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van der Linden & Thorpe 1990, pp. 1–2; Darlington 2008, pp. 5–7; van der Linden 1998, pp. 182–183. van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (1990). "The Rise and Fall of Revolutionary Syndicalism". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 1–24. Darlington, Ralph (2008). Syndicalism and the Transition to Communism: An International Comparative Analysis. Aldershot: Ashgate. van der Linden, Marcel (1998). "Second Thoughts on Revolutionary Syndicalism". Labour History Review. 63 (2): 182–196. doi:10.3828/lhr.63.2.182.
Shor 1999, pp. 67–68, 73. Shor, Francis (1999). "'Virile Syndicalism' in Comparative Perspective: A Gender Analysis of the IWW in the United States and Australia". International Labor and Working-Class History. 56: 65–77. doi:10.1017/s0147547999002847. S2CID142984853.
Gemie 1996, p. 433. Gemie, Sharif (1996). "Anarchism and Feminism: a Historical Survey". Women's History Review. 5 (3): 417–444. doi:10.1080/09612029600200123.
Gemie 1996, pp. 422–424. Gemie, Sharif (1996). "Anarchism and Feminism: a Historical Survey". Women's History Review. 5 (3): 417–444. doi:10.1080/09612029600200123.
Eley 2002, pp. 125–127; Thorpe 2006, p. 1005; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 24–27. Eley, Geoff (2002). Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. New York: Oxford University Press. Thorpe, Wayne (2006). "El Ferrol, Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerwald, and Beyond: Syndicalist Internationalism, 1914–1918". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5058. S2CID162004313. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Darlington 2006, p. 990; van der Linden & Thorpe 1990, p. 5. Darlington, Ralph (2006). "Revolutionary Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War: A Comparative Reassessment". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 983–1003. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5057. S2CID162254887. van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (1990). "The Rise and Fall of Revolutionary Syndicalism". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 1–24.
Thorpe 2006, pp. 1010–1012, 1016. Thorpe, Wayne (2006). "El Ferrol, Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerwald, and Beyond: Syndicalist Internationalism, 1914–1918". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5058. S2CID162004313.
Thorpe 2006, pp. 1013–1014. Thorpe, Wayne (2006). "El Ferrol, Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerwald, and Beyond: Syndicalist Internationalism, 1914–1918". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5058. S2CID162004313.
Thorpe 2001, pp. 14–15; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 23–24. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Thorpe 2001, p. 15; Thorpe 2010a, p. 34. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Thorpe 2001, pp. 16–17; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 32–34. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Thorpe 2001, p. 17; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 34–37. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Eley 2002, pp. 131–133, 136–137; Thorpe 2001, p. 19; Darlington 2006, p. 1002. Eley, Geoff (2002). Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. New York: Oxford University Press. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Darlington, Ralph (2006). "Revolutionary Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War: A Comparative Reassessment". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 983–1003. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5057. S2CID162254887.
Thorpe 2001, p. 6; Bock 1969, pp. 33, 86, 102–103. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Bock, Hans-Manfred (1969). Syndikalismus und Linkskommunismus von 1918 bis 1923: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Ideengeschichte der frühen Weimarer Republik. Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain.
Bock 1969, pp. 105–106, 155–156; Thorpe 2001, p. 19. Bock, Hans-Manfred (1969). Syndikalismus und Linkskommunismus von 1918 bis 1923: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Ideengeschichte der frühen Weimarer Republik. Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237.
Shor 1999, pp. 67–68, 73. Shor, Francis (1999). "'Virile Syndicalism' in Comparative Perspective: A Gender Analysis of the IWW in the United States and Australia". International Labor and Working-Class History. 56: 65–77. doi:10.1017/s0147547999002847. S2CID142984853.
Eley 2002, pp. 125–127; Thorpe 2006, p. 1005; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 24–27. Eley, Geoff (2002). Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. New York: Oxford University Press. Thorpe, Wayne (2006). "El Ferrol, Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerwald, and Beyond: Syndicalist Internationalism, 1914–1918". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5058. S2CID162004313. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Darlington 2006, p. 990; van der Linden & Thorpe 1990, p. 5. Darlington, Ralph (2006). "Revolutionary Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War: A Comparative Reassessment". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 983–1003. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5057. S2CID162254887. van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (1990). "The Rise and Fall of Revolutionary Syndicalism". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 1–24.
Thorpe 2006, pp. 1010–1012, 1016. Thorpe, Wayne (2006). "El Ferrol, Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerwald, and Beyond: Syndicalist Internationalism, 1914–1918". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5058. S2CID162004313.
Thorpe 2006, pp. 1013–1014. Thorpe, Wayne (2006). "El Ferrol, Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerwald, and Beyond: Syndicalist Internationalism, 1914–1918". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5058. S2CID162004313.
Thorpe 2001, pp. 14–15; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 23–24. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Thorpe 2001, p. 15; Thorpe 2010a, p. 34. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Thorpe 2001, pp. 16–17; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 32–34. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Thorpe 2001, p. 17; Thorpe 2010a, pp. 34–37. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Thorpe, Wayne (2010a). "Challenging the Cultural Legitimation of War: Internationalist Syndicalists in Europe 1914–18". Socialist History (37): 23–46.
Eley 2002, pp. 131–133, 136–137; Thorpe 2001, p. 19; Darlington 2006, p. 1002. Eley, Geoff (2002). Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. New York: Oxford University Press. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Darlington, Ralph (2006). "Revolutionary Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War: A Comparative Reassessment". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 84 (4): 983–1003. doi:10.3406/rbph.2006.5057. S2CID162254887.
Thorpe 2001, p. 6; Bock 1969, pp. 33, 86, 102–103. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237. Bock, Hans-Manfred (1969). Syndikalismus und Linkskommunismus von 1918 bis 1923: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Ideengeschichte der frühen Weimarer Republik. Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain.
Bock 1969, pp. 105–106, 155–156; Thorpe 2001, p. 19. Bock, Hans-Manfred (1969). Syndikalismus und Linkskommunismus von 1918 bis 1923: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Ideengeschichte der frühen Weimarer Republik. Meisenheim am Glan: Verlag Anton Hain. Thorpe, Wayne (2001). "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/s0960777301001011. S2CID162858237.
Most syndicalists were exiled to Western Europe or America before the revolution and started returning in the summer. The most prominent syndicalists who returned to Russia were Maksim Raevskii, Vladimir Shatov [ru], Alexander Schapiro, a participant in the 1913 syndicalist congress in London, and Vseolod Mikhailovich Eikhenbaum, known as Volin. They were joined by the young local Grigorii Maksimov. In their New York exile, Raevskii, Shatov, and Volin had worked on the syndicalist journal Golos Truda, then the organ of the Union of Russian Workers. They brought it with them proceeded to publish in Petrograd looking to spread syndicalist ideas among workers by introducing them to French movement and the general strike. Outside of Petrograd, syndicalism also gained followers in Vyborg, Moscow, and in the south among the miners in the Donets Basin and cement workers and longshoremen in Ekaterinodar and Novorossiisk.[119]