Tel Megiddo (English Wikipedia)

De Miroschedji, Pierre, (2014). "The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the Early Bronze Age", in M.L. Steiner and A.E. Killebrew (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant c.8000–332 BCE, Oxford University Press, pp. 309, 310.
De Miroschedji, Pierre, (2014). "The Southern Levant (Cisjordan) during the Early Bronze Age", in M.L. Steiner and A.E. Killebrew (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant c.8000–332 BCE, Oxford University Press, pp. 314, 319, and Fig. 22.1.
Pioske, Daniel, (2022). "The Historian and the Assemblage: On the Interpretation of Texts and Artifacts for the History of Ancient Israel", in: The Ancient Israelite World, p. 61: "But around 1130 BC Egyptian control of Canaan comes to an end."
Finkelstein, Israel, et al., (2017). "New Evidence on the Late Bronze/Iron I Transition at Megiddo: Implications for the End of the Egyptian Rule and the Appearance of Philistine Pottery", in Egypt and the Levant 27, p. 277: "[T]he destruction of Stratum VIIA in the palace and adjacent Level H-11 building – took place in the early Iron I, in the middle decades of the 11th century BCE [sic]."
Ben-Dor Evian, Shirley; Finkelstein, Israel (2023). "The Sheshonq Fragment from Megiddo: A New Interpretation". Bulletin of ASOR. 390: 97–111. doi:10.1086/727430. An updated Bayesian model for Megiddo (with additional dates for the Iron IIA) places [the end of Stratum VIA] in the 999–974 B.C.E. range (989–953 B.C.E. if the nearby Tel Rehov dates are incorporated in the model —for both, see Finkelstein and Piasetzky in press).

ajaonline.org

Adams, Matthew J., Israel Finkelstein, and David Ussishkin, (2014). "The Great Temple of Early Bronze I Megiddo", in American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 118, No. 2, April, pp. 285–305.

amas.hk

Golden, Jonathan M., 2004. Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Library of Congress, Santa Barbara-California, p. 144.
Golden, Jonathan M., 2004. Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Library of Congress, Santa Barbara-California, pp. 144–145.

apnews.com

Zion, Ilan Ben (15 August 2023). "Israel may uproot ancient Christian mosaic near Armageddon. Where it could go next sparks outcry". AP News. Retrieved 15 August 2023.

archive.org

Schumacher, Gottlieb; Watzinger, Carl (1908): Tell el Mutesellim; Bericht über die 1903 bis 1905 mit Unterstützung SR. Majestät des deutschen Kaisers und der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft vom deutschen Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas Veranstalteten Ausgrabungen Volume: 1
Schumacher, Gottlieb; Watzinger, Carl, 1877-1948, (1929): Tell el Mutesellim; Bericht über die 1903 bis 1905 mit Unterstützung SR. Majestät des deutschen Kaisers und der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft vom deutschen Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas Veranstalteten Ausgrabungen, vol. 2.

austriaca.at

Finkelstein, Israel, (2024). "Megiddo and Thutmose III: An Update", in: Egypt and the Levant XXXIII, pp. 255–262, Abstract: "The work shows that it was the city of Stratum IX of LB I that confronted the pharaoh. And, contrary to conventional wisdom, it also demonstrates that in the Stratum IX era, Megiddo was better protected than it was in the Middle Bronze Age, as the old brick wall was still in use, and houses that created a continuous outer stone wall were constructed on top of it."

biblestudytools.com

"Ἰησοῦς τοῦ Ναυὴ - Κεφάλαιο 12 - Joshua - The Septuagint: LXX". www.septuagint.bible. βασιλέα Μαγεδών "The king of Magedón; "Ἰησοῦς τοῦ Ναυὴ - Κεφάλαιο 17 - Joshua - The Septuagint: LXX". www.septuagint.bible. καὶ ἔσται Μανασσῆ ἐν ᾿Ισσάχαρ καὶ ἐν ᾿Ασὴρ Βαιθσὰν καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Δὼρ καὶ τὰς κώμας αὐτῆς, καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Μαγεδδώ, καὶ τὰς κώμας αὐτῆς..." ("And Manasses shall have Issachar and Aser Baethsan and their villages, and the inhabitants of Dor, and its villages, and the inhabitants of Mageddó and its villages...; "Κτριταὶ - Κεφάλαιο 5 - Judges - The Septuagint: LXX". www.septuagint.bible. ἦλθον αὐτῶν βασιλεῖς, παρετάξαντο, τότε ἐπολέμησαν βασιλεῖς Χαναὰν ἐν Θαναὰχ ἐπὶ ὕδατι Μαγεδδώ." "Kings set themselves in array, then the kings of Chanaan fought in Thanaach at the water of Mageddó.; "Judges 5 - LXX". Bible Study Tools.

biblicalarchaeology.org

Wiener, Noah." Early Bronze Age: Megiddo's Great Temple and the Birth of Urban Culture in the Levant" Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society, 2014.
Wiener, Noah. "Early Bronze Age: Megiddo's Great Temple and the Birth of Urban Culture in the Levant" Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society, 2014.
"Early Bronze Age: Megiddo's Great Temple and the Birth of Urban Culture in the Levant - Biblical Archaeology Society". 9 October 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

books.google.com

Ministry, TruthBeTold (18 August 2017). English Latin Bible: Basic English 1949 - Biblia Sacra Vulgata 405. TruthBeTold Ministry. ISBN 978-82-8381-038-7. ...et abiit Iosias rex in occursum eius et occisus est in Mageddo cum vidisset eum...
Issar, A., & Mattanyah Zohar, (2004). "Climate Change: Environment and Civilization in the Middle East", Springer Science & Business Media, p. 70.
Arie, Eran, (2023). "Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I", in: From Nomadism to Monarchy, p. 120: "The destruction of Tel Megiddo VIIA has traditionally been dated to 1130 BC, due to several Egyptian objects bearing names of Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty, the latest of whom is Ramesses VI, [but] recent excavations in area H, [o]nly some 30 meters from the palace, [in] the only destruction [a]ssociated with the nearby burnt palace, [uncovered] two complete Philistine strainer jugs [...]"
Arie, Eran, (2023). "Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I", in: From Nomadism to Monarchy, p. 120: "[I]t appears that the Canaanite dynasty ruling Megiddo successfully continued to control the city for some decades after the Egyptians had withdrawn from the region, until local factors led to the destruction of the city around 1080 BCE or shortly thereafter."
Bruins, Hendrik J. (2023). "Time and Paradigm at Tel Megiddo: David, Shoshenq I, Hazael and Radiocarbon Dating". In Ben-Yosef, Erez; Jones, Ian W. N. (eds.). "And in Length of Days Understanding" (Job 12:12): Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy. Springer Nature. pp. 811–837. ISBN 978-3-031-27330-8. See Fig. 2, p. 813.
Arie, Eran, (2023). "Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I", in: From Nomadism to Monarchy, p. 120: "The massive and complete destruction of Tel Megiddo VIA and Tel Yoqne'am XVII mark the end of the Iron I in the valley [of Jezreel] and have been considered the end of Canaanite culture in the northern valleys, since the region's material culture in the subsequent Iron IIA is remarkably different in most respects[...]"
Arie, Eran, (2023). "Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I", in: From Nomadism to Monarchy, p. 120: "[P]reserved in the biblical narrative of the war led by Deborah and Barak in Judges 4–5, [t]he only possible background for this story is the battles [b]etween the Israelites from the hill country and the Canaanites who lived in the valley during the Iron I [...]"
Bruins, Hendrik J. (2023). "Time and Paradigm at Tel Megiddo: David, Shoshenq I, Hazael and Radiocarbon Dating". In Ben-Yosef, Erez; Jones, Ian W. N. (eds.). "And in Length of Days Understanding" (Job 12:12): Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy. Springer Nature. pp. 811–837. ISBN 978-3-031-27330-8.
Schniedewind, William M. (2016) [2010]. "Excavating the Text of I Kings 9: In Search of the Gates of Solomon". In Levy, Thomas Evan (ed.). Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism. Routledge. pp. 241–249. ISBN 978-1-134-93746-2.

cnn.com

Strickland, Ashley (22 February 2023). "An elite Bronze Age man had brain surgery more than 3,000 years ago". CNN. Retrieved 24 February 2023.

degruyter.com

Cline, Eric, (2020). "Megiddo", in Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception, Vol. 18, De Gruyter.

doi.org

Nativ, Assaf; Rosenberg, Danny; Nadel, Dani (2014). "The Southern tip of the Northern Levant? The Early Pottery Neolithic assemblage of Tel Ro'im West, Israel". Paléorient. 40 (1): 99. doi:10.3406/paleo.2014.5618. ISSN 0153-9345. JSTOR 24672271.
Kleiman, Assaf; et al. (2023). "Crisis in Motion: The Final Days of Iron Age I Megiddo". Levant. 56 (1): 66–93. doi:10.1080/00758914.2023.2230039.
Finkelstein, Israel; et al. (2019). "The Iron Age Gates of Megiddo: New Evidence and Updated Interpretations". Tel Aviv. 46 (2): 167. doi:10.1080/03344355.2019.1650492.
Ben-Dor Evian, Shirley; Finkelstein, Israel (2023). "The Sheshonq Fragment from Megiddo: A New Interpretation". Bulletin of ASOR. 390: 97–111. doi:10.1086/727430. An updated Bayesian model for Megiddo (with additional dates for the Iron IIA) places [the end of Stratum VIA] in the 999–974 B.C.E. range (989–953 B.C.E. if the nearby Tel Rehov dates are incorporated in the model —for both, see Finkelstein and Piasetzky in press).
Kleiman, Assaf; et al. (2023). "Crisis in Motion: The Final Days of Iron Age I Megiddo". Levant. 56 (1): 66–93. doi:10.1080/00758914.2023.2230039. As for the destruction of Stratum VIA, a radiocarbon study published a few years ago, which was based on a larger quantity of samples, suggested that the event occurred in the range of 985–935 BCE (Toffolo et al. 2014). A more recent model puts it in the early 10th century BC (Finkelstein and Piasetzky in press) ...
Dever, William G. (2021). "Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BC". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1: 102–125. doi:10.52486/01.00001.4. ISSN 2788-8819.
Kalisher, Rachel; Cradic, Melissa S.; Adams, Matthew J.; Martin, Mario A. S.; Finkelstein, Israel (22 February 2023). "Cranial trephination and infectious disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The evidence from two elite brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo, Israel". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0281020. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881020K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281020. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9946252. PMID 36812179.
Haim Watzman (2010), Chemists help archaeologists to probe biblical history, Nature, 468 614–615. doi:10.1038/468614a

globalscientia.com

Unique Gold Earring Found in Intriguing Collection of Ancient Jewelry at Tel Megiddo

haaretz.com

Shapira, Ran, (Oct. 1, 2014). "5,000-year Old Megiddo Temple Yields Evidence of Industrial Animal Sacrifice", in Haaretz.
Hasson, Nir (22 May 2012). "Megiddo Dig Unearths Cache of Buried Canaanite Treasure". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kalisher, Rachel; Cradic, Melissa S.; Adams, Matthew J.; Martin, Mario A. S.; Finkelstein, Israel (22 February 2023). "Cranial trephination and infectious disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The evidence from two elite brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo, Israel". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0281020. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881020K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281020. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9946252. PMID 36812179.

heritagedaily.com

Milligan, Markus (22 February 2023). "Evidence of Bronze Age cranial surgery found at ancient Megiddo". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. Retrieved 24 February 2023.

inquirer.com

"Trove of 3,000-year-old jewelry found in Israel". inquirer.com. 26 May 2012.

jstor.org

Nativ, Assaf; Rosenberg, Danny; Nadel, Dani (2014). "The Southern tip of the Northern Levant? The Early Pottery Neolithic assemblage of Tel Ro'im West, Israel". Paléorient. 40 (1): 99. doi:10.3406/paleo.2014.5618. ISSN 0153-9345. JSTOR 24672271.

livescience.com

"Gold Egyptian Earring Found in Israel". Live Science. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

megiddoexpedition.wordpress.com

Introducing Megiddo Archived 10 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, in Megiddo Expedition, retrieved on 25 March 2020: "In the New Testament it appears as Armageddon (a Greek corruption of the Hebrew Har [=Mount] Megiddo), location of the millennial battle between the forces of good and evil[.]"
Introducing Megiddo Archived 10 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, in Megiddo Expedition, retrieved on 21 March 2020.
Megiddo Expedition 2004, in Area J of Tel Megiddo.
Megiddo Expedition 2006, in Area J of Tel Megiddo.
Megiddo Expedition 1994-1998, in Area J of Tel Megiddo.
Megiddo Expedition, "History of Megiddo", Tel Aviv University.
"The Megiddo Expedition". The Megiddo Expedition. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009.

nature.com

Haim Watzman (2010), Chemists help archaeologists to probe biblical history, Nature, 468 614–615. doi:10.1038/468614a

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kalisher, Rachel; Cradic, Melissa S.; Adams, Matthew J.; Martin, Mario A. S.; Finkelstein, Israel (22 February 2023). "Cranial trephination and infectious disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The evidence from two elite brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo, Israel". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0281020. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881020K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281020. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9946252. PMID 36812179.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kalisher, Rachel; Cradic, Melissa S.; Adams, Matthew J.; Martin, Mario A. S.; Finkelstein, Israel (22 February 2023). "Cranial trephination and infectious disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The evidence from two elite brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo, Israel". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0281020. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881020K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281020. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9946252. PMID 36812179.

penn.museum

"Merchants and Empires. Late Bronze Age. 1539-1200 BCE". University of Penn Museum.

researchgate.net

Garnfinkel, Yosef, (1993). "The Yarmukian Culture in Israel", in Paléorient, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 115, 117.
Scott, Ashley, et al., (2020). "Exotic foods reveal contact between South Asia and the Near East during the second millennium BCE", in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(2), pp. 7–8, and Table 1.
Langgut, Dafna, and Israel Finkelstein, (May 24, 2023). "Environment, subsistence strategies and settlement seasonality in the Negev Highlands (Israel) during the Bronze and Iron Ages: The palynological evidence", in: PLoS ONE 18(5): e0285358, pp. 5–6: "Based on [L]ake Kinneret [Sea of Galilee] and Dead Sea high-resolution, well-dated palynological-climatological investigation, [...] Iron I (ca. 1150–950 [BCE]) and the Iron IIA (ca. 950–780 BCE), [t]he Iron IIB (ca. 780–680 BCE) and Iron IIC (ca. 680–586 BCE)[...]"

septuagint.bible

"Ἰησοῦς τοῦ Ναυὴ - Κεφάλαιο 12 - Joshua - The Septuagint: LXX". www.septuagint.bible. βασιλέα Μαγεδών "The king of Magedón; "Ἰησοῦς τοῦ Ναυὴ - Κεφάλαιο 17 - Joshua - The Septuagint: LXX". www.septuagint.bible. καὶ ἔσται Μανασσῆ ἐν ᾿Ισσάχαρ καὶ ἐν ᾿Ασὴρ Βαιθσὰν καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Δὼρ καὶ τὰς κώμας αὐτῆς, καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Μαγεδδώ, καὶ τὰς κώμας αὐτῆς..." ("And Manasses shall have Issachar and Aser Baethsan and their villages, and the inhabitants of Dor, and its villages, and the inhabitants of Mageddó and its villages...; "Κτριταὶ - Κεφάλαιο 5 - Judges - The Septuagint: LXX". www.septuagint.bible. ἦλθον αὐτῶν βασιλεῖς, παρετάξαντο, τότε ἐπολέμησαν βασιλεῖς Χαναὰν ἐν Θαναὰχ ἐπὶ ὕδατι Μαγεδδώ." "Kings set themselves in array, then the kings of Chanaan fought in Thanaach at the water of Mageddó.; "Judges 5 - LXX". Bible Study Tools.

touristisrael.com

"Megiddo". TouristIsrael. For Christians the word Megiddo is synonymous with the end of the world as mentioned in the Book of Revelation, Megiddo or Armageddon as it is also known will be the site of the Final Battle.

uam.es

revistas.uam.es

Gil Orduña, Enrique, (June 29, 2024). "A Bayesian Statistical Reassessment of Levantine Late Iron Age I Radiocarbon Data", in: Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 50(1), p. 151.

uchicago.edu

oi.uchicago.edu

oi.uchigao.edu Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Clarence S. Fisher, The Excavation of Armageddon, Oriental Institute Communications 4, University of Chicago Press, 1929
oi.uchigao.edu P. L. O. Guy, New Light from Armageddon: Second Provisional Report (1927-29) on the Excavations at Megiddo in Palestine, Oriental Institute Communications 9, University of Chicago Press, 1931
oi.uchigao.edu Robert S. Lamon and Geoffrey M. Shipton, Megiddo 1. Seasons of 1925-34: Strata I-V, Oriental Institute Publication 42, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1939, ISBN 978-0-226-14233-3
[1] Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Gordon Loud, Megiddo 2. Seasons of 1935-1939 - The Text, Oriental Institute Publication 62, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1948, ISBN 978-965-266-013-8
Gordon Loud (1948). Plates (PDF). Megiddo 2. Seasons of 1935-1939, Oriental Institute Publication 62, Oriental Institute of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-49385-5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
oi.uchigao.edu Timothy P. Harrison, Megiddo 3. Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations, Oriental Institute Publication 127, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 2004, ISBN 978-1-885923-31-8
[2] Eliot Braun, Early Megiddo on the East Slope (the “Megiddo Stages”): A Report on the Early Occupation of the East Slope of Megiddo (Results of the Oriental Institute’s Excavations, 1925-1933, Oriental Institute Publication 139, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 2013, ISBN 978-1-885923-98-1

journals.uchicago.edu

Sapir-Hen, Lidar, Deirdre N. Fulton, Matthew J. Adams, and Israel Finkelstein, (2022). "The Temple and the Town at Early Bronze Age I Megiddo: Faunal Evidence for the Emergence of Complexity", in Bulletin of ASOR, Volume 387, May 2022, Abstract: "...faunal assemblages from...Megiddo, a cult site, and Tel Megiddo East, a town site...are dated to the Early Bronze Age IB (EB IB; 3090–2950 b.c.e.), at the dawn of urbanization in the Near East."
Levy, Eythan, et al., (2021). "The Date of Appearance of Philistine Pottery at Megiddo: A Computational Approach", in Bulletin of ASOR, Ahead of Print.

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

"UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Tel Megiddo National Park".

web.archive.org

Introducing Megiddo Archived 10 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, in Megiddo Expedition, retrieved on 25 March 2020: "In the New Testament it appears as Armageddon (a Greek corruption of the Hebrew Har [=Mount] Megiddo), location of the millennial battle between the forces of good and evil[.]"
Introducing Megiddo Archived 10 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, in Megiddo Expedition, retrieved on 21 March 2020.
Bohstrom, Phlippe, (13 March 2018). "Exclusive Royal Burial in Ancient Canaan May Shed New Light on Biblical City", in National Geographic.
"The Megiddo Expedition". The Megiddo Expedition. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009.
oi.uchigao.edu Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Clarence S. Fisher, The Excavation of Armageddon, Oriental Institute Communications 4, University of Chicago Press, 1929
[1] Archived 9 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Gordon Loud, Megiddo 2. Seasons of 1935-1939 - The Text, Oriental Institute Publication 62, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1948, ISBN 978-965-266-013-8

wiley.com

agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Shaar, Ron, et al., (2022). "Archaeomagnetism in the Levant and Mesopotamia Reveals the Largest Changes in the Geomagnetic Field", in: JGR Solid Earth Volume127, Issue12, December 2022: "In addition, the Aramean occupation (845–815 BCE), which is dated using both radiocarbon and historical constraints, is also used as a useful chronological anchor."

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Nativ, Assaf; Rosenberg, Danny; Nadel, Dani (2014). "The Southern tip of the Northern Levant? The Early Pottery Neolithic assemblage of Tel Ro'im West, Israel". Paléorient. 40 (1): 99. doi:10.3406/paleo.2014.5618. ISSN 0153-9345. JSTOR 24672271.
Dever, William G. (2021). "Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BC". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1: 102–125. doi:10.52486/01.00001.4. ISSN 2788-8819.
Kalisher, Rachel; Cradic, Melissa S.; Adams, Matthew J.; Martin, Mario A. S.; Finkelstein, Israel (22 February 2023). "Cranial trephination and infectious disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The evidence from two elite brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo, Israel". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0281020. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881020K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281020. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9946252. PMID 36812179.