Syria (English Wikipedia)

- "The international community maintains that the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and without international legal effect." International Labour Office (2009). The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories (International government publication ed.). International Labour Office. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-2-120630-9.. * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." (The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002 Archived 4 June 2009 at the

al-monitor.com (Global: 2,236^th place; English: 1,637^th place)

"Syria's Sharaa declares Kurdish a national language, recognizes Nowruz - AL-Monitor: The Middle East's leading independent news source since 2012". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 16 January 2026.
"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.

alaraby.co.uk (Global: 3,268^th place; English: 3,910^th place)

"وزارة التعليم العالي السورية تعترف بـ59 جامعة ومعهداً" [The Syrian Ministry of Higher Education Recognizes 59 Universities and Institutes]. The New Arab (in Arabic). 12 February 2025. Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025.

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

"'Dozens killed' in Syrian border town". Al Jazeera. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"'Defected Syria security agent' speaks out". Al Jazeera. 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
"Syrian army starts crackdown in northern town". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"NATO rules out Syria intervention". Al Jazeera. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
"Syrian hospital hit in air attack on opposition-held Idlib". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
"What to know about Syria's new caretaker government".
Women will play a key role in a new Syria, says minister 22 December 2024. Al-Jazeera English
"Arab League brings Syria back into its fold after 12 years". Al Jazeera. 7 May 2023. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023.
"Syria's role in Lebanon". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

aljazeera.net (Global: 636^th place; English: 1,094^th place)

"نص الإعلان الدستوري لسوريا 2025". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 March 2025.
"نص الإعلان الدستوري لسوريا 2025" [Text of the Constitutional Declaration of Syria 2025 in]. Al Jazeera Arabic (in Arabic). 14 March 2025. Archived from the original on 14 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.

almashhad.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"حقيقة النشيد الوطني السوري الجديد تتصدر الترند" [The truth about the new Syrian national anthem tops the trend]. Al Mashhad (in Arabic). 9 December 2024. Archived from the original on 31 December 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2025.

ap.org (Global: 1,968^th place; English: 1,138^th place)

hosted2.ap.org

"Syrians struggle with shortages as economy buckles". Associated Press. 22 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

"Ousted Syrian leader Assad flees to Moscow after fall of Damascus, Russian state media say". AP News. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
"2 days of clashes and revenge killings in Syria leave more than 1,000 people dead". Associated Press. 9 March 2025.
"Syrian leader signs constitution that puts the country under an Islamist group's rule for 5 years". Associated Press News. 13 March 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
"Netanyahu says Israeli troops will occupy a buffer zone inside Syria for the foreseeable future". AP News. 18 December 2024.

arab-reform.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Khalifa, Mustafa (2013), "The impossible partition of Syria", Arab Reform Initiative: 3–5, archived from the original on 9 October 2016, Arabs constitute the major ethnic group in Syria, making up between 80 and 85% of the population.
Kurds are the second largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 10% of the Syrian population and distributed among four regions...with a Yazidi minority that numbers around 40,000...
Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language...
Assyrians are the fourth-largest ethnic group in Syria. They represent the original and oldest inhabitants of Syria, today making up around 3–4% of the Syrian population...
Circassians are the fifth-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1.5% of the population...
Armenians are sixth-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1% of the population...
There are also a small number of other ethnic groups in Syria, including Greeks, Persians, Albanians, Bosnian, Pashtuns, Russians and Georgians...

arabnews.com (Global: 1,427^th place; English: 906^th place)

Kossaify, Ephrem (22 April 2021). "UN reiterates it is not involved in Syrian presidential election". Arab News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Cavendish Corporation, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
Montgomery Watt W. (1956). Muhammad At Medina. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. p. 35. This expedition receives scant notice in the sources, but in some ways it is the most significant so far. As Dumah was some 800 km (500 mi) from Medina there can have been no immediate threat to Muhammad, but it may be, as Caetani suggests, 1 that communications with Syria were being interrupted and supplies to Medina stopped. It is tempting to suppose that was already envisaging something of the expansion which took place after his death.
Timeframe AD 1200–1300: The Mongol Conquests. Time-Life Books. 1989. pp. 59–75. ISBN 978-0-8094-6437-1.
Seale, Patrick (1988). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3.
Morris, Chris (2005). "Chapter 9: Crossroads". The New Turkey. London: Granta Books. pp. 203–227. ISBN 978-1-86207-865-9.
Drysdale, Alasdair; Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1991), Syria and the Middle East Peace Process, Council on Foreign Relations, p. 222, ISBN 978-0-87609-105-0
Hopwood, Derek (1988). Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-04-445039-9.
Wright, Robin (2008). Dreams and shadows, the Future of the Middle East. Penguin Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-59420-111-0. more than one dozen intelligence agencies
Wright, Robin (2008). Dreams and shadows, the Future of the Middle East. Penguin Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-59420-111-0. hundreds of thousands of mukhabarat according to dissident Riad Seif

auswaertiges-amt.de (Global: 3,881^st place; English: 7,011^th place)

- "Syrian Arab Republic". Federal Foreign Office. 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.

barrons.com (Global: 2,543^rd place; English: 1,528^th place)

"Kurdish-led Force Announces US-brokered Truce In Syria's Manbij". Barron's. 11 December 2024.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.co.uk

"Syrian army tanks 'moving towards Hama'". BBC News. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
"Syria crisis: Qatar calls for Arabs to send in troops". BBC News. 14 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
"Anti-Assad rebels take most of southern Syrian region of Deraa, say reports". BBC. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
"Syria conflict: UK recognises opposition, says William Hague". BBC. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
Schofield, Hugh (13 November 2012). "Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
"Syria's economy cut in half by conflict". BBC News. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
"Who are the Turkmen in Syria?". BBC News. BBC. 2015. There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
Guerin, Orla (6 March 2005). "Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
"Syrian troops leave Lebanese soil". BBC News. BBC. 26 April 2005. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
"Israeli views on Shebaa Farms harden". BBC News. 25 August 2006. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2017.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Syria rebels capture major city of Hama after military withdraws". www.bbc.com. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
"Kurdish-led SDF agrees to integrate with Syrian government forces". BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
"Syria gets temporary constitution for five-year transition". www.bbc.com. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
"UK lifts sanctions on Syrian defence ministry". BBC News. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
Granville, Samantha Granville (17 September 2025). "Syria's worst drought in decades pushes millions to the brink". BBC News.
"Israel demands complete demilitarisation of southern Syria". BBC. 24 February 2025.
"'We are still at war': Syria's Kurds battle Turkey months after Assad's fall". BBC. 25 February 2025.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

"Syria Rebel Group Political Chief to Form Temporary Government". Bloomberg.com. 9 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Tobolczyk, Marta (18 September 2020). The Art of Building at the Dawn of Human Civilization: The Ontogenesis of Architecture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-5971-4.
Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2008). A Dictionary of Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-470-75196-1.
Burns, Ross (2009). Monuments of Syria: A Guide. I.B.Tauris. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-85771-489-3.
Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicoló (31 May 2013). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-61132-228-6.
Matthews, Victor Harold; Benjamin, Don C. (1997). Old Testament Parallels: Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East. Paulist Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-8091-3731-2.
Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-8028-4960-1.
Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary; Winter, Nathan H. (1990). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4. Eisenbrauns. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-57506-060-6.
Healey, John F. (1990). The Early Alphabet. University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-520-07309-8.
Dalley, Stephanie (2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. Gorgias Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-931956-02-4. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016.
Naʼaman, Nadav (2005). Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-57506-113-9.
Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards (1973). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-08230-3.
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Sasson, Jack M. (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 2+3.
"The foreigners of the fourth register, with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. Like the Nubians, they come with animals, in this case horses, an elephant, and a bear; they also offer weapons and vessels most likely filled with precious substance." in Hawass, Zahi A.; Vannini, Sandro (2009). The lost tombs of Thebes: life in paradise. Thames & Hudson. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-500-05159-7.
Zakrzewski, Sonia; Shortland, Andrew; Rowland, Joanne (2015). Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-317-39195-1.
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Frontiers, Museum With No (2000). The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art. AIRP. pp. 26–46. ISBN 978-1-874044-35-2.
Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 225–226
Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). "The Middle East, p. 761". The Encyclopedia of World History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.^{[dead link]}
Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.
Khatib, Line (23 May 2012). Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba'thist Secularism. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-415-78203-6.
George, Alan (2003). Syria: neither bread nor freedom. London: Zed Books. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-1-84277-213-3.
- "The international community maintains that the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and without international legal effect." International Labour Office (2009). The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories (International government publication ed.). International Labour Office. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-2-120630-9.. * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." (The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002 Archived 4 June 2009 at the
- Occupied territory:
  - "Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook 2010, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. p. 339. ISBN
  - Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. The Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 1921.
  - Danna, Nissim (December 2003). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-903900-36-9.

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AFP (12 December 2024). "Syria's new govt says to suspend constitution, parliament for three months". Brecorder. Retrieved 12 December 2024.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Syria :: Roman provincial organization". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 19 December 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
"Syria: History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
"Syria: World War II and independence". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
"Syria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024.
"Syria summary". Britannica. Syria is a unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house; its head of state and government is the president, who by law must be a Muslim.

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"Population Existed in Syria According To Censuses (1960, 1970, 1981, 1994, 2004) And Estimates of Their Number in Mid Years 2005–2011(000)". Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

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cnn.com

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constitutionnet.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Syria does not have a state religion. However, the president is required to be a Muslim and Islamic law is the main source of jurisprudence."Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). ConstitutionNet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2025.
"Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). ConstitutionNet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2025.

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

"Syria – Ottoman". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"Syria – Kurds". Library of Congress Country Studies.

csmonitor.com (Global: 982^nd place; English: 614^th place)

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datacommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Syria Population". Datacommons.org. Retrieved 9 January 2025.

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"Mandat Syrie-Liban" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Sources describing Syria as a totalitarian state:
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- Lieberman, Daniel E. (1991). "Seasonality and gazelle hunting at Hayonim Cave : new evidence for "sedentism" during the Natufian". Paléorient. 17 (1): 47–57. doi:10.3406/paleo.1991.4538.
- Chen, Chern (8 August 2018). "Former Nazi Officers in the Near East: German Military Advisors in Syria, 1949–56". The International History Review. 40 (4): 732–751. doi:10.1080/07075332.2017.1367705. ISSN 0707-5332. S2CID 158837784.
- Atassi, Karim (2018). "6: The Fourth Republic". Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 252. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5.
- Rand, Dafna H.; Miller, Andrew P. (2020). Re-Engaging the Middle East: A New Vision for U.S. Policy. Brookings Institution Press. doi:10.7864/j.ctvbkk588. ISBN 978-0-8157-3740-7.
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- Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
- Hainoun, A.; Omar, H.; Almoustafa, S.; Seif-Eldin, M. K.; Meslmani, Y. (2014). "Future development of Syrian power sector in view of GHG Mitigation Options". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 38: 1045–1055. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.090.
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"Syria has become a narco-state". The Economist. 19 July 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
"Syria's president wants non-Muslim religions to help end his pariah status". The Economist. 13 July 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 27 December 2023.

efsyn.gr (Global: 7,397^th place; English: low place)

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Per Decree No. 13 of 2026^[5]^[6]
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bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

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brookings.edu (Global: 1,937^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

carnegieendowment.org (Global: 3,542^nd place; English: 2,637^th place)

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cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

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csmonitor.com (Global: 982^nd place; English: 614^th place)

dailysabah.com (Global: 2,486^th place; English: 1,876^th place)

dailystar.com.lb (Global: 3,636^th place; English: 2,780^th place)

diplomatie.gouv.fr (Global: 2,888^th place; English: 4,860^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dw.com (Global: 205^th place; English: 320^th place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

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enabbaladi.net (Global: 6,986^th place; English: 5,681^st place)

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

eui.eu (Global: 7,888^th place; English: 5,029^th place)

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

everything2.com (Global: 9,779^th place; English: 8,106^th place)

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

foreignaffairs.com (Global: 3,112^th place; English: 2,133^rd place)

forward.com (Global: 1,367^th place; English: 767^th place)

foxnews.com (Global: 262^nd place; English: 171^st place)

france24.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 362^nd place)

freedomhouse.org (Global: 2,395^th place; English: 2,068^th place)

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

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independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

israelnationalnews.com (Global: 2,926^th place; English: 2,012^th place)

jewishpress.com (Global: 8,197^th place; English: 5,124^th place)

jewishvirtuallibrary.org (Global: 1,021^st place; English: 962^nd place)

jpost.com (Global: 358^th place; English: 243^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

macrotrends.net (Global: 6,458^th place; English: 5,480^th place)

mei.edu (Global: 7,167^th place; English: 5,071^st place)

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; English: 646^th place)

middleeastmonitor.com (Global: 3,946^th place; English: 2,693^rd place)

mondediplo.com (Global: 7,434^th place; English: 6,357^th place)

naharnet.com (Global: low place; English: 8,497^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

newarab.com (Global: 3,965^th place; English: 2,437^th place)

newlinesmag.com (Global: low place; English: 7,077^th place)

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

odu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,704^th place)

ohchr.org (Global: 1,204^th place; English: 1,164^th place)

ou.edu (Global: 5,903^rd place; English: 3,538^th place)