Synthetic fuel (English Wikipedia)

An excessive carbon footprint can prevent the United States federal government from being able to purchase fuel. Section 526 of the Energy Independence And Security Act prohibits Federal agencies, including the Department of Defense, from purchasing alternative synfuels unless the alternative fuels have lower GHG emissions than refined petroleum based fuels. Kosich, Dorothy (2008-04-11). "Repeal sought for ban on U.S. Govt. use of CTL, oil shale, tar sands-generated fuel". Mine Web. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2008-05-27. Bloom David I; Waldron Roger; Layton Duane W; Patrick Roger W (2008-03-04). "United States: Energy Independence And Security Act Provision Poses Major Problems For Synthetic And Alternative Fuels". Retrieved 2008-05-27.

books.google.com

Lee, Sunggyu; Speight, James G.; Loyalka, Sudarshan K. (2007). Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies. CRC Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8247-4069-6. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
Speight, James G. (2008). Synthetic Fuels Handbook: Properties, Process, and Performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1–2, 9–10. ISBN 978-0-07-149023-8. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
Lee, Sunggyu (1990). Methanol Synthesis Technology. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8493-4610-1. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
Corporation, Bonnier (1 October 1931). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
Corporation, Bonnier (September 13, 1949). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
James G. Speight (24 December 2010). Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-08-094271-1. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
Lee, Sunggyu (1996). Alternative fuels. CRC Press. pp. 166–198. ISBN 978-1-56032-361-7. Retrieved 2009-06-27.

chinadaily.com.cn

examples of such restrictions include the US Clean Air Act and clean air mercury rule Archived August 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, and the recent limits imposed on new coal-to-liquids projects in China by the National Development and Reform Commission

coalgasificationnews.com

"Coal-To-Liquid Fuels Have Lower GHG Than Some Refined Fuels". Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

degussa-history.com

According to the Degussa biography of Hans Goldschmidt at "Degussa Geschichte - Hans Goldschmidt". Retrieved 2009-11-10., Karl Goldschmidt had invited Bergius to become director of research at Chemische Fabrik Th. Goldschmidt.

doe.gov

netl.doe.gov

"Liquid Fuels - Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
"Liquid Fuels - Conversion of Methanol to Gasoline". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
"Liquid Fuels - Direct Liquefaction Processes". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
"10.5. Indirect Liquefaction Processes". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
"10.2. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
Tarka, Thomas J.; Wimer, John G.; Balash, Peter C.; Skone, Timothy J.; Kern, Kenneth C.; Vargas, Maria C.; Morreale, Bryan D.; White III, Charles W.; Gray, David (2009). "Affordable Low Carbon Diesel from Domestic Coal and Biomass" (PDF). United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. pp. 1, 30.
"10.6. Direct Liquefaction Processes". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-12.

eia.doe.gov

Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration. 2006. pp. 52–54. DOE/EIA-0383(2006). Retrieved 2009-07-09.

doi.org

J. Loosdrecht, Van De; Botes, F. G.; Ciobica, I. M.; Ferreira, A. C.; Gibson, P.; Moodley, D. J.; Saib, A. M.; Visagie, J. L.; Weststrate, C. J.; Niemantsverdriet, J. W. (2013). "Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: catalysts and chemistry". Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II: From Elements to Applications. Surface Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis: 525–557. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097774-4.00729-4. ISBN 9780080965291.
Thipse, S. S.; Sheng, C.; Booty, M. R.; Magee, R. S.; Dreizin, E. L. (2001). "Synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies of waste incineration". Chemosphere. 44 (5). Elsevier: 1071–1077. Bibcode:2001Chmsp..44.1071T. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00470-7. PMID 11513393.
Stranges, Anthony N. (1984). "Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the German Synthetic Fuel Industry". Isis. 75 (4). University of Chicago Press: 643–667. doi:10.1086/353647. JSTOR 232411. S2CID 143962648.
Agrawal R; Singh NR; Ribeiro FH; Delgass WN (2007). "Sustainable fuel for the transportation sector". PNAS. 104 (12): 4828–4833. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4828A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609921104. PMC 1821126. PMID 17360377.

dti.gov.uk

Cleaner Coal Technology Programme (October 1999). "Technology Status Report 010: Coal Liquefaction" (PDF). Department of Trade and Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-04. Retrieved 2006-11-23.

energy.gov

"The Early Days of Coal Research". Fossil Energy. United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2014-07-25.

enseccoe.org

Trakimavicius, Lukas (December 2023). "Mission Net-Zero: Charting the Path for E-fuels in the Military". NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence.

epa.gov

examples of such restrictions include the US Clean Air Act and clean air mercury rule Archived August 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, and the recent limits imposed on new coal-to-liquids projects in China by the National Development and Reform Commission
"Technical Support Document, Coal-to-Liquids Products Industry Overview, Proposed Rule for Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases" (.PDF). Office of Air and Radiation, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2009-07-15.

fischer-tropsch.org

"Minutes of Meeting No. 45/6" (PDF). Enemy Oil Intelligence Committee. 1945-02-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
Schroeder, W. C. (August 1946). Holroyd, R. (ed.). "Report On Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams At The I.G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau". United States Bureau of Mines, Office of Synthetic Liquid Fuels. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2009-03-21.

flightglobal.com

"JetBlue readies for alternative fuel trial". Retrieved 2009-06-06.

flyer.co.uk

Calderwood, Dave (2022-10-05). "Zero Petroleum to produce synthetic fuels at Bicester". FLYER. Retrieved 2023-01-13.

freshpatents.com

"Biodegradable diesel fuel". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2009-06-24.

futurecoalfuels.org

"CTLC Synthetic Fuel Will Enhance U.S. National Security" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2009-12-17.

gasification.org

Cicero, Daniel (2007-06-11). Coal Gasification & Co-production of Chemicals & Fuels (PDF). Workshop on Gasification Technologies. Indianapolis. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-07-09.

greencarcongress.com

"UOP Receives $1.5M for Pyrolysis Oil Project from DOE". Green Car Congress. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2009-07-09.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Thipse, S. S.; Sheng, C.; Booty, M. R.; Magee, R. S.; Dreizin, E. L. (2001). "Synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies of waste incineration". Chemosphere. 44 (5). Elsevier: 1071–1077. Bibcode:2001Chmsp..44.1071T. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00470-7. PMID 11513393.
Agrawal R; Singh NR; Ribeiro FH; Delgass WN (2007). "Sustainable fuel for the transportation sector". PNAS. 104 (12): 4828–4833. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4828A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609921104. PMC 1821126. PMID 17360377.

iea.org

"COAL–TO–LIQUIDS an alternative oil supply?" (PDF). International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2016-09-30.

janes.com

"USAF launches new biofuel testing programme". Retrieved 2009-06-06.

jstor.org

Stranges, Anthony N. (1984). "Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the German Synthetic Fuel Industry". Isis. 75 (4). University of Chicago Press: 643–667. doi:10.1086/353647. JSTOR 232411. S2CID 143962648.

llnl.gov

e-reports-ext.llnl.gov

Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (2006-10-16). Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes (PDF). 26th Oil shale symposium. Golden, Colorado: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-CONF-226717. Retrieved 2007-05-27.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Speer, Albert (1970). Inside the Third Reich. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-684-82949-4. LCCN 70119132. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

mineweb.com

An excessive carbon footprint can prevent the United States federal government from being able to purchase fuel. Section 526 of the Energy Independence And Security Act prohibits Federal agencies, including the Department of Defense, from purchasing alternative synfuels unless the alternative fuels have lower GHG emissions than refined petroleum based fuels. Kosich, Dorothy (2008-04-11). "Repeal sought for ban on U.S. Govt. use of CTL, oil shale, tar sands-generated fuel". Mine Web. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2008-05-27. Bloom David I; Waldron Roger; Layton Duane W; Patrick Roger W (2008-03-04). "United States: Energy Independence And Security Act Provision Poses Major Problems For Synthetic And Alternative Fuels". Retrieved 2008-05-27.

mondaq.com

An excessive carbon footprint can prevent the United States federal government from being able to purchase fuel. Section 526 of the Energy Independence And Security Act prohibits Federal agencies, including the Department of Defense, from purchasing alternative synfuels unless the alternative fuels have lower GHG emissions than refined petroleum based fuels. Kosich, Dorothy (2008-04-11). "Repeal sought for ban on U.S. Govt. use of CTL, oil shale, tar sands-generated fuel". Mine Web. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2008-05-27. Bloom David I; Waldron Roger; Layton Duane W; Patrick Roger W (2008-03-04). "United States: Energy Independence And Security Act Provision Poses Major Problems For Synthetic And Alternative Fuels". Retrieved 2008-05-27.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Thipse, S. S.; Sheng, C.; Booty, M. R.; Magee, R. S.; Dreizin, E. L. (2001). "Synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies of waste incineration". Chemosphere. 44 (5). Elsevier: 1071–1077. Bibcode:2001Chmsp..44.1071T. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00470-7. PMID 11513393.
Agrawal R; Singh NR; Ribeiro FH; Delgass WN (2007). "Sustainable fuel for the transportation sector". PNAS. 104 (12): 4828–4833. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4828A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609921104. PMC 1821126. PMID 17360377.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Agrawal R; Singh NR; Ribeiro FH; Delgass WN (2007). "Sustainable fuel for the transportation sector". PNAS. 104 (12): 4828–4833. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4828A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609921104. PMC 1821126. PMID 17360377.

nrel.gov

Per the work of NREL "Fuel Property, Emission Test, and Operability Results from a Fleet of Class 6 Vehicles Operating on Gas-To-Liquid Fuel and Catalyzed Diesel Particle Filters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2010-02-13., "Yosemite Waters Vehicle Evaluation Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-04-13., and various other DOE/DOD studies
see Yosemite Waters study "Yosemite Waters Vehicle Evaluation Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-04-13.

oilshalesymposium.com

Luik, Hans (2009-06-08). Alternative technologies for oil shale liquefaction and upgrading (PDF). International Oil Shale Symposium. Tallinn, Estonia: Tallinn University of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-09.

royalsociety.org

Royal Society 2019, p. 7. "Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport" (PDF). royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. September 2019. ISBN 978-1-78252-422-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
Royal Society 2019, pp. 9–13. "Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport" (PDF). royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. September 2019. ISBN 978-1-78252-422-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2023.

sasol.com

"Sasol Inzalo -" (PDF). www.sasol.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2006-10-12.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Stranges, Anthony N. (1984). "Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the German Synthetic Fuel Industry". Isis. 75 (4). University of Chicago Press: 643–667. doi:10.1086/353647. JSTOR 232411. S2CID 143962648.

statista.com

"Topic: Oil refinery industry worldwide". Statista. Retrieved 2023-03-12.

techhistory.co.nz

Motor-fuel production at the New Zealand Synfuel site has been shut down since the mid nineties, although production of methanol for export continues. This site ran on the Mobil process converting gas to methanol and methanol to gasoline.http://www.techhistory.co.nz/ThinkBig/Petrochemical%20Decisions.htm

tue.nl

research.tue.nl

J. Loosdrecht, Van De; Botes, F. G.; Ciobica, I. M.; Ferreira, A. C.; Gibson, P.; Moodley, D. J.; Saib, A. M.; Visagie, J. L.; Weststrate, C. J.; Niemantsverdriet, J. W. (2013). "Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: catalysts and chemistry". Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II: From Elements to Applications. Surface Inorganic Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis: 525–557. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097774-4.00729-4. ISBN 9780080965291.

uky.edu

caer.uky.edu

"caer.uky.edu" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-07.

uu.se

tsl.uu.se

Höök, Mikael; Aleklett, Kjell (2009). "A review on coal to liquid fuels and its coal consumption" (PDF). International Journal of Energy Research. 33. Wiley InterScience. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2009-07-04.

web.archive.org

"Liquid Fuels - Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
"Liquid Fuels - Conversion of Methanol to Gasoline". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
"Liquid Fuels - Direct Liquefaction Processes". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Luik, Hans (2009-06-08). Alternative technologies for oil shale liquefaction and upgrading (PDF). International Oil Shale Symposium. Tallinn, Estonia: Tallinn University of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
Cicero, Daniel (2007-06-11). Coal Gasification & Co-production of Chemicals & Fuels (PDF). Workshop on Gasification Technologies. Indianapolis. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
"caer.uky.edu" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
"Minutes of Meeting No. 45/6" (PDF). Enemy Oil Intelligence Committee. 1945-02-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
Schroeder, W. C. (August 1946). Holroyd, R. (ed.). "Report On Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams At The I.G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau". United States Bureau of Mines, Office of Synthetic Liquid Fuels. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
Becker, Peter W. (1981). "The Role of Synthetic Fuel In World War II Germany: implications for today?". Air University Review. Maxwell AFB. Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Cleaner Coal Technology Programme (October 1999). "Technology Status Report 010: Coal Liquefaction" (PDF). Department of Trade and Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-04. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
Höök, Mikael; Aleklett, Kjell (2009). "A review on coal to liquid fuels and its coal consumption" (PDF). International Journal of Energy Research. 33. Wiley InterScience. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
"Sasol Inzalo -" (PDF). www.sasol.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
"CTLC Synthetic Fuel Will Enhance U.S. National Security" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
examples of such restrictions include the US Clean Air Act and clean air mercury rule Archived August 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, and the recent limits imposed on new coal-to-liquids projects in China by the National Development and Reform Commission
"Coal-To-Liquid Fuels Have Lower GHG Than Some Refined Fuels". Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
Per the work of NREL "Fuel Property, Emission Test, and Operability Results from a Fleet of Class 6 Vehicles Operating on Gas-To-Liquid Fuel and Catalyzed Diesel Particle Filters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2010-02-13., "Yosemite Waters Vehicle Evaluation Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-04-13., and various other DOE/DOD studies
see Yosemite Waters study "Yosemite Waters Vehicle Evaluation Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
"Biodegradable diesel fuel". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Royal Society 2019, p. 7. "Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport" (PDF). royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. September 2019. ISBN 978-1-78252-422-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
Royal Society 2019, pp. 9–13. "Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport" (PDF). royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. September 2019. ISBN 978-1-78252-422-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2023.