Taiwanese Mandarin (English Wikipedia)

Su, Dailun (12 April 2006b). 基測作文俗體字不扣分 [Basic Competence Test will not penalize nonstandard characters]. Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

archive.org

Chen 1999, pp. 22–24. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Chen 1999, p. 48. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Teng 2002, p. 230. Teng, Shoushin (2002). "Defining Taiwanese Mandarin". In So, Daniel W.; Jones, Gary M. (eds.). Education and society in plurilingual contexts. Brussels: VUB Brussels University Press. ISBN 9054873221.
Chen 1999, p. 47. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Teng 2002, p. 232. Teng, Shoushin (2002). "Defining Taiwanese Mandarin". In So, Daniel W.; Jones, Gary M. (eds.). Education and society in plurilingual contexts. Brussels: VUB Brussels University Press. ISBN 9054873221.
Chen 1999, pp. 46–47. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Chen 1999, p. 39. "The Beijing dialect, particularly in its informal usage, is characterized by an abundance of rhotacization of the last category." Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Chen 1999, p. 48; Kubler 1985, p. 159. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 160; Chen 1999, p. 47. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Chen 1999, pp. 46–47; Li 1992. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0. Li, Qingmei (1992). 海峡两岸字音比较 [Comparison of Cross-straits Character Pronunciation]. 语言文字应用 [Applied Linguistics]. 3: 42–48.
Chen 1999, pp. 106–107. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Chen 1999, p. 107. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.

archive.today

Su, Dailun (12 April 2006b). 基測作文俗體字不扣分 [Basic Competence Test will not penalize nonstandard characters]. Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
两岸词汇存差异对照交流增意 [Cross-straits vocabulary differences — Comparison and exchange gains interest]. Xinhua (in Chinese). 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.

atlantis-press.com

Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 212. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 213. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 215. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.

books.google.com

Teng 2021, p. 22. 「離合詞的基本屬性是不及物動詞... 當然，在臺灣已經有些離合詞，如：「幫忙」，傾向於及物用法。因為仍不穩定，教材中仍以不及物表現為規範。 "A fundamental attribute of separable verbs is their intransivity ... of course, in Taiwan there are some separable verbs, such as bangmang, that tend to be transitive. As this [usage] is still unstable, the teaching materials still use the intransitive as the standard." Teng, Shou-Hsin, ed. (4 November 2021). 當代中文課程教師手冊1 [A Course in Contemporary Chinese, Teacher's Manual 1] (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). Taipei: 國立臺灣師範大學國語教學中心 [The Mandarin Training Center of National Taiwan Normal University]. ISBN 9789570859737. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

chinadaily.com.cn

language.chinadaily.com.cn

Wang, Yinquan (25 December 2012). 两岸四地外国专名翻译异同趣谈 [An Interesting Look at Foreign Proper Noun Transliteration in China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan]. China Daily. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021.

chinatimes.com

Lu, Wei (20 February 2010). 詞彙研究所－質量 vs.品質 [Vocabulary Research Institute: Zhiliang vs. Pinzhi]. 中國時報 [China Times] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.

concentric-linguistics.url.tw

Chung 2006a; Cheng & Xu 2013. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Cheng, Chierh; Xu, Yi (December 2013). "Articulatory limit and extreme segmental reduction in Taiwan Mandarin". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 134 (6): 4481–4495. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..134.4481C. doi:10.1121/1.4824930. PMID 25669259.
Chung 2006a, p. 71. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
Chung 2006a, pp. 75–77. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.

core.ac.uk

Wu & Su 2014, pp. 240–241. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, p. 241. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, pp. 243. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, pp. 243–244. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, p. 240. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

cw.com.tw

crossing.cw.com.tw

He, Zewen (10 September 2019). 簡體字破壞中華文化？最早的「漢字簡化」，其實是國民黨提出來的 [Have Simplified Characters Destroyed Chinese Culture? The Earliest 'Simplification' was Actuall Proposed by the KMT]. 換日線 [Crossing]. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

dailyview.tw

Weng, Yunqian (19 April 2021). 聽寫成「咡」、點寫成「奌」？網揭「台式簡體」寫法超特別：原來不只我這樣 [聽 written 咡 and 點 written 奌? Internet Shows Super Unique 'Taiwanese Simplified Characters' - Turns Out It's Not Just Me!]. 網路溫度計 [Daily View]. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

degruyter.com

Bradley 1991, p. 314. Bradley, David (1991). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1515/9783110888140.305. ISBN 9783110128550. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Hsu & Tse 2007; Bradley 1991, p. 315. Hsu, Hui-Ju; Tse, John Kwock-Ping (1 January 2007). "Syllable-Final Nasal Mergers in Taiwan Mandarin-Leveled but Puzzling". Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 33 (1): 1–18. doi:10.6241/concentric.ling.200701_33(1).0001. Bradley, David (1991). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1515/9783110888140.305. ISBN 9783110128550. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

dgbas.gov.tw

年人口及住宅普查初步統計結果 [2021 Population and Residence Census Preliminary Statistics] (PDF) (Report) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. 31 August 2021. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022. 「6歲以上本國籍常住人口計2,178.6 萬人，主要使用語言為國語者占 66.3%，閩南語占 31.7%；主要或次要使用國語者占 96.8%，閩南語者占86.0%，客語者占 5.5%，原住民族語者占 1.1%。」 [There are 21,786,000 permanent resident nationals over the age of six. 66.3% primarily use Guoyu, and 31.7% Southern Min [i.e. Hokkien/Taiyu]. 96.8% use Guoyu either primarily or secondarily, 86.0% use Southern Min, 5.5% use Hakka, and 1.1% use aboriginal languages.]

dict.edu.tw

twblg.dict.edu.tw

鬥鬧熱. 《臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典》 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

doi.org

Szeto, Ansaldo & Matthews 2018, pp. 241–42. " Szeto, Pui Yiu; Ansaldo, Umberto; Matthews, Stephen (28 August 2018). "Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach". Linguistic Typology. 22 (2): 233–275. doi:10.1515/lingty-2018-0009. S2CID 126344099.
Weng 2018, p. 613. "... without prior exposure, speakers of different Mandarin dialects often have considerable difficulty understanding each other's local vernacular... In some cases, mutual intelligibility is not guaranteed even if the Mandarin dialects concerned belong to the same group and are spoken within the same province." Weng, Jeffrey (2018). "What is Mandarin? The social project of language standardization in early Republican China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (1): 611–633. doi:10.1017/S0021911818000487.
Bradley 1991, p. 314. Bradley, David (1991). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1515/9783110888140.305. ISBN 9783110128550. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Chung 2006b, p. 198. In the context of Taiwan specifically: "Beyond broadcasters and a minority of people who have rather idiosyncratically adopted textbook pronunciations in their own everyday speech, plus a few natives of Beijing and other mainlanders, however, textbook Mandarin [i.e. "the Beijing-based Mandarin taught in Taiwan schools"] exists mainly as an idealized language that is studied and exists in one's consciousness, but is seldom consistently practiced." Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Cheng 1985. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
Su 2006. "Taiwanese-accented Mandarin shares with Taiwanese the sociolinguistic meanings of backwardness and congeniality [and] is a highly stigmatized variety among Taiwanese speakers." Su, Hsi-Yao (23 June 2006). "The Multilingual and Multi-Orthographic Taiwan-Based Internet: Creative Uses of Writing Systems on College-Affiliated BBSs". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 9 (1): nonpaginated. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00357.x.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 54. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 55. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 57. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Cheng 1985, p. 354; Her 2009. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 58. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 60. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 64. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, pp. 59–60. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Wang et al. 2015, p. 251. Wang, Boli; Shi, Xiaodong; Chen, Yidong; Ren, Wenyao; Yan, Siyao (March 2015). 语料库语言学视角下的台湾汉字简化研究 [On the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Taiwan: A Perspective from Corpus Linguistics]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版) [Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis] (in Chinese). 51 (2): 249–254. doi:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2015.043.
Huang 2019, p. 6. Huang, Karen (3 July 2019). "Language ideologies of the transcription system Zhuyin fuhao: a symbol of Taiwanese identity". Writing Systems Research. 11 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/17586801.2020.1779903. S2CID 222110820.
Lin 2015, p. 199. Lin, Peiyin (December 2015). "Language, Culture, and Identity: Romanization in Taiwan and Its Implications". Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies. 12 (2). doi:10.6163/tjeas.2015.12(2)191.
Huang 2019, pp. 1–2. Huang, Karen (3 July 2019). "Language ideologies of the transcription system Zhuyin fuhao: a symbol of Taiwanese identity". Writing Systems Research. 11 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/17586801.2020.1779903. S2CID 222110820.
Lin 2015, p. 200. Lin, Peiyin (December 2015). "Language, Culture, and Identity: Romanization in Taiwan and Its Implications". Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies. 12 (2). doi:10.6163/tjeas.2015.12(2)191.
Lin 2015, p. 199; Chiung 2001, p. 33. Lin, Peiyin (December 2015). "Language, Culture, and Identity: Romanization in Taiwan and Its Implications". Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies. 12 (2). doi:10.6163/tjeas.2015.12(2)191. Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). "Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan" (PDF). The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Chung 2006b, pp. 200–202. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2006b, pp. 197. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2006b, pp. 197–98. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Hsu & Tse 2007; Bradley 1991, p. 315. Hsu, Hui-Ju; Tse, John Kwock-Ping (1 January 2007). "Syllable-Final Nasal Mergers in Taiwan Mandarin-Leveled but Puzzling". Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 33 (1): 1–18. doi:10.6241/concentric.ling.200701_33(1).0001. Bradley, David (1991). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1515/9783110888140.305. ISBN 9783110128550. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Chung 2006a; Cheng & Xu 2013. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Cheng, Chierh; Xu, Yi (December 2013). "Articulatory limit and extreme segmental reduction in Taiwan Mandarin". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 134 (6): 4481–4495. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..134.4481C. doi:10.1121/1.4824930. PMID 25669259.
Yao 2014, p. 1650. Yao, Qian (September 2014). "Analysis of Computer Terminology Translation Differences between Taiwan and Mainland China". Advanced Materials Research. 1030–1032: 1650–1652. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.1650. S2CID 136508776.
Li 2015, p. 344. Li, Xingjian (1 January 2015). 两岸差异词及两岸差异词词典的编纂 —— 《两岸差异词词典》编后感言 [Different Words Across the Taiwan Strait and the Compilation of A Dictionary of Different Word Across the Taiwan Strait]. Global Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). 1 (2): 339–353. doi:10.1515/glochi-2015-1015.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 212. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 213. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Li 2015, p. 343. Li, Xingjian (1 January 2015). 两岸差异词及两岸差异词词典的编纂 —— 《两岸差异词词典》编后感言 [Different Words Across the Taiwan Strait and the Compilation of A Dictionary of Different Word Across the Taiwan Strait]. Global Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). 1 (2): 339–353. doi:10.1515/glochi-2015-1015.
Li 2015, p. 342. Li, Xingjian (1 January 2015). 两岸差异词及两岸差异词词典的编纂 —— 《两岸差异词词典》编后感言 [Different Words Across the Taiwan Strait and the Compilation of A Dictionary of Different Word Across the Taiwan Strait]. Global Chinese (in Simplified Chinese). 1 (2): 339–353. doi:10.1515/glochi-2015-1015.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 215. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Cook 2018, p. 14. Cook, Angela (December 2018). "A typology of lexical borrowing in Modern Standard Chinese". Lingua Sinica. 4 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40655-018-0038-7. S2CID 96453867.
Diao 2016. Diao, Yanbin (2016). 海峡两岸离合词使用情况对比考察 [A Comparative Study of Separable Verbs Usage Across The Strait]. 海外华文教育 [Overseas Chinese Language and Culture Education] (in Simplified Chinese) (4): 435–446. doi:10.14095/j.cnki.oce.2016.04.001.

ethnologue.com

Chinese, Mandarin at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

ettoday.net

熱「ㄋㄠˋ」改「ㄋㄠ˙」教育部字典被網罵：演古裝劇？ ["'Rènào' to 'rènao'—Ministry of Education Dictionary criticized online: Are they pretending to be in some period piece?"]. ETtoday (in Chinese). 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.

feu.edu.tw

Yang 2007, pp. 117–119; Sanders 1992. Yang, Yici (July 2007). 臺灣國語「會」的用法 [The Usage of 'Hui' in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 遠東通識學報 [Journal of Far East University General Education] (in Chinese) (1). Tainan, Taiwan: Far East University: 109–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-16. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Chung 2006a; Cheng & Xu 2013. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Cheng, Chierh; Xu, Yi (December 2013). "Articulatory limit and extreme segmental reduction in Taiwan Mandarin". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 134 (6): 4481–4495. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..134.4481C. doi:10.1121/1.4824930. PMID 25669259.

jstor.org

Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250; Khoo 2019, p. 221. 「"若將華語口音的標準與否視為一個連續體（continuum），標準國語就是在這個連續體的標準端；另一個端點，也就是不標準端，就是台灣國語了。」["If we view a Mandarin accent and its standard quality as a continuum, Standard Guoyu is at the standard end, and the other end, that is, the nonstandard end, is Taiwan Guoyu."] Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022. Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Cheng 1985. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
Zeitoun 1998, p. 51. Zeitoun, Elizabeth (1998). "Taiwan's Aboriginal Languages: A linguistic assessment". China Perspectives (20): 45–52. ISSN 2070-3449. JSTOR 24051035. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
Cheng 1985, p. 354; Her 2009. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 63. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Kubler 1985, p. 161. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 159. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 157. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Chen 1999, p. 48; Kubler 1985, p. 159. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 160. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 160; Chen 1999, p. 47. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, pp. 250–51. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Fon & Chiang 1999, pp. 29–30. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu (1999). "WHAT DOES CHAO HAVE TO SAY ABOUT TONES? —A CASE STUDY OF TAIWAN MANDARIN / 赵氏声调系统与声学之联结及量化–以台湾地区国语为例". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 27 (1): 13–37. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756742.
Kubler 1985, p. 171. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Sanders 1992, p. 289. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Zhao 2006, pp. 307–311. Zhao, Jian (2006). 現代漢語的口語外來語 [Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 306–327. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754127. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Zhao 2006, p. 312. Zhao, Jian (2006). 現代漢語的口語外來語 [Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 306–327. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754127. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 53. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 57. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 62. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, pp. 63–66. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Yang 2007, pp. 117–119; Sanders 1992. Yang, Yici (July 2007). 臺灣國語「會」的用法 [The Usage of 'Hui' in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 遠東通識學報 [Journal of Far East University General Education] (in Chinese) (1). Tainan, Taiwan: Far East University: 109–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-16. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Sanders 1992, pp. 302–303. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Sanders 1992, p. 303. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.

lotpublications.nl

Lin 2014, p. 2. Lin, Chin-hui (2014). Utterance-final Particles in Taiwan Mandarin: Contact, Context, and Core Functions (PDF) (Thesis). Netherlands National Graduate School of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
Lin 2014, pp. 3–5. Lin, Chin-hui (2014). Utterance-final Particles in Taiwan Mandarin: Contact, Context, and Core Functions (PDF) (Thesis). Netherlands National Graduate School of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
Lin 2014, p. 122. Lin, Chin-hui (2014). Utterance-final Particles in Taiwan Mandarin: Contact, Context, and Core Functions (PDF) (Thesis). Netherlands National Graduate School of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

moe.edu.tw

sutian.moe.edu.tw

袂. 《臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典》 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2024.

moedict.tw

歺. 《重編國語辭典修訂本》 [Recompiled Guoyu Dictionary, Revised Edition] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Per the respective Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary entries in the Taiwanese Ministry of Education's dictionary website Archived 2017-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Each character is present on the List of Most Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese (现代汉语常用字表), also available on Wikisource in translation here.
和. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture [zh]. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
暴露. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
質. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
從. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
吃. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Lists for each of the four categories can be found on the dictionary website here, accessed 24 December 2022, and archived here.
通過. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
透過. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
同實異名. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
油品. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
影集. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
土豆. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
公車. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
愛人. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
趴. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
"乎 Archived 2022-01-03 at the Wayback Machine", Taiwanese Minnan Dictionary 《臺灣閩南語辭典》, Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China.
黑白講. 《重編國語辭典修訂本》 [Recompiled Guoyu Dictionary, Revised Edition] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
烏白. 《臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典》 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

ncku.edu.tw

uibun.twl.ncku.edu.tw

Lin 2015, p. 199; Chiung 2001, p. 33. Lin, Peiyin (December 2015). "Language, Culture, and Identity: Romanization in Taiwan and Its Implications". Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies. 12 (2). doi:10.6163/tjeas.2015.12(2)191. Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). "Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan" (PDF). The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Chiung 2001, p. 25. Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). "Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan" (PDF). The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chung 2006a; Cheng & Xu 2013. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Cheng, Chierh; Xu, Yi (December 2013). "Articulatory limit and extreme segmental reduction in Taiwan Mandarin". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 134 (6): 4481–4495. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..134.4481C. doi:10.1121/1.4824930. PMID 25669259.

ntnu.edu.tw

rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw

Nan 2008, p. 65. “在《現代漢語常用字表》3500 字中，讀音差異的有 444 處，佔 12.7％。在《現代漢語通用字表》7000 字中，讀音差異的有 1284 處，佔 18.3％。” ["Among the 7000 characters in List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese, 1284, or 18.3%, had different readings. Among the 3500 characters in the List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese, 444, or 12.7%, had different readings."] Nan, Jihong (June 2008). 兩岸語音規範標準之差異探析 ─ 以《現代漢語通用字表》為範疇 [A Study of the Distinction of Pronunciation Standards between Taiwan and Mainland China] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2021.
Wu 2006, p. 1. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, pp. 24–26. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, p. 16. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, pp. 33. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, p. 61. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, pp. 62–63. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Yao 1992, pp. 335–37. Yao, Rongsong (June 1992). 臺灣現行外來語的問題 [Survey on the Problem of Contemporary Loan Words in the Languages Spoken in Taiwan]. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University (in Chinese). 37: 329–362. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
Yao 1992, pp. 337, 358–59. Yao, Rongsong (June 1992). 臺灣現行外來語的問題 [Survey on the Problem of Contemporary Loan Words in the Languages Spoken in Taiwan]. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University (in Chinese). 37: 329–362. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

jntnu.ord.ntnu.edu.tw

Yeh, Chan & Cheng 2004, p. 76. Yeh, Hsi-nan; Chan, Hui-chen; Cheng, Yuh-show (2004). "Language Use in Taiwan: Language Proficiency and Domain Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences. 49 (1): 75–108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
Yeh, Chan & Cheng 2004, pp. 86–88. Yeh, Hsi-nan; Chan, Hui-chen; Cheng, Yuh-show (2004). "Language Use in Taiwan: Language Proficiency and Domain Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences. 49 (1): 75–108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.

tcll.ntnu.edu.tw

Tan 2012, p. 2. Tan, Le-kun 陳麗君 (2012). 華語語言接觸下的「有」字句 [The Usage of Taiwanese U and Mandarin You as a Result of Language Contact between Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin]. 台灣學誌 [Monumenta Taiwanica] (5): 1–26. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
Tan 2012, pp. 5–6. Tan, Le-kun 陳麗君 (2012). 華語語言接觸下的「有」字句 [The Usage of Taiwanese U and Mandarin You as a Result of Language Contact between Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin]. 台灣學誌 [Monumenta Taiwanica] (5): 1–26. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-01.

ntu.edu.tw

homepage.ntu.edu.tw

Chung 2006b, p. 198. In the context of Taiwan specifically: "Beyond broadcasters and a minority of people who have rather idiosyncratically adopted textbook pronunciations in their own everyday speech, plus a few natives of Beijing and other mainlanders, however, textbook Mandarin [i.e. "the Beijing-based Mandarin taught in Taiwan schools"] exists mainly as an idealized language that is studied and exists in one's consciousness, but is seldom consistently practiced." Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2001, pp. 168. Chung, Karen Steffen (2001). "Some Returned Loans: Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). In McAuley, T.E. (ed.). Language Change in East Asia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 161–179. ISBN 0700713778. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Chung 2001, p. 169. Chung, Karen Steffen (2001). "Some Returned Loans: Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). In McAuley, T.E. (ed.). Language Change in East Asia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 161–179. ISBN 0700713778. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Chung 2006b, pp. 200–202. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2006b, pp. 197. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2006b, pp. 197–98. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

nytimes.com

cn.nytimes.com

Chien, Amy Chang (22 September 2017). "项目"、"视频"：台湾人不会讲的中国话 ['Xiangmu', 'Shipin': The Chinese that Taiwanese Can't Speak]. New York Times (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.

omniglot.com

"Braille for Chinese". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.

osu.edu

naccl.osu.edu

Sanders 2008, p. 98. Sanders, Robert (2008). Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours (PDF). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 87–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
Sanders 2008, p. 88. Sanders, Robert (2008). Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours (PDF). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 87–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
Sanders 2008, pp. 104–105. Sanders, Robert (2008). Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours (PDF). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 87–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-03-14.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Szeto, Ansaldo & Matthews 2018, pp. 241–42. " Szeto, Pui Yiu; Ansaldo, Umberto; Matthews, Stephen (28 August 2018). "Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach". Linguistic Typology. 22 (2): 233–275. doi:10.1515/lingty-2018-0009. S2CID 126344099.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 54. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 55. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 57. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 58. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 60. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, p. 64. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Scott & Tiun 2007, pp. 59–60. Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (23 January 2007). "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan". Language Policy. 6 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5. S2CID 145009251.
Huang 2019, p. 6. Huang, Karen (3 July 2019). "Language ideologies of the transcription system Zhuyin fuhao: a symbol of Taiwanese identity". Writing Systems Research. 11 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/17586801.2020.1779903. S2CID 222110820.
Huang 2019, pp. 1–2. Huang, Karen (3 July 2019). "Language ideologies of the transcription system Zhuyin fuhao: a symbol of Taiwanese identity". Writing Systems Research. 11 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/17586801.2020.1779903. S2CID 222110820.
Yao 2014, p. 1650. Yao, Qian (September 2014). "Analysis of Computer Terminology Translation Differences between Taiwan and Mainland China". Advanced Materials Research. 1030–1032: 1650–1652. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.1650. S2CID 136508776.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 212. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 213. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 215. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Cook 2018, p. 14. Cook, Angela (December 2018). "A typology of lexical borrowing in Modern Standard Chinese". Lingua Sinica. 4 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40655-018-0038-7. S2CID 96453867.

sinica.edu.tw

ling.sinica.edu.tw

Her 2009, p. 377. 「國語：教育部依據北京話所頒定的標準語，英文是Standard Mandarin，其內涵與北京話相似。但只是死的人為標準，並非活的語言。」 ["Guoyu: The standard language determined by the Ministry of Education based on the Beijing dialect, with which it is similar. It is called Standard Mandarin in English. It is a dead, artificial standard, and not a living language."] Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Shi & Deng 2006, p. 376. 「標準國語＂指用於正規的書面語言以及電視廣播中的通用語，……和大陸的普通話基本一致。"台灣國語＂指在台灣三十歲以下至少受過高中教育的台灣籍和大陸籍人士所說的通用語，也就是因受閩南話影響而聲、韻、調以及詞彙、句法方面與標準普通話產生某些差異的語言。」 ["'Standard Guoyu' refers to the language used in formal writing and television broadcasts, which in essence is Northern Mandarin absent more extreme dialect elements and features ... largely identical to Putonghua. 'Taiwan Guoyu' is the common language spoken by Taiwanese people and Chinese mainland descendants in Taiwan under thirty who have received at least a high school education. The influence of Taiwanese has produced differences from standard Putonghua in onsets and rimes, tone, vocabulary, and syntax."] Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Shi & Deng 2006, p. 372–373. Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Cheng 1985, p. 354; Her 2009. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Shi & Deng 2006, pp. 376–78. Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.

sino-platonic.org

See Mair for an overview of the terminology and debate: Mair, Victor H. (September 1991). "What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms". Sino-Platonic Papers (29). Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Sanders 1987, p. 2. "The first type of "Mandarin" to be recognized is what is called putonghua - --- on the Chinese mainland, guoyu in Taiwan, and huayu in Singapore. Outside of China, this (so-called) standard, official Mandarin corresponds to the language found in textbooks. What characterizes this language is grammatical underspecification, a lack of any native speakers, and very few truly fluent speakers." Sanders, Robert M. (November 1987). "The Four Languages of 'Mandarin'". Sino-Platonic Papers (4). Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

stat.gov.tw

年人口及住宅普查 [2010 Population and Household Census] (PDF) (Report) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. September 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.

taipeitimes.com

Shih, Hsiu-chuan (18 September 2008). "Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

term.org.cn

Zhang 2000, p. 38. ”随着大陆与台湾、香港、澳门 ... 的科技交流、商贸活动的日益频繁，人们越来越感到海峡两岸计算机名词(以下简称两岸名词)的差异，已成为一个不小的障碍，影响着正常的业务工作。” ["With the growing frequency of scientific and technological exchange and commerce among the mainland and Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau ... people increasingly feel that the differences in computer terminology (hereafter referred to as cross-strait terms) on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have become a sizable hindrance affecting normal work."] Zhang, Wei (2000). 海峡两岸计算机名词异同浅析 [Analyses about the Similarities and Differences of Computer Terms Used in Two Sides of Taiwan Straits] (PDF). 中国科技术语 中国科技术语 [China Terminology]. 4 (2): 38–42. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
Zhang 2000, p. 40. “通过分析，得出了各类名词的数量及其比例关系：完全相同名词占总数58.25%，基本相同名词占总数20%，基本不同名词占总数10.25%，完全不同名词占总数11.5%。” ["Through analysis [I] drew out the number and proportion of various nouns: identical nouns account for 58.25% of the total, basically identical nouns for 20% of the total, basically different nouns for 10.25% of the total, and entirely different nouns for 11.5% of the total."] Zhang, Wei (2000). 海峡两岸计算机名词异同浅析 [Analyses about the Similarities and Differences of Computer Terms Used in Two Sides of Taiwan Straits] (PDF). 中国科技术语 中国科技术语 [China Terminology]. 4 (2): 38–42. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

thenewslens.com

Lin, If (30 September 2021). 最新普查：全國6成常用國語，而這6縣市主要用台語 [Newest Census: 60% Nationally Use Guoyu Regularly, But These 6 Cities and Counties Use Taiyu]. 關鍵評論網 [The News Lens] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.

twlls.org.tw

Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250; Khoo 2019, p. 221. 「"若將華語口音的標準與否視為一個連續體（continuum），標準國語就是在這個連續體的標準端；另一個端點，也就是不標準端，就是台灣國語了。」["If we view a Mandarin accent and its standard quality as a continuum, Standard Guoyu is at the standard end, and the other end, that is, the nonstandard end, is Taiwan Guoyu."] Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022. Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Khoo 2019, p. 222.「國語運動的主要目標之一就是推行標準國語，台灣國語也成為國語運動積極消除的口音…… 並且也因此被貼上負面的標籤。……這種帶有台語口音的華語，依然經常是各種演出中搞笑或醜化角色的素材，「台灣國語」根深蒂固的負面印象可見一斑。」 ["One of the primary goals of the Guoyu Movement [Chinese Wikipedia: 國語運動] was the promotion of Standard Guoyu. The Taiwan Guoyu accent was actively eliminated by the Movement... and moreover acquired a negative label. ... This Mandarin with a Taiyu [Minnanyu] accent is frequently performed as the stuff of comedic or ugly roles, and from this we can see one aspect of the deep-seated negative image of Taiwan Guoyu."] Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.

unravellingmag.com

Szeto 2019. "In common usage, 'Mandarin' or 'Mandarin Chinese' usually refers to China's standard spoken language. In fact, I would argue that this is the predominant meaning of the word." Szeto, Pui-Yiu (5 October 2019). "Mandarin dialects: Unity in diversity". Unravelling Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

web.archive.org

See Mair for an overview of the terminology and debate: Mair, Victor H. (September 1991). "What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms". Sino-Platonic Papers (29). Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Szeto 2019. "In common usage, 'Mandarin' or 'Mandarin Chinese' usually refers to China's standard spoken language. In fact, I would argue that this is the predominant meaning of the word." Szeto, Pui-Yiu (5 October 2019). "Mandarin dialects: Unity in diversity". Unravelling Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Bradley 1991, p. 314. Bradley, David (1991). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1515/9783110888140.305. ISBN 9783110128550. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Her 2009, p. 377. 「國語：教育部依據北京話所頒定的標準語，英文是Standard Mandarin，其內涵與北京話相似。但只是死的人為標準，並非活的語言。」 ["Guoyu: The standard language determined by the Ministry of Education based on the Beijing dialect, with which it is similar. It is called Standard Mandarin in English. It is a dead, artificial standard, and not a living language."] Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Sanders 1987, p. 2. "The first type of "Mandarin" to be recognized is what is called putonghua - --- on the Chinese mainland, guoyu in Taiwan, and huayu in Singapore. Outside of China, this (so-called) standard, official Mandarin corresponds to the language found in textbooks. What characterizes this language is grammatical underspecification, a lack of any native speakers, and very few truly fluent speakers." Sanders, Robert M. (November 1987). "The Four Languages of 'Mandarin'". Sino-Platonic Papers (4). Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Chung 2006b, p. 198. In the context of Taiwan specifically: "Beyond broadcasters and a minority of people who have rather idiosyncratically adopted textbook pronunciations in their own everyday speech, plus a few natives of Beijing and other mainlanders, however, textbook Mandarin [i.e. "the Beijing-based Mandarin taught in Taiwan schools"] exists mainly as an idealized language that is studied and exists in one's consciousness, but is seldom consistently practiced." Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250; Khoo 2019, p. 221. 「"若將華語口音的標準與否視為一個連續體（continuum），標準國語就是在這個連續體的標準端；另一個端點，也就是不標準端，就是台灣國語了。」["If we view a Mandarin accent and its standard quality as a continuum, Standard Guoyu is at the standard end, and the other end, that is, the nonstandard end, is Taiwan Guoyu."] Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022. Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Shi & Deng 2006, p. 376. 「標準國語＂指用於正規的書面語言以及電視廣播中的通用語，……和大陸的普通話基本一致。"台灣國語＂指在台灣三十歲以下至少受過高中教育的台灣籍和大陸籍人士所說的通用語，也就是因受閩南話影響而聲、韻、調以及詞彙、句法方面與標準普通話產生某些差異的語言。」 ["'Standard Guoyu' refers to the language used in formal writing and television broadcasts, which in essence is Northern Mandarin absent more extreme dialect elements and features ... largely identical to Putonghua. 'Taiwan Guoyu' is the common language spoken by Taiwanese people and Chinese mainland descendants in Taiwan under thirty who have received at least a high school education. The influence of Taiwanese has produced differences from standard Putonghua in onsets and rimes, tone, vocabulary, and syntax."] Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Cheng 1985. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
Shi & Deng 2006, p. 372–373. Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Khoo 2019, p. 222.「國語運動的主要目標之一就是推行標準國語，台灣國語也成為國語運動積極消除的口音…… 並且也因此被貼上負面的標籤。……這種帶有台語口音的華語，依然經常是各種演出中搞笑或醜化角色的素材，「台灣國語」根深蒂固的負面印象可見一斑。」 ["One of the primary goals of the Guoyu Movement [Chinese Wikipedia: 國語運動] was the promotion of Standard Guoyu. The Taiwan Guoyu accent was actively eliminated by the Movement... and moreover acquired a negative label. ... This Mandarin with a Taiyu [Minnanyu] accent is frequently performed as the stuff of comedic or ugly roles, and from this we can see one aspect of the deep-seated negative image of Taiwan Guoyu."] Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Zeitoun 1998, p. 51. Zeitoun, Elizabeth (1998). "Taiwan's Aboriginal Languages: A linguistic assessment". China Perspectives (20): 45–52. ISSN 2070-3449. JSTOR 24051035. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
Cheng 1985, p. 354; Her 2009. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Yeh, Chan & Cheng 2004, p. 76. Yeh, Hsi-nan; Chan, Hui-chen; Cheng, Yuh-show (2004). "Language Use in Taiwan: Language Proficiency and Domain Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences. 49 (1): 75–108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
年人口及住宅普查 [2010 Population and Household Census] (PDF) (Report) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. September 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
Yeh, Chan & Cheng 2004, pp. 86–88. Yeh, Hsi-nan; Chan, Hui-chen; Cheng, Yuh-show (2004). "Language Use in Taiwan: Language Proficiency and Domain Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences. 49 (1): 75–108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
年人口及住宅普查初步統計結果 [2021 Population and Residence Census Preliminary Statistics] (PDF) (Report) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. 31 August 2021. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022. 「6歲以上本國籍常住人口計2,178.6 萬人，主要使用語言為國語者占 66.3%，閩南語占 31.7%；主要或次要使用國語者占 96.8%，閩南語者占86.0%，客語者占 5.5%，原住民族語者占 1.1%。」 [There are 21,786,000 permanent resident nationals over the age of six. 66.3% primarily use Guoyu, and 31.7% Southern Min [i.e. Hokkien/Taiyu]. 96.8% use Guoyu either primarily or secondarily, 86.0% use Southern Min, 5.5% use Hakka, and 1.1% use aboriginal languages.]
Lin, If (30 September 2021). 最新普查：全國6成常用國語，而這6縣市主要用台語 [Newest Census: 60% Nationally Use Guoyu Regularly, But These 6 Cities and Counties Use Taiyu]. 關鍵評論網 [The News Lens] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Weng, Yunqian (19 April 2021). 聽寫成「咡」、點寫成「奌」？網揭「台式簡體」寫法超特別：原來不只我這樣 [聽 written 咡 and 點 written 奌? Internet Shows Super Unique 'Taiwanese Simplified Characters' - Turns Out It's Not Just Me!]. 網路溫度計 [Daily View]. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
He, Zewen (10 September 2019). 簡體字破壞中華文化？最早的「漢字簡化」，其實是國民黨提出來的 [Have Simplified Characters Destroyed Chinese Culture? The Earliest 'Simplification' was Actuall Proposed by the KMT]. 換日線 [Crossing]. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
歺. 《重編國語辭典修訂本》 [Recompiled Guoyu Dictionary, Revised Edition] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Chung 2001, pp. 168. Chung, Karen Steffen (2001). "Some Returned Loans: Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). In McAuley, T.E. (ed.). Language Change in East Asia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 161–179. ISBN 0700713778. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Chung 2001, p. 169. Chung, Karen Steffen (2001). "Some Returned Loans: Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). In McAuley, T.E. (ed.). Language Change in East Asia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 161–179. ISBN 0700713778. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 63. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
"Braille for Chinese". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
Shih, Hsiu-chuan (18 September 2008). "Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Lin 2015, p. 199; Chiung 2001, p. 33. Lin, Peiyin (December 2015). "Language, Culture, and Identity: Romanization in Taiwan and Its Implications". Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies. 12 (2). doi:10.6163/tjeas.2015.12(2)191. Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). "Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan" (PDF). The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Chiung 2001, p. 25. Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). "Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan" (PDF). The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Chung 2006b, pp. 200–202. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2006b, pp. 197. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Chung 2006b, pp. 197–98. Chung, Karen Steffen (2006b). "Hypercorrection in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 16 (2): 197–214. doi:10.1075/japc.16.2.04chu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Hsu & Tse 2007; Bradley 1991, p. 315. Hsu, Hui-Ju; Tse, John Kwock-Ping (1 January 2007). "Syllable-Final Nasal Mergers in Taiwan Mandarin-Leveled but Puzzling". Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 33 (1): 1–18. doi:10.6241/concentric.ling.200701_33(1).0001. Bradley, David (1991). "Chinese as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1515/9783110888140.305. ISBN 9783110128550. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Chung 2006a; Cheng & Xu 2013. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Cheng, Chierh; Xu, Yi (December 2013). "Articulatory limit and extreme segmental reduction in Taiwan Mandarin". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 134 (6): 4481–4495. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..134.4481C. doi:10.1121/1.4824930. PMID 25669259.
Chung 2006a, p. 71. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
Chung 2006a, pp. 75–77. Chung, Karen Steffen (January 2006a). "Contraction and Backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32 (1): 69–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
Shi & Deng 2006, pp. 376–78. Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Sanders 2008, p. 98. Sanders, Robert (2008). Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours (PDF). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 87–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
Sanders 2008, p. 88. Sanders, Robert (2008). Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours (PDF). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 87–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
Sanders 2008, pp. 104–105. Sanders, Robert (2008). Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours (PDF). 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 87–107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, pp. 250–51. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Nan 2008, p. 65. “在《現代漢語常用字表》3500 字中，讀音差異的有 444 處，佔 12.7％。在《現代漢語通用字表》7000 字中，讀音差異的有 1284 處，佔 18.3％。” ["Among the 7000 characters in List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese, 1284, or 18.3%, had different readings. Among the 3500 characters in the List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese, 444, or 12.7%, had different readings."] Nan, Jihong (June 2008). 兩岸語音規範標準之差異探析 ─ 以《現代漢語通用字表》為範疇 [A Study of the Distinction of Pronunciation Standards between Taiwan and Mainland China] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2021.
熱「ㄋㄠˋ」改「ㄋㄠ˙」教育部字典被網罵：演古裝劇？ ["'Rènào' to 'rènao'—Ministry of Education Dictionary criticized online: Are they pretending to be in some period piece?"]. ETtoday (in Chinese). 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
Per the respective Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary entries in the Taiwanese Ministry of Education's dictionary website Archived 2017-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Each character is present on the List of Most Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese (现代汉语常用字表), also available on Wikisource in translation here.
和. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture [zh]. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
暴露. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
質. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Lu, Wei (20 February 2010). 詞彙研究所－質量 vs.品質 [Vocabulary Research Institute: Zhiliang vs. Pinzhi]. 中國時報 [China Times] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
從. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
吃. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Lists for each of the four categories can be found on the dictionary website here, accessed 24 December 2022, and archived here.
Zhang 2000, p. 38. ”随着大陆与台湾、香港、澳门 ... 的科技交流、商贸活动的日益频繁，人们越来越感到海峡两岸计算机名词(以下简称两岸名词)的差异，已成为一个不小的障碍，影响着正常的业务工作。” ["With the growing frequency of scientific and technological exchange and commerce among the mainland and Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau ... people increasingly feel that the differences in computer terminology (hereafter referred to as cross-strait terms) on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have become a sizable hindrance affecting normal work."] Zhang, Wei (2000). 海峡两岸计算机名词异同浅析 [Analyses about the Similarities and Differences of Computer Terms Used in Two Sides of Taiwan Straits] (PDF). 中国科技术语 中国科技术语 [China Terminology]. 4 (2): 38–42. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
Zhang 2000, p. 40. “通过分析，得出了各类名词的数量及其比例关系：完全相同名词占总数58.25%，基本相同名词占总数20%，基本不同名词占总数10.25%，完全不同名词占总数11.5%。” ["Through analysis [I] drew out the number and proportion of various nouns: identical nouns account for 58.25% of the total, basically identical nouns for 20% of the total, basically different nouns for 10.25% of the total, and entirely different nouns for 11.5% of the total."] Zhang, Wei (2000). 海峡两岸计算机名词异同浅析 [Analyses about the Similarities and Differences of Computer Terms Used in Two Sides of Taiwan Straits] (PDF). 中国科技术语 中国科技术语 [China Terminology]. 4 (2): 38–42. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
Chien, Amy Chang (22 September 2017). "项目"、"视频"：台湾人不会讲的中国话 ['Xiangmu', 'Shipin': The Chinese that Taiwanese Can't Speak]. New York Times (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
同實異名. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 212. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 213. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
油品. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
影集. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
土豆. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
公車. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
愛人. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
趴. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Lin 2014, p. 2. Lin, Chin-hui (2014). Utterance-final Particles in Taiwan Mandarin: Contact, Context, and Core Functions (PDF) (Thesis). Netherlands National Graduate School of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
Lin 2014, pp. 3–5. Lin, Chin-hui (2014). Utterance-final Particles in Taiwan Mandarin: Contact, Context, and Core Functions (PDF) (Thesis). Netherlands National Graduate School of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
Wu 2006, p. 1. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Lin 2014, p. 122. Lin, Chin-hui (2014). Utterance-final Particles in Taiwan Mandarin: Contact, Context, and Core Functions (PDF) (Thesis). Netherlands National Graduate School of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
Wu 2006, pp. 24–26. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, p. 16. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, pp. 33. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
"乎 Archived 2022-01-03 at the Wayback Machine", Taiwanese Minnan Dictionary 《臺灣閩南語辭典》, Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China.
Wu 2006, p. 61. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wu 2006, pp. 62–63. Wu, I-Peh (2006). 當代台灣國語語氣詞之研究---從核心語義和語用功能的角度探討 [The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function] (Master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
Wang, Yinquan (25 December 2012). 两岸四地外国专名翻译异同趣谈 [An Interesting Look at Foreign Proper Noun Transliteration in China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan]. China Daily. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
Zhou & Zhou 2019, p. 215. Zhou, Jianjiao; Zhou, Shu (2019). "A Study on Differences Between Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland Mandarin in Vocabulary". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2019). Moscow, Russia: Atlantis Press. pp. 212–215. doi:10.2991/iccese-19.2019.48. ISBN 978-94-6252-698-3. S2CID 150304541. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
Wu & Su 2014, pp. 240–241. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, p. 241. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, pp. 243. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, pp. 243–244. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
黑白講. 《重編國語辭典修訂本》 [Recompiled Guoyu Dictionary, Revised Edition] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
烏白. 《臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典》 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
Wu & Su 2014, p. 240. Wu, Xiaofang; Su, Xinchun (2014). 台湾国语中闽南方言词汇的渗透与吸收 [The Penetration and Assimilation of Southern Min Words in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 东南学术 [Southeast Academic Research] (in Chinese) (1): 240. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
鬥鬧熱. 《臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典》 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Zhao 2006, pp. 307–311. Zhao, Jian (2006). 現代漢語的口語外來語 [Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 306–327. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754127. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Zhao 2006, p. 312. Zhao, Jian (2006). 現代漢語的口語外來語 [Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 306–327. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754127. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Yao 1992, pp. 335–37. Yao, Rongsong (June 1992). 臺灣現行外來語的問題 [Survey on the Problem of Contemporary Loan Words in the Languages Spoken in Taiwan]. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University (in Chinese). 37: 329–362. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 53. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Yao 1992, pp. 337, 358–59. Yao, Rongsong (June 1992). 臺灣現行外來語的問題 [Survey on the Problem of Contemporary Loan Words in the Languages Spoken in Taiwan]. Journal of National Taiwan Normal University (in Chinese). 37: 329–362. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 57. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 62. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, pp. 63–66. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Tan 2012, p. 2. Tan, Le-kun 陳麗君 (2012). 華語語言接觸下的「有」字句 [The Usage of Taiwanese U and Mandarin You as a Result of Language Contact between Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin]. 台灣學誌 [Monumenta Taiwanica] (5): 1–26. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
Tan 2012, pp. 5–6. Tan, Le-kun 陳麗君 (2012). 華語語言接觸下的「有」字句 [The Usage of Taiwanese U and Mandarin You as a Result of Language Contact between Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin]. 台灣學誌 [Monumenta Taiwanica] (5): 1–26. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
Yang 2007, pp. 117–119; Sanders 1992. Yang, Yici (July 2007). 臺灣國語「會」的用法 [The Usage of 'Hui' in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 遠東通識學報 [Journal of Far East University General Education] (in Chinese) (1). Tainan, Taiwan: Far East University: 109–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-16. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Teng 2021, p. 22. 「離合詞的基本屬性是不及物動詞... 當然，在臺灣已經有些離合詞，如：「幫忙」，傾向於及物用法。因為仍不穩定，教材中仍以不及物表現為規範。 "A fundamental attribute of separable verbs is their intransivity ... of course, in Taiwan there are some separable verbs, such as bangmang, that tend to be transitive. As this [usage] is still unstable, the teaching materials still use the intransitive as the standard." Teng, Shou-Hsin, ed. (4 November 2021). 當代中文課程教師手冊1 [A Course in Contemporary Chinese, Teacher's Manual 1] (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). Taipei: 國立臺灣師範大學國語教學中心 [The Mandarin Training Center of National Taiwan Normal University]. ISBN 9789570859737. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2021.

wikipedia.org

zh.wikipedia.org

Chinese Wikipedia maintains separate articles for the standard form of Guoyu (中華民國國語) and the more colloquial form influenced by Minnanyu (臺灣國語).
Chinese Wikipedia maintains a more extensive table of vocabulary differences between Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and mainland China.
Khoo 2019, p. 222.「國語運動的主要目標之一就是推行標準國語，台灣國語也成為國語運動積極消除的口音…… 並且也因此被貼上負面的標籤。……這種帶有台語口音的華語，依然經常是各種演出中搞笑或醜化角色的素材，「台灣國語」根深蒂固的負面印象可見一斑。」 ["One of the primary goals of the Guoyu Movement [Chinese Wikipedia: 國語運動] was the promotion of Standard Guoyu. The Taiwan Guoyu accent was actively eliminated by the Movement... and moreover acquired a negative label. ... This Mandarin with a Taiyu [Minnanyu] accent is frequently performed as the stuff of comedic or ugly roles, and from this we can see one aspect of the deep-seated negative image of Taiwan Guoyu."] Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
和. 《兩岸常用詞典》 [Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary] (in Chinese). Taipei: General Association of Chinese Culture [zh]. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Per the respective Cross-Strait Common Vocabulary Dictionary entries in the Taiwanese Ministry of Education's dictionary website Archived 2017-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Each character is present on the List of Most Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese (现代汉语常用字表), also available on Wikisource in translation here.

worldcat.org

Wiedenhof 2015, p. 5, "But even inside China, the term Guóyǔ remains in use among speakers of non-Mandarin Sinitic languages when they refer to Mandarin.". Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250; Khoo 2019, p. 221. 「"若將華語口音的標準與否視為一個連續體（continuum），標準國語就是在這個連續體的標準端；另一個端點，也就是不標準端，就是台灣國語了。」["If we view a Mandarin accent and its standard quality as a continuum, Standard Guoyu is at the standard end, and the other end, that is, the nonstandard end, is Taiwan Guoyu."] Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022. Khoo, Hui-loo (2019). 後國語運動的語言態度――台灣年輕人對五種華語口音的態度調查 [The Language Attitudes in Post Guoyu Movement Era in Taiwan ── A Study of Taiwanese Young People's Attitudes Towards Five Mandarin Varieties] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature]. 14 (2): 214–254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Shi & Deng 2006, p. 376. 「標準國語＂指用於正規的書面語言以及電視廣播中的通用語，……和大陸的普通話基本一致。"台灣國語＂指在台灣三十歲以下至少受過高中教育的台灣籍和大陸籍人士所說的通用語，也就是因受閩南話影響而聲、韻、調以及詞彙、句法方面與標準普通話產生某些差異的語言。」 ["'Standard Guoyu' refers to the language used in formal writing and television broadcasts, which in essence is Northern Mandarin absent more extreme dialect elements and features ... largely identical to Putonghua. 'Taiwan Guoyu' is the common language spoken by Taiwanese people and Chinese mainland descendants in Taiwan under thirty who have received at least a high school education. The influence of Taiwanese has produced differences from standard Putonghua in onsets and rimes, tone, vocabulary, and syntax."] Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, p. 250. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Cheng 1985. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
Shi & Deng 2006, p. 372–373. Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Zeitoun 1998, p. 51. Zeitoun, Elizabeth (1998). "Taiwan's Aboriginal Languages: A linguistic assessment". China Perspectives (20): 45–52. ISSN 2070-3449. JSTOR 24051035. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
Cheng 1985, p. 354; Her 2009. Cheng, Robert L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin". Language. 61 (2): 352–377. doi:10.2307/414149. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414149. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17. Her, One-Soon (2009). 語言與族群認同：台灣外省族群的母語與台灣華語談起 [Language and Group Identity: On Taiwan Mainlanders' Mother Tongues and Taiwan Mandarin] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 10 (2): 375–419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
Wiedenhof 2015, p. 401. Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 63. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Wiedenhof 2015, p. 12. Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Kubler 1985, p. 161. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 159. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 157. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Chen 1999, p. 48; Kubler 1985, p. 159. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Wiedenhof 2015, p. 46. Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Kubler 1985, p. 160. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Kubler 1985, p. 160; Chen 1999, p. 47. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064. Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
Shi & Deng 2006, pp. 376–78. Shi, Feng; Deng, Dan (2006). 普通話與台灣國語的語音對比 [Phonetic Comparison of Putonghua and Taiwan Guoyu]. In He, Da'an; Zhang, Hongnian; Pan, Wuyun; Wu, Fuxiang (eds.). 山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集 [High Mountains, Long Rivers: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Pang-hsin Ting] (PDF) (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 978-986-00-7941-8. OCLC 137224557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021.
Wiedenhof 2015, pp. 12–16. Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Wiedenhof 2015, p. 55. "The second tone is rising as well as high. ... The feature 'high' appears to be on the wane in Taiwan, where a rise starting at a low pitch level is recognized as a second tone." Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Fon, Chiang & Cheung 2004, pp. 250–51. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu; Cheung, Hintat (2004). 台湾地区国语抑扬调 (二声与三声) 之发声与听辨 [Production and Perception of the Two Dipping Tones (Tone 2 and Tone 3) in Taiwan Mandarin]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 32 (2): 249–281. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756118. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Fon & Chiang 1999, pp. 29–30. Fon, Janice; Chiang, Wen-Yu (1999). "WHAT DOES CHAO HAVE TO SAY ABOUT TONES? —A CASE STUDY OF TAIWAN MANDARIN / 赵氏声调系统与声学之联结及量化–以台湾地区国语为例". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 27 (1): 13–37. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23756742.
Wiedenhof 2015, p. 280. Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Kubler 1985, p. 171. Kubler, Cornelius C. (1985). "The Influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (2): 156–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028064.
Sanders 1992, p. 289. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Zhao 2006, pp. 307–311. Zhao, Jian (2006). 現代漢語的口語外來語 [Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 306–327. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754127. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Zhao 2006, p. 312. Zhao, Jian (2006). 現代漢語的口語外來語 [Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 306–327. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754127. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 53. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 57. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, p. 62. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Hsieh & Hsu 2006, pp. 63–66. Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu; Hsu, Hui-li (2006). "Japan Mania and Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin: Lexical Structure and Social Discourse" 台灣的哈日與日語借詞：裡會面觀和詞彙影響. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (1): 44–79. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23754148. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Wiedenhof 2015, p. 214. Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2015). A grammar of Mandarin. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1227-6. OCLC 919452392.
Yang 2007, pp. 117–119; Sanders 1992. Yang, Yici (July 2007). 臺灣國語「會」的用法 [The Usage of 'Hui' in Taiwan Guoyu] (PDF). 遠東通識學報 [Journal of Far East University General Education] (in Chinese) (1). Tainan, Taiwan: Far East University: 109–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-16. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Sanders 1992, pp. 302–303. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.
Sanders 1992, p. 303. Sanders, Robert M. (1992). "The Expression of Modality in Peking and Taipei Mandarin / 關於北京話和台北國語中的情態表示". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 20 (2): 289–314. ISSN 0091-3723. JSTOR 23753908.

xinhuanet.com

两岸词汇存差异对照交流增意 [Cross-straits vocabulary differences — Comparison and exchange gains interest]. Xinhua (in Chinese). 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.