Axelrod's book was summarized in Douglas Hofstadter's May 1983 "Metamagical Themas" column in Scientific American (Hofstadter 1983) (reprinted in his book (Hofstadter 1985); see also Richard Dawkin's summary in the second edition of The Selfish Gene (Dawkins 1989, ch. 12). Hofstadter, Douglas R. (May 1983), "Metamagical Themas: Computer Tournaments of the Prisoner's Dilemma Suggest How Cooperation Evolves", Scientific American, vol. 248, pp. 16–26 Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1985), "The Prisoner's Dilemma Computer Tournaments and the Evolution of Cooperation", Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern, Basic Books, pp. 715–730, ISBN0-465-04540-5 Dawkins, Richard (1989) [1976], The Selfish Gene (2nd ed.), Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN0-19-286092-5
Here group selection is not a form of evolution, which is problematical (see Dawkins (1989), ch. 7), but a mechanism for evolving cooperation. Dawkins, Richard (1989) [1976], The Selfish Gene (2nd ed.), Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN0-19-286092-5
Phelps, S., Nevarez, G. & Howes, A., 2009. The effect of group size and frequency of encounter on the evolution of cooperation. In LNCS, Volume 5778, ECAL 2009, Advances in Artificial Life: Darwin meets Von Neumann. Budapest: Springer, pp. 37–44. [1].
Rusch 2014. Rusch, Hannes (2014), "The Evolutionary Interplay of Intergroup Conflict and Altruism in Humans: A Review of Parochial Altruism Theory and Prospects for its Extension", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1794): 20141539, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1539, PMC4211448, PMID25253457
Rusch 2014. Rusch, Hannes (2014), "The Evolutionary Interplay of Intergroup Conflict and Altruism in Humans: A Review of Parochial Altruism Theory and Prospects for its Extension", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1794): 20141539, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1539, PMC4211448, PMID25253457
Rusch 2014. Rusch, Hannes (2014), "The Evolutionary Interplay of Intergroup Conflict and Altruism in Humans: A Review of Parochial Altruism Theory and Prospects for its Extension", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1794): 20141539, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1539, PMC4211448, PMID25253457