Syphilis (English Wikipedia)

Rayment M, Sullivan AK (April 2011). ""He who knows syphilis knows medicine"—the return of an old friend". Editorials. British Journal of Cardiology. 18: 56–58. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2018. "He who knows syphilis knows medicine" said Father of Modern Medicine, Sir William Osler, at the turn of the 20th Century. So common was syphilis in days gone by, all physicians were attuned to its myriad clinical presentations. Indeed, the 19th century saw the development of an entire medical subspecialty – syphilology – devoted to the study of the great imitator, Treponema pallidum.

bmj.com (Global: 1,226^th place; English: 1,421^st place)

sti.bmj.com

Desai M, Woodhall SC, Nardone A, Burns F, Mercey D, Gilson R (2015). "Active recall to increase HIV and STI testing: a systematic review" (PDF). Sexually Transmitted Infections. 91 (5): sextrans–2014–051930. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051930. ISSN 1368-4973. PMID 25759476. S2CID 663971. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Ghanem KG, Hook EW (2020). "303. Syphilis". In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1983–1989. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1.
Ferri FF (2022). "Syphilis". Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 1452. ISBN 978-0-323-75571-9.
Hoyle A, McGeeney E (2019). Great Relationships and Sex Education. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-35118-825-8. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
G. W. Csonka (1990). Sexually transmitted diseases: a textbook of genitourinary medicine. Baillière Tindall. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-7020-1258-7. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 2144. ISBN 978-0-7817-8589-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016.
Winters A (2006). Syphilis. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. p. 17. ISBN 9781404209060. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
de Kruif, Paul (1932). "Ch. 7: Schaudinn: The Pale Horror". Men Against Death. New York: Harcourt, Brace. OCLC 11210642. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
Hayden D (2008). Pox: Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis. Basic Books. p. 113. ISBN 978-0786724130. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Reid BA (2009). Myths and realities of Caribbean history ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8173-5534-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016.
Grauer AL (2011). A Companion to Paleopathology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 643. ISBN 9781444345926. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2020.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

Bernd M. "Nietzsche, Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.

canada.ca (Global: 1,712^th place; English: 1,063^rd place)

"Syphilis guide: Treatment and follow-up". Government of Canada. 7 July 2022.

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; English: 212^th place)

cdc.gov

"Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)". CDC. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
"Syphilis". CDC. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
"STD Facts - Syphilis (Detailed)". www.cdc.gov. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
"Transmission of Primary and Secondary Syphilis by Oral Sex --- Chicago, Illinois, 1998–2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. CDC. 21 October 2004. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
"Condom Fact Sheet in Brief | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 18 April 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
"Syphilis - CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
"Prenatal Syphilis Screening Laws". www.cdc.gov. 8 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
"Trends in Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States: 2009 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Syphilis-CDC fact sheet". CDC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
"STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
"Tuskegee Study – Timeline". NCHHSTP. CDC. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2008.

m.cdc.gov

"Syphilis & MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) - CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Kent ME, Romanelli F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–36. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261. S2CID 23899851.
GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
Woods, CR (June 2009). "Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 28 (6): 536–537. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69. PMID 19483520.
Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. (2015). "Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0143304. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1043304N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143304. PMC 4672879. PMID 26646541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Lozano R (15 December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
Franzen C (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians – Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–57. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x. PMID 18592279. S2CID 947291.
Coffin L, Newberry A, Hagan H, Cleland C, Des Jarlais D, Perlman D (January 2010). "Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 21 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008. PMC 2790553. PMID 19361976.
Gao L, Zhang, L., Jin, Q (September 2009). "Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 85 (5): 354–58. doi:10.1136/sti.2008.034702. PMID 19351623. S2CID 24198278.
Karp G, Schlaeffer, F., Jotkowitz, A., Riesenberg, K. (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 20 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002. PMID 19237085.
White RM (13 March 2000). "Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis". Archives of Internal Medicine. 160 (5): 585–598. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.5.585. PMID 10724044.
Campion EW, Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA (27 February 2020). "The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (9): 845–54. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1901593. PMID 32101666. S2CID 211537893.
Eccleston K, Collins, L, Higgins, SP (March 2008). "Primary syphilis". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 19 (3): 145–51. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2007.007258. PMID 18397550. S2CID 19931104.
Mullooly C, Higgins, SP (August 2010). "Secondary syphilis: the classical triad of skin rash, mucosal ulceration and lymphadenopathy". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 21 (8): 537–45. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2010.010243. PMID 20975084. S2CID 207198662.
Dylewski J, Duong M (2 January 2007). "The rash of secondary syphilis". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 176 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060665. PMC 1764588. PMID 17200385.
Bhatti MT (2007). "Optic neuropathy from viruses and spirochetes". Int Ophthalmol Clin. 47 (4): 37–66, ix. doi:10.1097/IIO.0b013e318157202d. PMID 18049280. S2CID 2011299.
Baughn RE, Musher DM (14 January 2005). "Secondary Syphilitic Lesions". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18 (1): 205–16. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.1.205-216.2005. PMC 544174. PMID 15653827.
O'Byrne P, MacPherson P (28 June 2019). "Syphilis". BMJ. 365: l4159. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4159. PMC 6598465. PMID 31253629.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Peeling RW, Mabey D, Kamb ML, Chen XS, Radolf JD, Benzaken AS (12 October 2017). "Syphilis". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3 (1): 17073. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.73. PMC 5809176. PMID 29022569.
Longo DL, Ropper AH (3 October 2019). "Neurosyphilis". New England Journal of Medicine. 381 (14): 1358–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1906228. PMID 31577877. S2CID 242487360.
Nissanka-Jayasuriya EH, Odell EW, Phillips C (September 2016). "Dental Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis: A Historic Review with Present Day Relevance". Head Neck Pathol. 10 (3): 327–331. doi:10.1007/s12105-016-0703-z. PMC 4972761. PMID 26897633.
Giacani L, Lukehart SA (January 2014). "The endemic treponematoses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 27 (1): 89–115. doi:10.1128/CMR.00070-13. PMC 3910905. PMID 24396138.
Stamm LV (February 2010). "Global challenge of antibiotic-resistant Treponema pallidum". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (2): 583–89. doi:10.1128/aac.01095-09. PMC 2812177. PMID 19805553.
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Lukehart S, Cruz AR, Ramirez LG, Zuluaga AV, Pillay A, Abreu C, et al. (2012). "Immune Evasion and Recognition of the Syphilis Spirochete in Blood and Skin of Secondary Syphilis Patients: Two Immunologically Distinct Compartments". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (7): e1717. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001717. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 3398964. PMID 22816000.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Ratnam S (January 2005). "The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis". Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 16 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1155/2005/597580. PMC 2095002. PMID 18159528.
Farhi D, Dupin, N (September–October 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (5): 533–8. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011. PMID 20797514.
Singh AE, Barbara Romanowski (1 April 1999). "Syphilis: Review with Emphasis on Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Some Biologic Features". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12 (2): 187–209. doi:10.1128/CMR.12.2.187. PMC 88914. PMID 10194456.
Cameron CE, Lukehart SA (March 2014). "Current status of syphilis vaccine development: Need, challenges, prospects". Vaccine. 32 (14): 1602–1609. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.053. PMC 3951677. PMID 24135571.
Cameron CE (September 2018). "Syphilis Vaccine Development". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 45 (9S Suppl 1): S17 – S19. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000831. PMC 6089657. PMID 29528992.
Koss CA, Dunne EF, Warner L (July 2009). "A systematic review of epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and risk of syphilis". Sex Transm Dis. 36 (7): 401–5. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181a396eb. PMID 19455075. S2CID 25571961.
US Preventive Services Task F (19 May 2009). "Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of Internal Medicine. 150 (10): 705–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-10-200905190-00008. PMID 19451577.
Hawkes S, Matin, N, Broutet, N, Low, N (15 June 2011). "Effectiveness of interventions to improve screening for syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 11 (9): 684–91. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70104-9. PMID 21683653.
Phiske MM (January 2014). "Current trends in congenital syphilis". Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. 35 (1): 12–20. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.132404. PMC 4066591. PMID 24958980.
Shahrook S, Mori R, Ochirbat T, Gomi H (29 October 2014). "Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD010385. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010385.pub2. PMC 11126892. PMID 25352226.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, et al. (7 June 2016). "Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents". JAMA. 315 (21): 2321–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5824. PMID 27272583.
Hogben M (1 April 2007). "Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (Suppl 3): S160–74. doi:10.1086/511429. PMID 17342669.
Desai M, Woodhall SC, Nardone A, Burns F, Mercey D, Gilson R (2015). "Active recall to increase HIV and STI testing: a systematic review" (PDF). Sexually Transmitted Infections. 91 (5): sextrans–2014–051930. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051930. ISSN 1368-4973. PMID 25759476. S2CID 663971. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
G J O'Shea (1990). "Mercury as an Antisyphilitic Chemotherapeutic Agent". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (June 1990): 392–395. doi:10.1177/014107689008300619. PMC 1292694. PMID 2199676. S2CID 19322310.
P. I. Nixon (20 May 1916). "The Intravenous Use of Mercuric Chlorid". JAMA. LXVI (21): 1622. doi:10.1001/jama.1916.25810470004018d.
Bai ZG, Wang B, Yang K, Tian JH, Ma B, Liu Y, et al. (13 June 2012). "Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD007270. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007270.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 11337171. PMID 22696367.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
D'Eça Júnior A, Rodrigues L, Costa LC (2017). "Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction in a patient with syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus infection". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 51 (6): 877–878. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0419-2017. PMID 30517548.
Alexander JM, Sheffield JS, Sanchez PJ, Mayfield J, Wendel GD J (January 1999). "Efficacy of treatment for syphilis in pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 93 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00338-x. PMID 9916946.
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Clement ME, Okeke NL, Hicks CB (2014). "Treatment of Syphilis". JAMA. 312 (18): 1905–17. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13259. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 6690208. PMID 25387188.
Kent ME, Romanelli, F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–36. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261. S2CID 23899851.
Ficarra G, Carlos, R (September 2009). "Syphilis: The Renaissance of an Old Disease with Oral Implications". Head and Neck Pathology. 3 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1007/s12105-009-0127-0. PMC 2811633. PMID 20596972.
Rothschild BM (15 May 2005). "History of Syphilis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 40 (10): 1454–1463. doi:10.1086/429626. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 15844068.
Baker, B. J. and Armelagos, G. J., (1988) "The origin and antiquity of syphilis: Paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation". Current Anthropology, 29, 703–738. https://doi.org/10.1086/203691. Powell, M. L. & Cook, D. C. (2005) The Myth of Syphilis: The natural history of treponematosis in North America. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Williams, H. (1932) "The origin and antiquity of syphilis: The evidence from diseased bones, a review, with some new material from America". Archives of Pathology, 13: 779–814, 931–983.1932).
Dutour, O., et al. (Eds.). (1994). L'origine de la syphilis in Europe: avant ou après 1493? Paris, France: Éditions Errance. Baker, B. J. et al. (2020) "Advancing the Understanding of Treponemal Disease in the Past and Present". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 171: 5–41. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23988. Harper, K. N., Zuckerman, M. K., Harper, M. L., Kingston, J. D., Armelagos, G. J. (2011) "The origin and antiquity of syphilis revisited: An appraisal of Old World Pre-Columbian evidence of treponemal infections". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 54: 99–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21613.
Barquera R, Sitter TL, Kirkpatrick CL, Ramirez DA, Kocher A, Spyrou MA, et al. (18 December 2024). "Ancient genomes reveal a deep history of treponemal disease in the Americas". Nature. 640 (8057): 186–193. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08515-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11964931. PMID 39694065.
Hudson, E. H. (1946). "A unitarian view of treponematosis". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 26 (1946), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1946.s1-26.135; "The treponematoses—or treponematosis?" The British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 34 (1958), 22–23; "Historical approach to the terminology of syphilis". Archives of Dermatology, 84 (1961), 545–562; "Treponematosis and man's social evolution". American Anthropologist, 67(4), 885–901. doi:10.1001/archderm.1961.01580160009002. On status see also Marylynn Salmon, Medieval Syphilis and Treponemal Disease (Leeds: Arc Humanities Press), 8, 30-33.
Walker, D., Powers, N., Connell, B., & Redfern, R. (2015). "Evidence of skeletal treponematosis from the Medieval burial ground of St. Mary Spital, London, and implications for the origins of the disease in Europe". American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156, 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22630 and Gaul, J.S., Grossschmidt, K., Budenbauer, C., & Kanz, Fabian (2015). "A probable case of congenital syphilis from pre-Columbian Austria". Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 72, 451–472. DOI: 10.1127/anthranz/2015/0504.
They include Henneberg, M., & Henneberg, R. J. (1994). "Treponematosis in an ancient Greek colony of Metaponto, southern Italy, 580-250 BCE". In O. Dutour, et al. (Eds.), L'origine de la syphilis in Europe: Avant ou après 1493? (pp. 92–98). Paris, France: Éditions Errance. Stirland, Ann. "Evidence for Pre-Columbian Treponematosis in Europe". In Dutour, O., Pálfi, G., Bérato, J., & Brun, J. -P. (Eds.). (1994). L'origine de la syphilis in Europe: avant ou après 1493? Paris, France: Éditions Errance, and Criminals and Paupers: The Graveyard of St. Margaret Fyebriggate in combusto, Norwich. With Contributions from Brian Ayers and Jayne Brown. East Anglian Archaeology 129. Dereham: Historic Environment, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, 2009. Erdal, Y. S. (2006). "A pre-Columbian case of congenital syphilis from Anatolia (Nicaea, 13th century AD)". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 16, 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.802. Cole G. and T. Waldron, "Apple Down 152: a putative case of syphilis from sixth century AD Anglo-Saxon England". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2011 Jan;144(1):72-9. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21371. Epub 2010 Aug 18. PMID 20721939. Roberts, C. A. (1994). "Treponematosis in Gloucester, England: A theoretical and practical approach to the Pre-Columbian theory". In O. Dutour, et al. (Eds.), L'origine de la syphilis in Europe: avant ou après 1493? (pp. 101–108). Paris, France: Éditions Errance.
Baker, B.J. et al. (2020) "Advancing the Understanding of Treponemal Disease in the Past and Present". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 171: 5–41. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23988.
Fraser, C. M., Norris, S. J., Weinstock, G. M., White, O., Sutton, G. G., Dodson, R., ... Venter, J. C. (1998). "Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete". Science, 281(5375), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001832. Čejková, D., Zobaníková, M., Chen, L., Pospíšilová, P., Strouhal, M., Qin, X., ... Šmajs, D. (2012). "Whole genome sequences of three Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue strains: yaws and syphilis treponemes differ in less than 0.2% of the genome sequence". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6(1), e1471. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015713. Mikalová, L., Strouhal, M., Čejková, D., Zobaníková, M., Pospíšilová, P., Norris, S. J., ... Šmajs, D. (2010). "Genome analysis of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum and subsp. pertenue strains: Most of the genetic differences are localized in six regions". PLoS ONE, 5, e15713. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015713. Štaudová, B., Strouhal, M., Zobaníková, M., Čejková, D., Fulton, L. L., Chen, L., ... Šmajs, D. (2014). "Whole genome sequence of the Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum strain Bosnia A: The genome is related to yaws treponemes but contains few loci similar to syphilis treponemes". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(11), e3261. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003261.
Majander, K., Pfrengle S., Kocher, A., ..., Kühnert, J. K., Schuenemann, V. J. (2020), "Ancient Bacterial Genomes Reveal a High Diversity of Treponema pallidum Strains in Early Modern Europe". Current Biology 30, 3788–3803. Elsevier Inc. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.058.
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Szreter S, Siena K (2020). "The pox in Boswell's London: an estimate of the extent of syphilis infection in the metropolis in the 1770s†". The Economic History Review. 74 (2): 372–399. doi:10.1111/ehr.13000. ISSN 1468-0289.
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Brandt AM (December 1978). "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study". The Hastings Center Report. 8 (6): 21–29. doi:10.2307/3561468. JSTOR 3561468. PMID 721302. S2CID 215820823. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
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Tagarelli A, Lagonia P, Tagarelli G, Quattrone A, Piro A (April 2011). "The relation between the names and designations of syphilis in the 16th century and its clinical gravity". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 87 (3): 247. doi:10.1136/sti.2010.048405. PMID 21325442. S2CID 19185641.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Lozano R (15 December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

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nrs.harvard.edu

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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
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Giacani L, Lukehart SA (January 2014). "The endemic treponematoses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 27 (1): 89–115. doi:10.1128/CMR.00070-13. PMC 3910905. PMID 24396138.
Stamm LV (February 2010). "Global challenge of antibiotic-resistant Treponema pallidum". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (2): 583–89. doi:10.1128/aac.01095-09. PMC 2812177. PMID 19805553.
Peeling RW, Mabey D, Kamb ML, Chen XS, Radolf JD, Benzaken AS (12 October 2017). "Syphilis". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 3: 17073. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.73. PMC 5809176. PMID 29022569.
Lukehart S, Cruz AR, Ramirez LG, Zuluaga AV, Pillay A, Abreu C, et al. (2012). "Immune Evasion and Recognition of the Syphilis Spirochete in Blood and Skin of Secondary Syphilis Patients: Two Immunologically Distinct Compartments". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (7): e1717. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001717. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 3398964. PMID 22816000.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Ratnam S (January 2005). "The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis". Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 16 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1155/2005/597580. PMC 2095002. PMID 18159528.
Singh AE, Barbara Romanowski (1 April 1999). "Syphilis: Review with Emphasis on Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Some Biologic Features". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12 (2): 187–209. doi:10.1128/CMR.12.2.187. PMC 88914. PMID 10194456.
Cameron CE, Lukehart SA (March 2014). "Current status of syphilis vaccine development: Need, challenges, prospects". Vaccine. 32 (14): 1602–1609. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.053. PMC 3951677. PMID 24135571.
Cameron CE (September 2018). "Syphilis Vaccine Development". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 45 (9S Suppl 1): S17 – S19. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000831. PMC 6089657. PMID 29528992.
Schmid G (June 2004). "Economic and programmatic aspects of congenital syphilis prevention". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 82 (6): 402–9. PMC 2622861. PMID 15356931.
Phiske MM (January 2014). "Current trends in congenital syphilis". Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. 35 (1): 12–20. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.132404. PMC 4066591. PMID 24958980.
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G J O'Shea (1990). "Mercury as an Antisyphilitic Chemotherapeutic Agent". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (June 1990): 392–395. doi:10.1177/014107689008300619. PMC 1292694. PMID 2199676. S2CID 19322310.
Bai ZG, Wang B, Yang K, Tian JH, Ma B, Liu Y, et al. (13 June 2012). "Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD007270. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007270.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 11337171. PMID 22696367.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
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Clement ME, Okeke NL, Hicks CB (2014). "Treatment of Syphilis". JAMA. 312 (18): 1905–17. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13259. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 6690208. PMID 25387188.
Cantor A, Nelson HD, Daeges M, Pappas M (2016). Screening for Syphilis in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Systematic Review to Update the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). PMID 27336106. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
Ficarra G, Carlos, R (September 2009). "Syphilis: The Renaissance of an Old Disease with Oral Implications". Head and Neck Pathology. 3 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1007/s12105-009-0127-0. PMC 2811633. PMID 20596972.
Barquera R, Sitter TL, Kirkpatrick CL, Ramirez DA, Kocher A, Spyrou MA, et al. (18 December 2024). "Ancient genomes reveal a deep history of treponemal disease in the Americas". Nature. 640 (8057): 186–193. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08515-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11964931. PMID 39694065.
Knell RJ (7 May 2004). "Syphilis in renaissance Europe: rapid evolution of an introduced sexually transmitted disease?". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 271 (Suppl 4): S174–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0131. PMC 1810019. PMID 15252975.
Tampa M, Sarbu I, Matei C, Benea V, Georgescu SR (15 March 2014). "Brief History of Syphilis". Journal of Medicine and Life. 7 (1): 4–10. PMC 3956094. PMID 24653750.

niaid.nih.gov

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Syphilis (English Wikipedia)

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