Syrian Armed Forces (English Wikipedia)

Weitz, Richard (2010). Global security watch—Russia: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-35434-2. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Gordon Rottman (27 May 1993). Armies of the Gulf War. Osprey Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-85532-277-6. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.

cast.ru

"Russian defence industry and arms trade: facts and figures" (PDF). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. pp 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

chinadaily.com.cn

"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 20 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2012.

cnn.com

"Why the Syrian regime is killing babies". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
"Al-Assad denies responsibility for Syria crackdown". CNN. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

csmonitor.com

David Enders (27 March 2012). "As Syria's war rages, Assad bans military-age men from leaving". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.

dailystar.com.lb

Sylvia, Westall. "Assad's army stretched but still seen strong". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
"Syria army adapts to guerrilla war". The Daily Star. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.

doi.org

IISS 2019, p. 368. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2019). "The Military Balance 2019". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. doi:10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033. ISSN 1479-9022. S2CID 219628874.

gazeta.ru

"Сколько людей и оружия по обе линии сирийского противостояния". Газета.Ru. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.

globalfirepower.com

"Syria Military Strength". www.globalfirepower.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

hrw.org

"Syria: Despite Denials, More Cluster Bomb Attacks" Archived 18 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. HRW.org. 23 October 2012.
"Torture Archipelago: Arbitrary Arrests, Torture and Enforced Disappearances in Syria's Underground Prisons since March 2011" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. July 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"By All Means Necessary!". Human Rights Watch. 16 December 2011. p. 12. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

independent.co.uk

Loveday Morris (22 January 2013). "Assad's Lionesses: the female last line in the battle for Syria". The Independent. Retrieved 21 September 2023.

inss.org.il

Eden Kaduri, Yehoshua Kalisky, Tal Avraham (6 September 2023). "Rebuilding the Syrian Military: The Threat to Israel". INSS Tel Aviv University. Retrieved 25 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

international-review.org

Waters, Gregory (21 April 2018). "The Growing Role of Reconciled Rebels in Syria". International Review. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

islamtimes.org

"Chinese Air Defense System Spotted in Syria: Russian Media". Islam Times. 1 January 2020.

israeldefense.co.il

Pesach Malovany (14 September 2018). "The Syrian Phoenix is Arising". Israel Defense. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

jpost.com

Katz, Yaakov (3 September 2009). "Russia confirms MiG jet sale to Syria". The Jerusalem Post.

jstor.org

Thompson, Eric V. (2002). "Will Syria Have to Withdraw from Lebanon?". Middle East Journal. 56 (1): 72–93, 76. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4329721.

lifenews.ru

"LifeNews изучил состояние сирийской армии на момент введения ВКС РФ". Life.ru. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.

loc.gov

tile.loc.gov

Sinai 1987, p. 190. Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). A Country Study, Syria. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
Sinai 1987. Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). A Country Study, Syria. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
Sinai 1987, p. 237. Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). A Country Study, Syria. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
Sinai 1987, p. 264. Sinai, Joshua (1987). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). A Country Study, Syria. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 3 March 2023.

mei.edu

George Waters (18 July 2019). "The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

middleeasteye.net

"Turkey shells Assad loyalists trying to cross into Syria's Afrin". Middle East Institute. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 29 February 2024.

militarystrategymagazine.com

The Syrian Civil War – Evolution of the Syrian Army’s Way of War

muhsenalmustafa.com

Muhsen al-Mustafa (9 November 2021). "Chain of Command in the Syrian Military: Formal and Informal Tracks". Omran Center for strategic studies. Retrieved 31 March 2024.

nrg.co.il

סוריה: התקפה עזה על המשמר הרפובליקני (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Maariv. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2012.

nytimes.com

Friedman, Thomas (26 May 1985). "LEGACY OF WAR; ISRAEL MAKES A BITTER DEAL, NEW BATTLE JOLTS LEBANON". NY Times. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
Miller, Judith (27 March 1991). "AFTER THE WAR; Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force". New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017.

pministry.gov.sy

"عنوان السيرة الذاتية للعماد علي عبد الله أيوب نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء- وزير الدفاع" (in Arabic). pministry.gov.sy. Retrieved 23 January 2022.

questia.com

Gertz, Bill (23 July 1996). "CIA Suspects Chinese Firm of Syria Missile Aid". The Washington Times.^{[dead link]}

refworld.org

"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012". refworld. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019.

reuters.com

"UPDATE 4-Syrian govt forces, rebels committing war crimes -U.N." Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
"Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for Syrian rebels". Reuters. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
"Saudi Arabia confirms role in strikes against Islamic State in Syria". Reuters. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

uk.reuters.com

"Two Syrian rebel groups claim Damascus attack". Reuters. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.

af.reuters.com

"Syria's military: what does Assad have?". Reuters. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.

rfi.fr

"Retrait syrien total fin avril au plus tar" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

scmp.com

"Syria increasing efforts to build up military after substantial losses". South China Morning Post. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

IISS 2019, p. 368. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2019). "The Military Balance 2019". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. doi:10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033. ISSN 1479-9022. S2CID 219628874.

sipri.org

armstrade.sipri.org

"Trade Registers". Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

smh.com.au

"Syria not next on list, says Britain". Sydney Morning Herald. 14 April 2003. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

snacksyrian.com

"Officially...the Syrian Army Command issues demobilization decisions and these are the details". Snacksyrian.com (in Arabic). 29 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

state.gov

2009-2017.state.gov

"Background Note: Syria". US State Department. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2011.

statista.com

"Infographic: Aircraft Lost During The Syrian Civil War". Statista Infographics. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.

stratfor.com

Bhalla, Reva (5 May 2011). "Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis". Stratfor. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2011.

syriahr.com

"More casualties raise to 512 including 130 children, the number of citizens who have been killed since the start of the fiercest escalation". June 2019.

telegraph.co.uk

Damien McElroy (18 July 2012). "Assad's brother-in-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.

theglobeandmail.com

"Syria's embrace of WMD"^{[permanent dead link]} by Eyal Zisser, Globe and Mail, 28 September 2004 (link leads only to abstract; purchase necessary for full article) ^{[dead link]}

theguardian.com

"Assad announces Lebanon troop withdrawal". www.theguardian.com. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
"Syrian siege of Homs is genocidal, say trapped residents". The Guardian. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
"Saudi Arabia plans to fund Syria rebel army". The Guardian. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
"Al-Qaida-linked group accused of torture in areas of Syria it controls". The Guardian. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.

themoscowtimes.com

Amos, Howard (26 August 2011). "News Analysis: Russia Damages Image in Arab Spring". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

thewhatandthewhy.com

"Bashal al-Assad in uniform with rank of Marshal". thewhatandthewhy.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

twitter.com

Gregory Waters (28 March 2024). "Lots of new senior appointments today: Mundhir Ibrahim replaces Ramadan as head of SAA Operations Authority (ex-head of 5th Corps & Idlib Sec Committee). Mohamed Saftly moves from 15th Div to command all Special Forces. Replaced by Suhail Fajr Hassan, fmr 67 Brig commander". Twitter. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
Ayman Al-Das (27 May 2022). "The new appointments in the #Syrian_Army: Major general Mohsen Mahmoud Abbas as a head of Syrian Artillery and Missile forces. (From Harf al-Musaytirah, is a Syrian village in the #Qardaha_District)". Twitter. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
Ayman Al-Das (30 June 2021). "Syria has appointed #Brigadier_General Fadi Jihad Khaddour (From Baniyas) as chief staff of electronic warfare". Twitter. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
Gregory Waters (12 April 2024). "Changes to Syria's special forces this week: Recently appointed Mohamad Saftly moved to command 30th SRG Division. Replaced as head of Special Forces by Suhail Hassan. Suhail replaced as head of 25th Div by former senior Tiger commander, current 30th Div commander Saleh Abdullah". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
Ayman Al-Das (24 June 2020). "New appointments in the #Syrian_Army, Major General Hassan Ali Suleiman (from #Safita) was appointed as director of political department. This department was established in 1970 to guide members of armed forces ideologically and to instill in them loyalty toward the regime". Twitter. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). "I noted 4 distinct phases of (attempted) rebuilding". Twitter. Retrieved 25 June 2023.

understandingwar.org

"SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.

upi.com

"Russia defends arms sales to Syria". United Press International. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2008.

web.archive.org

"SYRIA UPDATE: THE FALL OF AL-QUSAYR". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
"Bashal al-Assad in uniform with rank of Marshal". thewhatandthewhy.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
"Trade Registers". Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012". refworld. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019.
"Syria increasing efforts to build up military after substantial losses". South China Morning Post. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
"Syria Military Strength". www.globalfirepower.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
Bhalla, Reva (5 May 2011). "Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis". Stratfor. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
"Retrait syrien total fin avril au plus tar" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
Miller, Judith (27 March 1991). "AFTER THE WAR; Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force". New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017.
"Russia defends arms sales to Syria". United Press International. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
David Enders (27 March 2012). "As Syria's war rages, Assad bans military-age men from leaving". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
סוריה: התקפה עזה על המשמר הרפובליקני (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Maariv. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Damien McElroy (18 July 2012). "Assad's brother-in-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
"Two Syrian rebel groups claim Damascus attack". Reuters. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
"UPDATE 4-Syrian govt forces, rebels committing war crimes -U.N." Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
"Friends of Syria must use their influence to stop cycle of repression and violence". Amnesty International. 5 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
"Why the Syrian regime is killing babies". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
"Syrian siege of Homs is genocidal, say trapped residents". The Guardian. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
"Syria: Despite Denials, More Cluster Bomb Attacks" Archived 18 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. HRW.org. 23 October 2012.
"Torture Archipelago: Arbitrary Arrests, Torture and Enforced Disappearances in Syria's Underground Prisons since March 2011" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. July 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Al-Assad denies responsibility for Syria crackdown". CNN. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
"Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for Syrian rebels". Reuters. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
"Saudi Arabia plans to fund Syria rebel army". The Guardian. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
"Al-Qaida-linked group accused of torture in areas of Syria it controls". The Guardian. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
Sylvia, Westall. "Assad's army stretched but still seen strong". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
"Сколько людей и оружия по обе линии сирийского противостояния". Газета.Ru. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
"LifeNews изучил состояние сирийской армии на момент введения ВКС РФ". Life.ru. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
"Syria army adapts to guerrilla war". The Daily Star. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
"Infographic: Aircraft Lost During The Syrian Civil War". Statista Infographics. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
"Syria's military: what does Assad have?". Reuters. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
"Assad's army stretched but still seen strong". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
"Background Note: Syria". US State Department. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 20 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
"Officially...the Syrian Army Command issues demobilization decisions and these are the details". Snacksyrian.com (in Arabic). 29 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
"By All Means Necessary!". Human Rights Watch. 16 December 2011. p. 12. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "The Local Defence Forces: Regime Auxiliary Forces in Aleppo". aymennjawad.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (3 May 2017). "Administrative Decisions on Local Defence Forces Personnel: Translation & Analysis". aymennjawad.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
Weitz, Richard (2010). Global security watch—Russia: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-35434-2. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Amos, Howard (26 August 2011). "News Analysis: Russia Damages Image in Arab Spring". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
"Russian defence industry and arms trade: facts and figures" (PDF). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. pp 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Meyer, Henry (7 September 2011). "Assad Ouster Bid May Unleash 'Chaos in Mideast,' Russia Says". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
"Syria not next on list, says Britain". Sydney Morning Herald. 14 April 2003. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
Gordon Rottman (27 May 1993). Armies of the Gulf War. Osprey Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-85532-277-6. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.

worldcat.org

IISS 2023, p. 354. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2023). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2023 (Report). Routledge. ISBN 9781032508955. ISSN 0459-7222.
James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies, ed. (2023). The Military Balance 2023. London. ISBN 978-1-003-40022-6. OCLC 1372013483.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
The Current legal regulation of the use of force. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 195–197. ISBN 90-247-3247-6. OCLC 12663376.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Thompson, Eric V. (2002). "Will Syria Have to Withdraw from Lebanon?". Middle East Journal. 56 (1): 72–93, 76. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4329721.
The Current legal regulation of the use of force. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 196–197. ISBN 90-247-3247-6. OCLC 12663376.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
The Current legal regulation of the use of force. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 192–197. ISBN 90-247-3247-6. OCLC 12663376.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
The Current legal regulation of the use of force. Antonio Cassese. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. 1986. pp. 198–201. ISBN 90-247-3247-6. OCLC 12663376.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
IISS 2019, p. 368. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2019). "The Military Balance 2019". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. doi:10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033. ISSN 1479-9022. S2CID 219628874.
IISS 2022, p. 369. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). "The Military Balance 2022". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8. ISSN 0459-7222.
IISS 2022, p. 370. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). "The Military Balance 2022". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8. ISSN 0459-7222.
IISS 2022, p. 371. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). "The Military Balance 2022". The Military Balance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8. ISSN 0459-7222.

yahoo.com

Ian Deitch (17 March 2017). "Syria fires missiles at Israeli jets after airstrikes". Yahoo! News. Associated Press.