabbe, Lester L. (1988). "Synagogues in Pre-70 Palestine: A Re-Assessment". The Journal of Theological Studies. 39 (2). Oxford University Press: 401–410. doi:10.1093/jts/39.2.401. JSTOR 23964207.

forward.com (Global: 1,344^th place; English: 796^th place)

Nathan Jeffay (January 12, 2011). "The Heart of Israel's Reform Judaism". The Forward.

iaa.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Israel Antiquities Authority". Archived from the original on 2025-06-16.

imj.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

museum.imj.org.il

Israel Museum, Elaborate seat, Chorazin synagogue

jewishencyclopedia.com (Global: 1,019^th place; English: 784^th place)

"Almemar in Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)". Jewish Encyclopedia (1906). Retrieved 2013-11-13.
"ARK OF THE LAW." Jewish Encyclopedia.

jewishvirtuallibrary.org (Global: 1,008^th place; English: 891^st place)

"Encyclopedia Judaica: The Bimah". JewishVirtualLibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-10-12.
"Synagogue Background & Overview". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
"Sculpture". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2021-03-01.

jpi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rabbi Yitschak Rudomin. "Rebbes, Hasidim, and Authentic Kehillahs". The Second World War and Jewish Education in America: The Fall and Rise of Orthodoxy. Jewish Professionals Institute (JPI).

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Grabbe 1988, pp. 409–410. Grabbe, Lester L. (1988). "Synagogues in Pre-70 Palestine: A Re-Assessment". The Journal of Theological Studies. 39 (2). Oxford University Press: 401–410. doi:10.1093/jts/39.2.401. JSTOR 23964207.
Reich, Ronny (1994). "The Plan of the Samaritan Synagogue at Sha'alvim". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (3/4): 228–233. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27926350.

kikar.co.il (Global: 8,717^th place; English: low place)

Shaul Kahana (January 9, 2022). "גור קיבלו טופס ארבע - לבית הכנסת הגדול בעולם". Kikar HaShabbat (in Hebrew).

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

"Synagogue Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
"Definition of TEMPLE". www.merriam-webster.com. 2025-12-23. Retrieved 2026-01-04.

mohrsiebeck.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Aviam, Mordechai (2018). "First-Century Galilee – New Discoveries". Early Christianity. 9 (2): 219–226. doi:10.1628/ec-2018-0014. ISSN 1868-7032.

myjewishlearning.com (Global: 4,994^th place; English: 3,561^st place)

"Mechitzah: Separate Seating in the Synagogue". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2020-01-27.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

travel.nytimes.com

Kulish, Nicholas (30 December 2007). "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-12.

planetware.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Nidhe Israel Synagogue". planetware.

pohick.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Donald D. Binder. "Second Temple Synagogues". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
Donald D. Binder. "Delos". Archived from the original on September 7, 2012.

thejc.com (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,079^th place)

"The Jews who take off their shoes for shul". www.thejc.com. November 24, 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-15.

timesofisrael.com (Global: 571^st place; English: 403^rd place)

JTA (27 June 2018). "World's northernmost JCC opens in Russian Arctic city". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 2025-02-04.

vilnashul.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Vilna Shul".

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Donald D. Binder. "Second Temple Synagogues". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
"Israel Antiquities Authority". Archived from the original on 2025-06-16.
Cohen 1999, p. 298. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Levine 2005, p. 175. Levine, Lee I. (2005). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10628-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
Levine 2005, p. 4. Levine, Lee I. (2005). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10628-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
Cohen 1999, p. 320. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Levine 2005, p. 5. Levine, Lee I. (2005). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10628-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
Cohen 1999, p. 322. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Cohen 1999, p. 321. Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999). "The Temple and the synagogue". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–325. ISBN 9781139053662. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
Pummer, Reinhard (13 January 2009). "How to Tell a Samaritan Synagogue from a Jewish Synagogue". Biblical Archaeology Review. May/June 1998 (24:03). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via Center for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.
Rabbi Ken Spiro. "Crash Course in Jewish History Part 54 - Reform Movement" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, Aish.com

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Aviam, Mordechai (2018). "First-Century Galilee – New Discoveries". Early Christianity. 9 (2): 219–226. doi:10.1628/ec-2018-0014. ISSN 1868-7032.
Levine, Lee I. (2000). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07475-1. OCLC 40408825.
Yadin, Yigael. (1966). Masada: The Momentous Archaeological Discovery Revealing the Heroic Life and Struggle of the Jewish Zealots (1st ed.). New York, NY: Random House. pp. 180–191. ISBN 0-394-43542-7. OCLC 861644287.
Reich, Ronny (1994). "The Plan of the Samaritan Synagogue at Sha'alvim". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (3/4): 228–233. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27926350.
Ishtori Haparchi (2004). Avraham Yosef Havatzelet (ed.). Kaftor wa-Ferach (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (chapter 7) (3 ed.). Jerusalem: Ha-makhon le-limudei mitzvot ha-aretz. p. 150. OCLC 1284902315.
Duran, Solomon (1998). Moshe Sovel (ed.). Questions & Responsa (Sefer ha-Rashbash) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Mekhon or ha-mizraḥ. p. responsum no. 285. OCLC 233235765.
JTA (27 June 2018). "World's northernmost JCC opens in Russian Arctic city". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 2025-02-04.

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

yalebooks.yale.edu

Levine 2005, p. 175. Levine, Lee I. (2005). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10628-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
Levine 2005, p. 4. Levine, Lee I. (2005). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10628-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
Levine 2005, p. 5. Levine, Lee I. (2005). The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10628-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

ynet.co.il (Global: 382^nd place; English: 2,127^th place)

Nitzhia Yaakov (April 20, 2023). "הכי ביהדות: התנ"ך הזעיר, המגילה הארוכה ובית הכנסת ל-30 אלף מתפללים". ynet (in Hebrew).

Synagogue (English Wikipedia)

aish.com (Global: 7,540th place; English: 5,351st place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

bible.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

bibleplaces.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

biblicalarchaeology.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40th place; English: 58th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; English: 264th place)

chabad.org (Global: 2,486th place; English: 1,836th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

cojs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dictionary.com (Global: 794th place; English: 588th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

forward.com (Global: 1,344th place; English: 796th place)

iaa.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

imj.org.il (Global: low place; English: low place)

museum.imj.org.il

jewishencyclopedia.com (Global: 1,019th place; English: 784th place)

jewishvirtuallibrary.org (Global: 1,008th place; English: 891st place)

jpi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

kikar.co.il (Global: 8,717th place; English: low place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209th place; English: 191st place)

mohrsiebeck.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

myjewishlearning.com (Global: 4,994th place; English: 3,561st place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

travel.nytimes.com

planetware.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

pohick.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

thejc.com (Global: 1,842nd place; English: 1,079th place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 571st place; English: 403rd place)

vilnashul.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

yale.edu (Global: 565th place; English: 460th place)

yalebooks.yale.edu

ynet.co.il (Global: 382nd place; English: 2,127th place)

aish.com (Global: 7,540^th place; English: 5,351^st place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

chabad.org (Global: 2,486^th place; English: 1,836^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

dictionary.com (Global: 794^th place; English: 588^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

forward.com (Global: 1,344^th place; English: 796^th place)

jewishencyclopedia.com (Global: 1,019^th place; English: 784^th place)

jewishvirtuallibrary.org (Global: 1,008^th place; English: 891^st place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

kikar.co.il (Global: 8,717^th place; English: low place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

myjewishlearning.com (Global: 4,994^th place; English: 3,561^st place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

thejc.com (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,079^th place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 571^st place; English: 403^rd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

ynet.co.il (Global: 382^nd place; English: 2,127^th place)