Terra preta (English Wikipedia)

Lehmann, J.; Kaampf, N.; Woods, W.I.; Sombroek, W.; Kern, D.C.; Cunha, T.J.F. "Historical Ecology and Future Explorations". p. 484. in Lehmann et al. 2007 Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976.
Kawa, Nicholas C. (10 May 2016). Amazonia in the Anthropocene: People, Soils, Plants, Forests. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477308448.
Mann 2005, p. 296. Mann, C. C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. University of Texas. ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1.
Mann 2005. Mann, C. C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. University of Texas. ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1.
Lehmann, J.; Kaempf, N.; Woods, W.I.; Sombroek, W.; Kern, D.C.; Cunha, T.J.F. "Classification of Amazonian Dark Earths and other Ancient Anthropic Soils". pp. 77–102. in Lehmann et al. 2007 Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976.
Guggenberger, G.; Zech, W. "Organic chemistry studies on Amazonian Dark Earths". in Lehmann et al. 2007 Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976.
Zech, W.; Haumaier, L.; Hempfling, R. (1990). "Ecological aspects of soil organic matter in tropical land use". In MacCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings : proceedings of a symposium cosponsored by the International Humic Substances Society ... Chicago, Illinois, 2 December 1985. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. pp. 187–202. ISBN 9780891181040. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966; Smith, 1980; Kern and Kämpf, 1989; Sombroek, Nachtergaele & Hebel 1993; Glaser et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2007; Liang et al. 2006 Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Sombroek, Wim G.; Nachtergaele, Freddy O.; Hebel, Axel (1993). "Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils". Ambio. 22 (7): 417–426. JSTOR 4314120. Glaser, Bruno; Balashov, Eugene; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (July 2007). "Black carbon in density frations of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (7–8): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00044-9. ISSN 0146-6380. Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976. Liang, Biqing; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit; Kinyangi, J; Grossman, Julie; B, O’Neill; JO, Skjemstad; Thies, Janice; FJ, Luizão (1 September 2006). "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (5): 1719–1730. Bibcode:2006SSASJ..70.1719L. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383.

byu.edu

scholarsarchive.byu.edu

Wilkinson, David (1 April 2016). "Amazonian Civilization?". Comparative Civilizations Review. 74: 1–15 – via Brigham Young University's ScholarsArchive.

casasangapilla.com

"Sachamama". Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.

cnes.fr

Mandin, Marie-Laure (January 2005). "Vivre en Guyane" - compte rendu succint de découverte de sites de Terra preta en Guyane" [Living in French Guiana - summary report discovery of terra preta sites in French Guiana] (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013.

cornell.edu

css.cornell.edu

Lehmann, J.; Pereira da Silva Jr., J.; Steiner, C.; Nehls, T.; Zech, W.; Glaser, Bruno (2003). "Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments" (PDF). Plant and Soil. 249 (2): 343–357. doi:10.1023/A:1022833116184. S2CID 2420708.
Lehmann, Johannes.som "Site Terra Preta de Índio - Soil Biogeochemistry", Cornell University.
Lehmann, Johannes. "Terra Preta de Indio". www.css.cornell.edu. Retrieved 7 August 2018.

doi.org

Mao, J.-D.; Johnson, R. L.; Lehmann, J.; Olk, J.; Neeves, E. G.; Thompson, M. L.; Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2012). "Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration". Environmental Science and Technology. 46 (17): 9571–9576. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.9571M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.270. doi:10.1021/es301107c. PMID 22834642. Terra Preta soils consist predominantly of char residues composed of ~6 fused aromatic rings
Dufour, Darna L. (October 1990). "Use of Tropical Rainforests by Native Amazonians". BioScience. 40 (9): 652–659. doi:10.2307/1311432. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1311432. Much of what has been considered natural forest in Amazonia is probably the result of hundreds of years of human use and management.
Rival, Laura (1993). "The Growth of Family Trees: Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest". Man. 28 (4): 635–652. doi:10.2307/2803990. JSTOR 2803990.
Kleiner, Kurt (2009). "The bright prospect of biochar : article : Nature Reports Climate Change". Nature.com. 1 (906): 72–74. doi:10.1038/climate.2009.48.
Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Clement, Charles R.; et al. (7 August 2015). "The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1812): 20150813. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0813. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4528512. PMID 26202998.
Silva, Lucas C. R.; et al. (4 January 2021). "A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 127. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12..127S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20184-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7782733. PMID 33397930.
McMichael, C. H.; Palace, M. W; Bush, M. B.; Braswell, B.; Hagen, S.; Neves, E.G.; Silman, M. R.; Tamanaha, E. K.; Czarnecki, C. (2014). "Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (20132475): 1–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2475. PMC 3896013. PMID 24403329.
Lehmann, J.; Pereira da Silva Jr., J.; Steiner, C.; Nehls, T.; Zech, W.; Glaser, Bruno (2003). "Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments" (PDF). Plant and Soil. 249 (2): 343–357. doi:10.1023/A:1022833116184. S2CID 2420708.
Mann, Charles C. (4 February 2000). "Earthmovers of the Amazon". Science. 287 (5893): 1148–1152. doi:10.1126/science.321.5893.1148. PMID 18755950. S2CID 206581907. Archaeological research in the Beni area, directly linked with the recent renewal of interest on terra preta, as well as photographs of experimental reconstructions of that mode of agriculture.
Harder, Ben (4 March 2006). "Smoldered-Earth Policy". Science News. 169 (9): 133. doi:10.2307/3982299. ISSN 0036-8423. JSTOR 3982299.
Hedges, J.I; Eglinton, G; Hatcher, P.G; Kirchman, D.L; Arnosti, C; Derenne, S; Evershed, R.P; Kögel-Knabner, I; de Leeuw, J.W (October 2000). "The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (10): 945–958. Bibcode:2000OrGeo..31..945H. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00096-6. ISSN 0146-6380.
Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Potter, T.M.; Leonard, J.D.; Pocklington, R. (May 1997). "The identification of black carbon particles with the analytical scanning electron microscope: methods and initial results". Science of the Total Environment. 198 (3): 211–223. Bibcode:1997ScTEn.198..211S. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05464-8. ISSN 0048-9697. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kim, Sunghwan; Kaplan, Louis A.; Benner, Ronald; Hatcher, Patrick G. (December 2004). "Hydrogen-deficient molecules in natural riverine water samples—evidence for the existence of black carbon in DOM". Marine Chemistry. 92 (1–4): 225–234. Bibcode:2004MarCh..92..225K. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.042. ISSN 0304-4203. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Glaser, B; Haumaier, L; Guggenberger, G; Zech, W (January 1998). "Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers". Organic Geochemistry. 29 (4): 811–819. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..29..811G. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00194-6. ISSN 0146-6380. Cited in Glaser 2007 Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Woods, William I.; McCann, Joseph M. (1999). "The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths". Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers. 25: 7–14. JSTOR 25765871. Cited in Marris 2006 Marris, Emma (August 2006). "Black is the new green". Nature. 442 (7103): 624–626. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..624M. doi:10.1038/442624a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16900176. S2CID 30544497.
Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (January 2001). "The 'Terra Preta' phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics". Naturwissenschaften. 88 (1): 37–41. Bibcode:2001NW.....88...37G. doi:10.1007/s001140000193. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 11302125. S2CID 26608101. Cited in MAJOR, JULIE; STEINER, CHRISTOPH; DITOMMASO, ANTONIO; FALCAO, NEWTON P.S.; LEHMANN, JOHANNES (June 2005). "Weed composition and cover after three years of soil fertility management in the central Brazilian Amazon: Compost, fertilizer, manure and charcoal applications". Weed Biology and Management. 5 (2): 69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00159.x. ISSN 1444-6162.
Brodowski, S.; Rodionov, A.; Haumaier, L.; Glaser, B.; Amelung, W. (September 2005). "Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids". Organic Geochemistry. 36 (9): 1299–1310. Bibcode:2005OrGeo..36.1299B. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.011. ISSN 0146-6380.
Zech, W.; Haumaier, L.; Hempfling, R. (1990). "Ecological aspects of soil organic matter in tropical land use". In MacCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings : proceedings of a symposium cosponsored by the International Humic Substances Society ... Chicago, Illinois, 2 December 1985. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. pp. 187–202. ISBN 9780891181040. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Lehmann, Johannes; Liang, Biqing; Solomon, Dawit; Lerotic, Mirna; Luizão, Flavio; Kinyangi, James; Schäfer, Thorsten; Wirick, Sue; Jacobsen, Chris (16 February 2005). "Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for mapping nano-scale distribution of organic carbon forms in soil: Application to black carbon particles". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 19 (1): GB1013. Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.1013L. doi:10.1029/2004gb002435. ISSN 0886-6236.
Pietikainen, Janna; Kiikkila, Oili; Fritze, Hannu (May 2000). "Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus". Oikos. 89 (2): 231–242. Bibcode:2000Oikos..89..231P. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x. ISSN 0030-1299. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kopytko, M.; Chalela, G.; Zauscher, F. (2002). "Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (2): 182–195. doi:10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-1. hdl:1807/1165. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966, p. 283 Cited in Glaser 2007. Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966; Smith, 1980; Kern and Kämpf, 1989; Sombroek, Nachtergaele & Hebel 1993; Glaser et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2007; Liang et al. 2006 Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Sombroek, Wim G.; Nachtergaele, Freddy O.; Hebel, Axel (1993). "Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils". Ambio. 22 (7): 417–426. JSTOR 4314120. Glaser, Bruno; Balashov, Eugene; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (July 2007). "Black carbon in density frations of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (7–8): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00044-9. ISSN 0146-6380. Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976. Liang, Biqing; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit; Kinyangi, J; Grossman, Julie; B, O’Neill; JO, Skjemstad; Thies, Janice; FJ, Luizão (1 September 2006). "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (5): 1719–1730. Bibcode:2006SSASJ..70.1719L. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383.
Jean-François Ponge; Stéphanie Topoliantz; Sylvain Ballof; Jean-Pierre Rossi; Patrick Lavelle; Jean-Marie Betsch; Philippe Gaucher (2006). "Ingestion of charcoal by the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus: a potential for tropical soil fertility" (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38 (7): 2008–2009. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.024.
Rahman, M. Mizanur (15 May 2013). "Nutrient-Use and Carbon-Sequestration Efficiencies in Soils from Different Organic Wastes in Rice and Tomato Cultivation". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 44 (9): 1457–1471. Bibcode:2013CSSPA..44.1457R. doi:10.1080/00103624.2012.760575. ISSN 0010-3624. S2CID 96404482.
Cunha, Tony Jarbas Ferreira; Madari, Beata Emoke; Canellas, Luciano Pasqualoto; Ribeiro, Lucedino Paixão; Benites, Vinicius de Melo; Santos, Gabriel de Araújo (February 2009). "Soil organic matter and fertility of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) in the Brazilian Amazon basin". Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 33 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1590/S0100-06832009000100009. ISSN 0100-0683.
Otterpohl, R.; Reckin, J.; Pieplow, H.; Buzie, C.; Bettendorf, T.; Factura, H. (2010). "Terra Preta sanitation: re-discovered from an ancient Amazonian civilisation – integrating sanitation, bio-waste management and agriculture". Water Science and Technology. 61 (10): 2673–2679. doi:10.2166/wst.2010.201. PMID 20453341.

e-terrapretarooftopexp.blogspot.com

Reddy, N. Sai Bhaskar. "Terra Preta Roof-Top Experiments".

ecoworld.com

Mann 2002 extract quoted here Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Mann, Charles C. (1 March 2002). "1491". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 August 2018.

ejbiotechnology.info

Kopytko, M.; Chalela, G.; Zauscher, F. (2002). "Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (2): 182–195. doi:10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-1. hdl:1807/1165. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.

embrapa.br

cpaa.embrapa.br

"Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental - Portal Embrapa". www.cpaa.embrapa.br. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2018.

eprida.com

Day, Danny (2004). "Carbon negative energy to reverse global warming". Eprida. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2007.

georgiaitp.org

Denevan, William M.; Woods, William I. "Discovery and awareness of anthropogenic amazonian dark earths (terra preta)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

gerhardbechtold.com

Bechtold, G. "Terra Preta Sites". www.gerhardbechtold.com. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
Bechtold, Gerhard. "Gerhard Bechtold: Terra Preta". www.gerhardbechtold.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Kopytko, M.; Chalela, G.; Zauscher, F. (2002). "Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (2): 182–195. doi:10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-1. hdl:1807/1165. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Mao, J.-D.; Johnson, R. L.; Lehmann, J.; Olk, J.; Neeves, E. G.; Thompson, M. L.; Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2012). "Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration". Environmental Science and Technology. 46 (17): 9571–9576. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.9571M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.270. doi:10.1021/es301107c. PMID 22834642. Terra Preta soils consist predominantly of char residues composed of ~6 fused aromatic rings
Silva, Lucas C. R.; et al. (4 January 2021). "A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 127. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12..127S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20184-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7782733. PMID 33397930.
Hedges, J.I; Eglinton, G; Hatcher, P.G; Kirchman, D.L; Arnosti, C; Derenne, S; Evershed, R.P; Kögel-Knabner, I; de Leeuw, J.W (October 2000). "The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (10): 945–958. Bibcode:2000OrGeo..31..945H. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00096-6. ISSN 0146-6380.
Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Potter, T.M.; Leonard, J.D.; Pocklington, R. (May 1997). "The identification of black carbon particles with the analytical scanning electron microscope: methods and initial results". Science of the Total Environment. 198 (3): 211–223. Bibcode:1997ScTEn.198..211S. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05464-8. ISSN 0048-9697. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kim, Sunghwan; Kaplan, Louis A.; Benner, Ronald; Hatcher, Patrick G. (December 2004). "Hydrogen-deficient molecules in natural riverine water samples—evidence for the existence of black carbon in DOM". Marine Chemistry. 92 (1–4): 225–234. Bibcode:2004MarCh..92..225K. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.042. ISSN 0304-4203. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Glaser, B; Haumaier, L; Guggenberger, G; Zech, W (January 1998). "Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers". Organic Geochemistry. 29 (4): 811–819. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..29..811G. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00194-6. ISSN 0146-6380. Cited in Glaser 2007 Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Woods, William I.; McCann, Joseph M. (1999). "The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths". Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers. 25: 7–14. JSTOR 25765871. Cited in Marris 2006 Marris, Emma (August 2006). "Black is the new green". Nature. 442 (7103): 624–626. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..624M. doi:10.1038/442624a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16900176. S2CID 30544497.
Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (January 2001). "The 'Terra Preta' phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics". Naturwissenschaften. 88 (1): 37–41. Bibcode:2001NW.....88...37G. doi:10.1007/s001140000193. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 11302125. S2CID 26608101. Cited in MAJOR, JULIE; STEINER, CHRISTOPH; DITOMMASO, ANTONIO; FALCAO, NEWTON P.S.; LEHMANN, JOHANNES (June 2005). "Weed composition and cover after three years of soil fertility management in the central Brazilian Amazon: Compost, fertilizer, manure and charcoal applications". Weed Biology and Management. 5 (2): 69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00159.x. ISSN 1444-6162.
Brodowski, S.; Rodionov, A.; Haumaier, L.; Glaser, B.; Amelung, W. (September 2005). "Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids". Organic Geochemistry. 36 (9): 1299–1310. Bibcode:2005OrGeo..36.1299B. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.011. ISSN 0146-6380.
Lehmann, Johannes; Liang, Biqing; Solomon, Dawit; Lerotic, Mirna; Luizão, Flavio; Kinyangi, James; Schäfer, Thorsten; Wirick, Sue; Jacobsen, Chris (16 February 2005). "Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for mapping nano-scale distribution of organic carbon forms in soil: Application to black carbon particles". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 19 (1): GB1013. Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.1013L. doi:10.1029/2004gb002435. ISSN 0886-6236.
Pietikainen, Janna; Kiikkila, Oili; Fritze, Hannu (May 2000). "Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus". Oikos. 89 (2): 231–242. Bibcode:2000Oikos..89..231P. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x. ISSN 0030-1299. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966; Smith, 1980; Kern and Kämpf, 1989; Sombroek, Nachtergaele & Hebel 1993; Glaser et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2007; Liang et al. 2006 Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Sombroek, Wim G.; Nachtergaele, Freddy O.; Hebel, Axel (1993). "Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils". Ambio. 22 (7): 417–426. JSTOR 4314120. Glaser, Bruno; Balashov, Eugene; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (July 2007). "Black carbon in density frations of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (7–8): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00044-9. ISSN 0146-6380. Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976. Liang, Biqing; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit; Kinyangi, J; Grossman, Julie; B, O’Neill; JO, Skjemstad; Thies, Janice; FJ, Luizão (1 September 2006). "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (5): 1719–1730. Bibcode:2006SSASJ..70.1719L. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383.
Rahman, M. Mizanur (15 May 2013). "Nutrient-Use and Carbon-Sequestration Efficiencies in Soils from Different Organic Wastes in Rice and Tomato Cultivation". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 44 (9): 1457–1471. Bibcode:2013CSSPA..44.1457R. doi:10.1080/00103624.2012.760575. ISSN 0010-3624. S2CID 96404482.

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Sombroek 1966; Smith, 1980; Kern and Kämpf, 1989; Sombroek, Nachtergaele & Hebel 1993; Glaser et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2007; Liang et al. 2006 Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Sombroek, Wim G.; Nachtergaele, Freddy O.; Hebel, Axel (1993). "Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils". Ambio. 22 (7): 417–426. JSTOR 4314120. Glaser, Bruno; Balashov, Eugene; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (July 2007). "Black carbon in density frations of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (7–8): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00044-9. ISSN 0146-6380. Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976. Liang, Biqing; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit; Kinyangi, J; Grossman, Julie; B, O’Neill; JO, Skjemstad; Thies, Janice; FJ, Luizão (1 September 2006). "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (5): 1719–1730. Bibcode:2006SSASJ..70.1719L. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383.

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Mao, J.-D.; Johnson, R. L.; Lehmann, J.; Olk, J.; Neeves, E. G.; Thompson, M. L.; Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2012). "Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration". Environmental Science and Technology. 46 (17): 9571–9576. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.9571M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.270. doi:10.1021/es301107c. PMID 22834642. Terra Preta soils consist predominantly of char residues composed of ~6 fused aromatic rings
Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Clement, Charles R.; et al. (7 August 2015). "The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1812): 20150813. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0813. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4528512. PMID 26202998.
Silva, Lucas C. R.; et al. (4 January 2021). "A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 127. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12..127S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20184-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7782733. PMID 33397930.
McMichael, C. H.; Palace, M. W; Bush, M. B.; Braswell, B.; Hagen, S.; Neves, E.G.; Silman, M. R.; Tamanaha, E. K.; Czarnecki, C. (2014). "Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (20132475): 1–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2475. PMC 3896013. PMID 24403329.
Mann, Charles C. (4 February 2000). "Earthmovers of the Amazon". Science. 287 (5893): 1148–1152. doi:10.1126/science.321.5893.1148. PMID 18755950. S2CID 206581907. Archaeological research in the Beni area, directly linked with the recent renewal of interest on terra preta, as well as photographs of experimental reconstructions of that mode of agriculture.
Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Potter, T.M.; Leonard, J.D.; Pocklington, R. (May 1997). "The identification of black carbon particles with the analytical scanning electron microscope: methods and initial results". Science of the Total Environment. 198 (3): 211–223. Bibcode:1997ScTEn.198..211S. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05464-8. ISSN 0048-9697. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kim, Sunghwan; Kaplan, Louis A.; Benner, Ronald; Hatcher, Patrick G. (December 2004). "Hydrogen-deficient molecules in natural riverine water samples—evidence for the existence of black carbon in DOM". Marine Chemistry. 92 (1–4): 225–234. Bibcode:2004MarCh..92..225K. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.042. ISSN 0304-4203. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Glaser, B; Haumaier, L; Guggenberger, G; Zech, W (January 1998). "Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers". Organic Geochemistry. 29 (4): 811–819. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..29..811G. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00194-6. ISSN 0146-6380. Cited in Glaser 2007 Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Woods, William I.; McCann, Joseph M. (1999). "The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths". Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers. 25: 7–14. JSTOR 25765871. Cited in Marris 2006 Marris, Emma (August 2006). "Black is the new green". Nature. 442 (7103): 624–626. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..624M. doi:10.1038/442624a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16900176. S2CID 30544497.
Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (January 2001). "The 'Terra Preta' phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics". Naturwissenschaften. 88 (1): 37–41. Bibcode:2001NW.....88...37G. doi:10.1007/s001140000193. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 11302125. S2CID 26608101. Cited in MAJOR, JULIE; STEINER, CHRISTOPH; DITOMMASO, ANTONIO; FALCAO, NEWTON P.S.; LEHMANN, JOHANNES (June 2005). "Weed composition and cover after three years of soil fertility management in the central Brazilian Amazon: Compost, fertilizer, manure and charcoal applications". Weed Biology and Management. 5 (2): 69–76. doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00159.x. ISSN 1444-6162.
Zech, W.; Haumaier, L.; Hempfling, R. (1990). "Ecological aspects of soil organic matter in tropical land use". In MacCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings : proceedings of a symposium cosponsored by the International Humic Substances Society ... Chicago, Illinois, 2 December 1985. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. pp. 187–202. ISBN 9780891181040. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Pietikainen, Janna; Kiikkila, Oili; Fritze, Hannu (May 2000). "Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus". Oikos. 89 (2): 231–242. Bibcode:2000Oikos..89..231P. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x. ISSN 0030-1299. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kopytko, M.; Chalela, G.; Zauscher, F. (2002). "Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (2): 182–195. doi:10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-1. hdl:1807/1165. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966, p. 283 Cited in Glaser 2007. Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Otterpohl, R.; Reckin, J.; Pieplow, H.; Buzie, C.; Bettendorf, T.; Factura, H. (2010). "Terra Preta sanitation: re-discovered from an ancient Amazonian civilisation – integrating sanitation, bio-waste management and agriculture". Water Science and Technology. 61 (10): 2673–2679. doi:10.2166/wst.2010.201. PMID 20453341.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Clement, Charles R.; et al. (7 August 2015). "The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1812): 20150813. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0813. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4528512. PMID 26202998.
Silva, Lucas C. R.; et al. (4 January 2021). "A new hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian Dark Earths". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 127. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12..127S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20184-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7782733. PMID 33397930.
McMichael, C. H.; Palace, M. W; Bush, M. B.; Braswell, B.; Hagen, S.; Neves, E.G.; Silman, M. R.; Tamanaha, E. K.; Czarnecki, C. (2014). "Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (20132475): 1–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2475. PMC 3896013. PMID 24403329.
Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Stoffyn-Egli, P.; Potter, T.M.; Leonard, J.D.; Pocklington, R. (May 1997). "The identification of black carbon particles with the analytical scanning electron microscope: methods and initial results". Science of the Total Environment. 198 (3): 211–223. Bibcode:1997ScTEn.198..211S. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05464-8. ISSN 0048-9697. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kim, Sunghwan; Kaplan, Louis A.; Benner, Ronald; Hatcher, Patrick G. (December 2004). "Hydrogen-deficient molecules in natural riverine water samples—evidence for the existence of black carbon in DOM". Marine Chemistry. 92 (1–4): 225–234. Bibcode:2004MarCh..92..225K. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.042. ISSN 0304-4203. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Glaser, B; Haumaier, L; Guggenberger, G; Zech, W (January 1998). "Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers". Organic Geochemistry. 29 (4): 811–819. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..29..811G. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00194-6. ISSN 0146-6380. Cited in Glaser 2007 Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Zech, W.; Haumaier, L.; Hempfling, R. (1990). "Ecological aspects of soil organic matter in tropical land use". In MacCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings : proceedings of a symposium cosponsored by the International Humic Substances Society ... Chicago, Illinois, 2 December 1985. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. pp. 187–202. ISBN 9780891181040. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Pietikainen, Janna; Kiikkila, Oili; Fritze, Hannu (May 2000). "Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus". Oikos. 89 (2): 231–242. Bibcode:2000Oikos..89..231P. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x. ISSN 0030-1299. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Kopytko, M.; Chalela, G.; Zauscher, F. (2002). "Biodegradation of two commercial herbicides (Gramoxone and Matancha) by the bacteria Pseudomonas putida". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (2): 182–195. doi:10.2225/vol5-issue2-fulltext-1. hdl:1807/1165. Cited in Glaser 2007. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966, p. 283 Cited in Glaser 2007. Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.

nytimes.com

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"Verfahren zur herstellung von humus- und nährstoffreichen sowie wasserspeichernden böden oder bodensubstraten für nachhaltige landnutzungs- und siedlungssysteme".

psu.edu

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Mao, J.-D.; Johnson, R. L.; Lehmann, J.; Olk, J.; Neeves, E. G.; Thompson, M. L.; Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2012). "Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration". Environmental Science and Technology. 46 (17): 9571–9576. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.9571M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.270. doi:10.1021/es301107c. PMID 22834642. Terra Preta soils consist predominantly of char residues composed of ~6 fused aromatic rings

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Jean-François Ponge; Stéphanie Topoliantz; Sylvain Ballof; Jean-Pierre Rossi; Patrick Lavelle; Jean-Marie Betsch; Philippe Gaucher (2006). "Ingestion of charcoal by the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus: a potential for tropical soil fertility" (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38 (7): 2008–2009. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.024.

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sswm.info

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Woods, William I.; McCann, Joseph M. (1999). "The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths". Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers. 25: 7–14. JSTOR 25765871. Cited in Marris 2006 Marris, Emma (August 2006). "Black is the new green". Nature. 442 (7103): 624–626. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..624M. doi:10.1038/442624a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16900176. S2CID 30544497.
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Brodowski, S.; Rodionov, A.; Haumaier, L.; Glaser, B.; Amelung, W. (September 2005). "Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids". Organic Geochemistry. 36 (9): 1299–1310. Bibcode:2005OrGeo..36.1299B. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.011. ISSN 0146-6380.
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Sombroek 1966; Smith, 1980; Kern and Kämpf, 1989; Sombroek, Nachtergaele & Hebel 1993; Glaser et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2007; Liang et al. 2006 Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Sombroek, Wim G.; Nachtergaele, Freddy O.; Hebel, Axel (1993). "Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils". Ambio. 22 (7): 417–426. JSTOR 4314120. Glaser, Bruno; Balashov, Eugene; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (July 2007). "Black carbon in density frations of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (7–8): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00044-9. ISSN 0146-6380. Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976. Liang, Biqing; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit; Kinyangi, J; Grossman, Julie; B, O’Neill; JO, Skjemstad; Thies, Janice; FJ, Luizão (1 September 2006). "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (5): 1719–1730. Bibcode:2006SSASJ..70.1719L. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383.
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Sombroek 1966, p. 283 Cited in Glaser 2007. Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Glaser, Bruno (27 February 2007). "Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 362 (1478): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1978. PMC 2311424. PMID 17255028.
Sombroek 1966; Smith, 1980; Kern and Kämpf, 1989; Sombroek, Nachtergaele & Hebel 1993; Glaser et al. 2007; Lehmann et al. 2007; Liang et al. 2006 Sombroek, W.G. (1966). Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region (phd). Vol. 672. Pudoc. p. 283. Sombroek, Wim G.; Nachtergaele, Freddy O.; Hebel, Axel (1993). "Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils". Ambio. 22 (7): 417–426. JSTOR 4314120. Glaser, Bruno; Balashov, Eugene; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (July 2007). "Black carbon in density frations of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region". Organic Geochemistry. 31 (7–8): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00044-9. ISSN 0146-6380. Lehmann, Johannes; Kern, Dirse C.; Glaser, Bruno; Woods, William I., eds. (8 May 2007). Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin Properties Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402025976. Liang, Biqing; Lehmann, Johannes; Solomon, Dawit; Kinyangi, J; Grossman, Julie; B, O’Neill; JO, Skjemstad; Thies, Janice; FJ, Luizão (1 September 2006). "Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70 (5): 1719–1730. Bibcode:2006SSASJ..70.1719L. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383.