Syrians (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Syrians" in English language version.

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academia.edu

Novak 2016, p. 123. Novak, Mirko (2016). "Assyrians and Aramaeans: Modes of Cohabitation and Acculturation at Guzana (Tell Halaf)". In Aruz, Joan; Seymour, Michael (eds.). Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Distributed by Yale University Press. ISBN 978-1-588-39606-8. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
Schulze 2010, p. 19. Schulze, Wolfgang (2010). "Symbolism on the Syrian Standing Caliph Copper Coins: A Contribution to the Discussion". In Oddy, Andrew (ed.). Coinage and History in the Seventh Century Near East: Proceedings of the 12th Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table Held at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge on 4th and 5th April 2009. Archetype Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-904-98262-3. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Kennedy 1992, p. 292. Kennedy, Hugh (1992). "The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria". In Canivet, Pierre; Rey-Coquais, Jean-paul (eds.). La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam VII^e-VIII^e Siècles. Damascus, Institut Français du Proche Orient. OCLC 604181534. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Braida 2012, p. 183. Braida, Emanuela (2012). "Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts". Parole de l'Orient. 37. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. ISSN 0258-8331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
Braida 2012, p. 182. Braida, Emanuela (2012). "Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts". Parole de l'Orient. 37. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. ISSN 0258-8331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
Braida 2012, pp. 185, 186. Braida, Emanuela (2012). "Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts". Parole de l'Orient. 37. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. ISSN 0258-8331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2018.

agencepresseradio.com

"International/ Après la chute de Bachar al-Assad, les Syriens de Côte d'Ivoire se prononcent". agencepresseradio. 11 February 2025. Archived from the original on 11 February 2025. Retrieved 11 February 2025.

aljadid.com

Salloum, Habeeb (2000). "Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico". Al Jadid. 16 (30). Retrieved 18 January 2017. These newcomers scattered throughout the country and are the core of today's 400,000 Syrians living in Venezuela... [t]hey have joined the approximately 500,000 prior immigrants and their descendants, reinforcing Arab culture amongst the older Arab community which had been almost totally assimilated.
Salloum, Habeeb. "Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico". Al Jadid. Retrieved 15 January 2017.

arabnews.com

Jawhar, Sabria (10 September 2015). "KSA already home to 500,000 Syrians". Arabnews.com. Arab news. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"Sudan's descent into chaos shatters illusion of safety for war-weary Syrians". 2023. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.

archive.org

History, Universal (1779). An universal history, from the earliest accounts to the present time. Printed for C. Bathurst. p. 451.
History, Universal (1779). An universal history, from the earliest accounts to the present time. Printed for C. Bathurst. p. 441.
Peters 2003, p. 191. Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-400-82548-6.

archive.today

"SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
"Syrians in Maghreb". 8 March 2025. Archived from the original on 3 June 2025. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
"International/ Après la chute de Bachar al-Assad, les Syriens de Côte d'Ivoire se prononcent". agencepresseradio. 11 February 2025. Archived from the original on 11 February 2025. Retrieved 11 February 2025.

as-coa.org

Jordan, Levi. "Syria Steps into Latin America". Americas Society Council of the Americas. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Syria hopes will serve as an avenue to attract investment dollars from the one-million-strong community of Venezuelans of Syrian descent

bbc.co.uk

"Guide: Syria's diverse minorities". BBC News. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

bbc.com

"We have welcomed 50,000 Syrians in recent years for humanitarian reasons". bbc.com. 13 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.

bloomberg.com

Derhally, Massoud A. (7 February 2011). "Jews in Damascus Restore Synagogues as Syria Tries to Foster Secular Image". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2011. The project, which began in December, will be completed this month as part of a plan to restore 10 synagogues with the backing of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and funding from Syrian Jews.

books.google.com

Michael Haag (2009). The Templars: The History and the Myth - From Solomon's Temple to the Freemasons. Profile Books Limited. p. 65. ISBN 9781846681530. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
John Joseph (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East. BRILL. p. 30. ISBN 978-9004116412. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. p. 652. ISBN 9781136788000.
Nathanael J. Andrade (25 July 2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781107244566. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Aryeh Kasher (1985). The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights. Mohr Siebeck. p. 153. ISBN 9783161448294. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Nathanael J. Andrade (25 July 2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9781107244566. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
John Joseph (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East. BRILL. p. 10. ISBN 978-9004116412. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Flavius Josephus (2004). The Great Roman-Jewish War. Courier Corporation. p. 34,150,178. ISBN 9780486432182. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Joseph 2000, p. 30. Joseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Studies in Christian Mission. Vol. 26. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32005-5.
al-Hassan 2001, p. 59. al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001). "Factors Behind the Rise of Islamic Science". In al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, Albert Z. (eds.). The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. Vol. 4:Science and Technology in Islam. Part 1: The exact and Natural Sciences. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. ISBN 978-9-231-03830-3.
Barker 1966, p. 244. Barker, John W. (1966). Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-03944-8.
Peters 2003, p. 191. Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-400-82548-6.
Ellenblum 2006, p. 53. Ellenblum, Ronnie (2006). Crusader Castles and Modern Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86083-3.
Brock 2010, p. 13. Brock, Sebastian (2010). "The Syrian Orthodox Church in the modern Middle East". In O'Mahony, Anthony; Loosley, Emma (eds.). Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-19371-3.
al-Bagdadi 2008, p. 280. al-Bagdadi, Nadia (2008). "Syria". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W.; Barrett, David B. (eds.). The Encyclodedia of Christianity. Vol. 5: Si-Z. Eerdmans.Brill. ISBN 978-0-802-82417-2.
Arnold 2007, p. 185. Arnold, Werner (2007). "Arabic Grammatical Borrowing in Western Neo-Aramaic". In Matras, Yaron; Sakel, Jeanette (eds.). Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Empirical Approaches to Language Typology. Vol. 38. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-110-19628-3. ISSN 0933-761X.
Troupeau 1987, p. 308. Troupeau, Gérard (1987). "Ma'lūlā. 1. The Locality". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, Emericus Joannes; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, Mme S. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VI. Fascicules 103-104 (Malḥūn-Mānd) (New ed.). Brill. OCLC 655961825.
Held & Cummings 2018, p. 298. Held, Colbert C.; Cummings, John Thomas (2018) [2016]. Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-96199-1.
Correll 1987, p. 308. Correll, Christoph (1987). "Ma'lūlā. 2. The Language". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, Emericus Joannes; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, Mme S. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VI. Fascicules 103–104 (Malḥūn-Mānd) (New ed.). Brill. OCLC 655961825.
Kamīl Manṣūr, Leila Tarazi Fawaz (2009). Transformed Landscapes: Essays on Palestine and the Middle East in Honor of Walid Khalidi. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 2. ISBN 9789774162473. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
George N. Atiyeh, Ibrahim M. Oweiss (8 July 1988). Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Dr. Constantine Zurayk. SUNY Press. p. 299. ISBN 9780887066993. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

britannica.com

Commins et al. 2018. Quote:"The Syrian people evolved from several origins over a long period of time. The Greek and Roman ethnic influence was negligible in comparison with that of the Semitic peoples of Arabia and Mesopotamia—Aramaeans, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Canaanites." Commins, David Dean; Irvine, Verity Elizabeth; Smith, Charles Gordon; Hamidé, Abdul-Rahman; Scullard, Howard Hayes; Ochsenwald, William L.; Hourani, Albert Habib; Gadd, Cyril John; Polk, William Roe; Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (9 July 2018). The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (ed.). "Syria. People: Ethnic and Linguistic Groups". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.

caribbeanhistoryarchives.blogspot.com

"The Caribbean History Archives: Syrian-Lebanese community". 3 October 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

census.gov

factfinder.census.gov

"SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2017.

cia.gov

"The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2019.

cso.ie

"'Living a new life now': Syrian children on resettling here". Ireland's National Public Service Media / Meáin Náisiúnta Seirbhíse Poiblí na hÉireann. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.

daraj.media

"Syrian refugees in Yemen: When the Coronavirus Becomes More Severe than the War". Daraj. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2021.

degruyter.com

Akopian, Arman (11 December 2017). "19. Syriacs under Arab-Muslim domination". Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. pp. 307–314. doi:10.31826/9781463238933-022. ISBN 978-1-4632-3893-3. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.

destatis.de

"Statistischer Bericht – Mikrozensus – Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund – Erstergebnisse 2022". 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten 2023 nach Migrationshintergrund". Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Retrieved 7 June 2024.

distintaslatitudes.net

Gomez, Diego (February 2012). "EL LEVANTE Y AMÉRICA LATINA. UNA BITÁCORA DE LATINOAMÉRICA EN SIRIA, LÍBANO, JORDANIA Y PALESTINA". distintaslatitudes.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2017. de acuerdo con el Instituto de Estadística de Venezuela, cerca de un millón de venezolanos tienen orígenes sirios y más de 20 mil venezolanos están registrados en el catastro del consulado sudamericano en Damasco.

doi.org

Badro et al. 2013. Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
El-Sibai et al. 2009. El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; zaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (16 August 2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103. S2CID 162760021.
Frye, R. N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570. S2CID 161323237.
Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years". American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008. PMC 7332655. PMID 32470374.
Macdonald 2009a, p. 298. Macdonald, Michael C. A. (2009a). "Arabs, Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 16 (1). Société des Amis de la bibliothèque Salomon-Reinach: 277–332. doi:10.3406/topoi.2009.2306. ISSN 1161-9473. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
Macdonald 2009a, p. 319. Macdonald, Michael C. A. (2009a). "Arabs, Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 16 (1). Société des Amis de la bibliothèque Salomon-Reinach: 277–332. doi:10.3406/topoi.2009.2306. ISSN 1161-9473. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
Folmer, Margaretha (28 February 2020), Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (ed.), "Aramaic as Lingua Franca", A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 373–399, doi:10.1002/9781119193814.ch20, ISBN 978-1-119-19329-6, S2CID 216244505, archived from the original on 15 October 2022, retrieved 15 October 2022
Akopian, Arman (11 December 2017). "19. Syriacs under Arab-Muslim domination". Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. pp. 307–314. doi:10.31826/9781463238933-022. ISBN 978-1-4632-3893-3. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
Zisser, Eyal (2006). "Who's Afraid of Syrian Nationalism? National and State Identity in Syria". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (2). Routledge: 189. doi:10.1080/00263200500417512. S2CID 142992865.
Haber et al. 2011. Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Royyuru, Ajay; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Adhikarla, Syama; Adler, Christina J.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Clarke, Andrew C.; Comas, David; Cooper, Alan; Sarkissian, Clio S. I. Der; Dulik, Matthew C.; Erasmus, Christoff J.; Gaieski, Jill B.; GaneshPrasad, ArunKumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Hobbs, Angela; Javed, Asif; Jin, Li; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Li, Shilin; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Melé, Marta; Merchant, Nirav C.; Mitchell, R. John; Owings, Amanda C.; Parida, Laxmi; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Renfrew, Colin; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Soodyall, Himla; Swamikrishnan, Pandikumar; John, Kavitha Valampuri; Santhakumari, Arun Varatharajan; Vieira, Pedro Paulo; Ziegle, Janet S. (1 March 2011). "Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"The mixed Near Eastern–Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze, shown using both modern and ancient DNA data, is distinct from that of neighboring Syrians, Palestinians and most of the Lebanese, who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:" Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian. In that study, Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines, whereas Jews, Assyrians, Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula/East African components diverged ~23,700–15,500 y.a., while the Levantine and European components diverged ~15,900–9,100 y.a." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"ADMIXTURE identifies at K = 10 an ancestral component (light green) with a geographically restricted distribution representing ~50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (~25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component (Figure 4A, 4B) correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event."
2-"Besides this component, the most frequent ancestral component (shown in dark blue) in the Levantines (42–68%) is also present, at lower frequencies, in Europe and Central Asia." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Fernandes et al. 2015. Quote:1-"In the Near East, we included Iraq, Jordan, Israel/Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria."
2-"Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian/Caucasian and an Arabian/North African component; these two components have similar proportions of ~30% each in Yemen and UAE, but the Arabian/North African proportion increases to 52–60% in Saudi and Bedouin. In Near Eastern populations, correspondingly, the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component rises to ~50% and the Arabian/North African cluster decreases to ~20–30%, even in Palestinians (similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze), highlighting their primarily indigenous origin, with the most extreme values for the Druze, carrying the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component at ~80%." Fernandes, Verónica; Triska, Petr; Pereira, Joana B.; Alshamali, Farida; Rito, Teresa; Machado, Alison; Fajkošová, Zuzana; Cavadas, Bruno; Černý, Viktor; Soares, Pedro; Richards, Martin B.; Pereira, Luísa (4 March 2015). "Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018625F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625. PMC 4349752. PMID 25738654.
El‐Sibai et al. 2009. Quote:"J1 frequencies in Syria, Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries (58.3% in Qatar and 72.5% in Yemen; Fig. 2G") El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; zaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (16 August 2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
Semino et al. 2000. Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiae, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Haber et al. 2011. Quote:"Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples. West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis, and not far from LN, LB, and LM Maronites." Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Royyuru, Ajay; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Adhikarla, Syama; Adler, Christina J.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Clarke, Andrew C.; Comas, David; Cooper, Alan; Sarkissian, Clio S. I. Der; Dulik, Matthew C.; Erasmus, Christoff J.; Gaieski, Jill B.; GaneshPrasad, ArunKumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Hobbs, Angela; Javed, Asif; Jin, Li; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Li, Shilin; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Melé, Marta; Merchant, Nirav C.; Mitchell, R. John; Owings, Amanda C.; Parida, Laxmi; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Renfrew, Colin; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Soodyall, Himla; Swamikrishnan, Pandikumar; John, Kavitha Valampuri; Santhakumari, Arun Varatharajan; Vieira, Pedro Paulo; Ziegle, Janet S. (1 March 2011). "Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians, whereas the Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian populations clustered together." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component (X = 7%) when compared with their neighbouring populations, such as Palestinians (X = 5%) and Lebanese and Bedouins (X = 2%)." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"On the contrary, key differences were noted between Levant Arabs (Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians), and other Arab populations, highlighted by high frequencies of A*24, B*35, DRB1*11:01, DQB1*03:01, and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean, as Cretans (−0.0001) and Lebanese Armenians (0.0050)." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hammer et al. 2000. Quote:"This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it." Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M.A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonné-Tamir, B. (9 May 2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes". PNAS. 97 (12). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:1-"The extent of gene Arab exchange with these autochthonous groups is undetermined but is thought to be lower than religious/cultural influence."
2-"On the other hand, Levant Arabs are distant from Saudis, Kuwaitis, and Yeminis, an indication that the contribution of the Arabian Peninsula populations to Levantine gene pool is low, probably due to the absence of the demographic aspect of 7th century invasion." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.

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Badro et al. 2013. Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"The mixed Near Eastern–Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze, shown using both modern and ancient DNA data, is distinct from that of neighboring Syrians, Palestinians and most of the Lebanese, who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:" Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian. In that study, Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines, whereas Jews, Assyrians, Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Fernandes et al. 2015. Quote:1-"In the Near East, we included Iraq, Jordan, Israel/Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria."
2-"Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian/Caucasian and an Arabian/North African component; these two components have similar proportions of ~30% each in Yemen and UAE, but the Arabian/North African proportion increases to 52–60% in Saudi and Bedouin. In Near Eastern populations, correspondingly, the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component rises to ~50% and the Arabian/North African cluster decreases to ~20–30%, even in Palestinians (similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze), highlighting their primarily indigenous origin, with the most extreme values for the Druze, carrying the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component at ~80%." Fernandes, Verónica; Triska, Petr; Pereira, Joana B.; Alshamali, Farida; Rito, Teresa; Machado, Alison; Fajkošová, Zuzana; Cavadas, Bruno; Černý, Viktor; Soares, Pedro; Richards, Martin B.; Pereira, Luísa (4 March 2015). "Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018625F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625. PMC 4349752. PMID 25738654.
Semino et al. 2000. Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiae, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians, whereas the Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian populations clustered together." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component (X = 7%) when compared with their neighbouring populations, such as Palestinians (X = 5%) and Lebanese and Bedouins (X = 2%)." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"On the contrary, key differences were noted between Levant Arabs (Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians), and other Arab populations, highlighted by high frequencies of A*24, B*35, DRB1*11:01, DQB1*03:01, and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean, as Cretans (−0.0001) and Lebanese Armenians (0.0050)." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hammer et al. 2000. Quote:"This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it." Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M.A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonné-Tamir, B. (9 May 2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes". PNAS. 97 (12). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:1-"The extent of gene Arab exchange with these autochthonous groups is undetermined but is thought to be lower than religious/cultural influence."
2-"On the other hand, Levant Arabs are distant from Saudis, Kuwaitis, and Yeminis, an indication that the contribution of the Arabian Peninsula populations to Levantine gene pool is low, probably due to the absence of the demographic aspect of 7th century invasion." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Badro et al. 2013. Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
El-Sibai et al. 2009. El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; zaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (16 August 2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years". American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008. PMC 7332655. PMID 32470374.
Haber et al. 2011. Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Royyuru, Ajay; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Adhikarla, Syama; Adler, Christina J.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Clarke, Andrew C.; Comas, David; Cooper, Alan; Sarkissian, Clio S. I. Der; Dulik, Matthew C.; Erasmus, Christoff J.; Gaieski, Jill B.; GaneshPrasad, ArunKumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Hobbs, Angela; Javed, Asif; Jin, Li; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Li, Shilin; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Melé, Marta; Merchant, Nirav C.; Mitchell, R. John; Owings, Amanda C.; Parida, Laxmi; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Renfrew, Colin; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Soodyall, Himla; Swamikrishnan, Pandikumar; John, Kavitha Valampuri; Santhakumari, Arun Varatharajan; Vieira, Pedro Paulo; Ziegle, Janet S. (1 March 2011). "Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"The mixed Near Eastern–Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze, shown using both modern and ancient DNA data, is distinct from that of neighboring Syrians, Palestinians and most of the Lebanese, who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:" Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian. In that study, Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines, whereas Jews, Assyrians, Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula/East African components diverged ~23,700–15,500 y.a., while the Levantine and European components diverged ~15,900–9,100 y.a." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"ADMIXTURE identifies at K = 10 an ancestral component (light green) with a geographically restricted distribution representing ~50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (~25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component (Figure 4A, 4B) correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event."
2-"Besides this component, the most frequent ancestral component (shown in dark blue) in the Levantines (42–68%) is also present, at lower frequencies, in Europe and Central Asia." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Fernandes et al. 2015. Quote:1-"In the Near East, we included Iraq, Jordan, Israel/Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria."
2-"Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian/Caucasian and an Arabian/North African component; these two components have similar proportions of ~30% each in Yemen and UAE, but the Arabian/North African proportion increases to 52–60% in Saudi and Bedouin. In Near Eastern populations, correspondingly, the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component rises to ~50% and the Arabian/North African cluster decreases to ~20–30%, even in Palestinians (similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze), highlighting their primarily indigenous origin, with the most extreme values for the Druze, carrying the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component at ~80%." Fernandes, Verónica; Triska, Petr; Pereira, Joana B.; Alshamali, Farida; Rito, Teresa; Machado, Alison; Fajkošová, Zuzana; Cavadas, Bruno; Černý, Viktor; Soares, Pedro; Richards, Martin B.; Pereira, Luísa (4 March 2015). "Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018625F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625. PMC 4349752. PMID 25738654.
El‐Sibai et al. 2009. Quote:"J1 frequencies in Syria, Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries (58.3% in Qatar and 72.5% in Yemen; Fig. 2G") El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; zaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (16 August 2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
Semino et al. 2000. Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiae, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Haber et al. 2011. Quote:"Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples. West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis, and not far from LN, LB, and LM Maronites." Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Royyuru, Ajay; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Adhikarla, Syama; Adler, Christina J.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Clarke, Andrew C.; Comas, David; Cooper, Alan; Sarkissian, Clio S. I. Der; Dulik, Matthew C.; Erasmus, Christoff J.; Gaieski, Jill B.; GaneshPrasad, ArunKumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Hobbs, Angela; Javed, Asif; Jin, Li; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Li, Shilin; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Melé, Marta; Merchant, Nirav C.; Mitchell, R. John; Owings, Amanda C.; Parida, Laxmi; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Renfrew, Colin; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Soodyall, Himla; Swamikrishnan, Pandikumar; John, Kavitha Valampuri; Santhakumari, Arun Varatharajan; Vieira, Pedro Paulo; Ziegle, Janet S. (1 March 2011). "Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians, whereas the Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian populations clustered together." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component (X = 7%) when compared with their neighbouring populations, such as Palestinians (X = 5%) and Lebanese and Bedouins (X = 2%)." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"On the contrary, key differences were noted between Levant Arabs (Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians), and other Arab populations, highlighted by high frequencies of A*24, B*35, DRB1*11:01, DQB1*03:01, and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean, as Cretans (−0.0001) and Lebanese Armenians (0.0050)." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hammer et al. 2000. Quote:"This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it." Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M.A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonné-Tamir, B. (9 May 2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes". PNAS. 97 (12). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:1-"The extent of gene Arab exchange with these autochthonous groups is undetermined but is thought to be lower than religious/cultural influence."
2-"On the other hand, Levant Arabs are distant from Saudis, Kuwaitis, and Yeminis, an indication that the contribution of the Arabian Peninsula populations to Levantine gene pool is low, probably due to the absence of the demographic aspect of 7th century invasion." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Badro et al. 2013. Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
El-Sibai et al. 2009. El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; zaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (16 August 2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years". American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008. PMC 7332655. PMID 32470374.
Haber et al. 2011. Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Royyuru, Ajay; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Adhikarla, Syama; Adler, Christina J.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Clarke, Andrew C.; Comas, David; Cooper, Alan; Sarkissian, Clio S. I. Der; Dulik, Matthew C.; Erasmus, Christoff J.; Gaieski, Jill B.; GaneshPrasad, ArunKumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Hobbs, Angela; Javed, Asif; Jin, Li; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Li, Shilin; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Melé, Marta; Merchant, Nirav C.; Mitchell, R. John; Owings, Amanda C.; Parida, Laxmi; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Renfrew, Colin; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Soodyall, Himla; Swamikrishnan, Pandikumar; John, Kavitha Valampuri; Santhakumari, Arun Varatharajan; Vieira, Pedro Paulo; Ziegle, Janet S. (1 March 2011). "Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"The mixed Near Eastern–Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze, shown using both modern and ancient DNA data, is distinct from that of neighboring Syrians, Palestinians and most of the Lebanese, who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:" Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian. In that study, Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines, whereas Jews, Assyrians, Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula/East African components diverged ~23,700–15,500 y.a., while the Levantine and European components diverged ~15,900–9,100 y.a." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"ADMIXTURE identifies at K = 10 an ancestral component (light green) with a geographically restricted distribution representing ~50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (~25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component (Figure 4A, 4B) correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event."
2-"Besides this component, the most frequent ancestral component (shown in dark blue) in the Levantines (42–68%) is also present, at lower frequencies, in Europe and Central Asia." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Fernandes et al. 2015. Quote:1-"In the Near East, we included Iraq, Jordan, Israel/Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria."
2-"Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian/Caucasian and an Arabian/North African component; these two components have similar proportions of ~30% each in Yemen and UAE, but the Arabian/North African proportion increases to 52–60% in Saudi and Bedouin. In Near Eastern populations, correspondingly, the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component rises to ~50% and the Arabian/North African cluster decreases to ~20–30%, even in Palestinians (similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze), highlighting their primarily indigenous origin, with the most extreme values for the Druze, carrying the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component at ~80%." Fernandes, Verónica; Triska, Petr; Pereira, Joana B.; Alshamali, Farida; Rito, Teresa; Machado, Alison; Fajkošová, Zuzana; Cavadas, Bruno; Černý, Viktor; Soares, Pedro; Richards, Martin B.; Pereira, Luísa (4 March 2015). "Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018625F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625. PMC 4349752. PMID 25738654.
El‐Sibai et al. 2009. Quote:"J1 frequencies in Syria, Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries (58.3% in Qatar and 72.5% in Yemen; Fig. 2G") El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; zaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (16 August 2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
Haber et al. 2011. Quote:"Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples. West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis, and not far from LN, LB, and LM Maronites." Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Royyuru, Ajay; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Adhikarla, Syama; Adler, Christina J.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Clarke, Andrew C.; Comas, David; Cooper, Alan; Sarkissian, Clio S. I. Der; Dulik, Matthew C.; Erasmus, Christoff J.; Gaieski, Jill B.; GaneshPrasad, ArunKumar; Haak, Wolfgang; Hobbs, Angela; Javed, Asif; Jin, Li; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Li, Shilin; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Melé, Marta; Merchant, Nirav C.; Mitchell, R. John; Owings, Amanda C.; Parida, Laxmi; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Renfrew, Colin; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Soodyall, Himla; Swamikrishnan, Pandikumar; John, Kavitha Valampuri; Santhakumari, Arun Varatharajan; Vieira, Pedro Paulo; Ziegle, Janet S. (1 March 2011). "Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians, whereas the Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian populations clustered together." Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Johnsrud, Brian; Khazen, Georges; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Platt, Daniel E.; Zalloua, Pierre A. (30 January 2013). "Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component (X = 7%) when compared with their neighbouring populations, such as Palestinians (X = 5%) and Lebanese and Bedouins (X = 2%)." Marshall, Scarlett; Das, Ranajit; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran (16 November 2016). "Reconstructing Druze Population History". Scientific Reports. 6: 35837. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635837M. doi:10.1038/srep35837. PMC 5111078. PMID 27848937.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"On the contrary, key differences were noted between Levant Arabs (Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians), and other Arab populations, highlighted by high frequencies of A*24, B*35, DRB1*11:01, DQB1*03:01, and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean, as Cretans (−0.0001) and Lebanese Armenians (0.0050)." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Hammer et al. 2000. Quote:"This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it." Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M.A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonné-Tamir, B. (9 May 2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes". PNAS. 97 (12). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.
Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:1-"The extent of gene Arab exchange with these autochthonous groups is undetermined but is thought to be lower than religious/cultural influence."
2-"On the other hand, Levant Arabs are distant from Saudis, Kuwaitis, and Yeminis, an indication that the contribution of the Arabian Peninsula populations to Levantine gene pool is low, probably due to the absence of the demographic aspect of 7th century invasion." Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The Genetic Heterogeneity of Arab Populations as Inferred from HLA Genes". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0192269. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392269H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. PMC 5844529. PMID 29522542.
Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (25 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.

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