Thermonuclear weapon (English Wikipedia)

Gsponer, Andre (2005). Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons: Military effectiveness and collateral effects. Independent Scientific Research Institute. arXiv:physics/0510071. ISRI-05-03.
Gsponer, Andre (2005). The B61-based "Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator:" Clever retrofit or headway towards fourth-generation nuclear weapons?. Independent Scientific Research Institute. arXiv:physics/0510052. ISRI-03-08.

bbc.com

"North Korea nuclear: State claims first hydrogen bomb test". BBC News. 6 January 2016.
"North Korea nuclear H-bomb claims met by scepticism". BBC News. 6 January 2016.

books.google.com

Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J.; Larsen ear, Jeffrey A., eds. (2004). Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1851094905. OCLC 941444356. OL 8969957M. Retrieved 8 February 2021 – via Google Books.

businessinsider.com

Greene, Jes (25 March 2015). "A physicist might be in trouble for what he revealed in his new book about the H bomb". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 November 2015.

ctbto.org

"The 'George' shot, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organisation website".
"17 June 1967 – China's first thermonuclear test: CTBTO Preparatory Commission". www.ctbto.org. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
"24 August 1968 – French 'Canopus' test: CTBTO Preparatory Commission". www.ctbto.org. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
"Overview of the verification regime: CTBTO Preparatory Commission". www.ctbto.org. Retrieved 15 April 2017.

docs.google.com

Gábor Palló (2000). "The Hungarian Phenomenon in Israeli Science". Hungarian Academy of Science. Retrieved 11 December 2012.

doi.org

Harvey, John R.; Michalowski, Stefan (21 December 2007). "Nuclear weapons safety: The case of trident". Science & Global Security. 4 (1): 288. doi:10.1080/08929889408426405.

energy.gov

nnsa.energy.gov

"Improved Security, Safety & Manufacturability of the Reliable Replacement Warhead" Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, NNSA March 2007.

fas.org

"Figure 5 – Thermonuclear Warhead Components". Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010. A cleaned up version: "British H-bomb posted on the Internet by Greenpeace". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
A 1976 drawing that depicts an interstage that absorbs and re-radiates X-rays. From Howard Morland, "The Article", Cardozo Law Review, March 2005, p 1374.
"Doctrine", Israel, FAS.
Restricted Data Declassification Decisions, 1946 to the present. Vol. 7. United States Department of Energy. January 2001.

foxnews.com

"US B-52 nuclear bomber crash in Greenland 51 years ago has ill Danes seeking compensation". Fox News. 3 June 2019.

greenpeace.org

archive.greenpeace.org

"Figure 5 – Thermonuclear Warhead Components". Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010. A cleaned up version: "British H-bomb posted on the Internet by Greenpeace". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 27 August 2010.

hani.co.kr

english.hani.co.kr

Kim Kyu-won (7 February 2013). "North Korea could be developing a hydrogen bomb". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

house.gov

Christopher Cox, chairman (1999). Report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 4 August 2005., esp. Ch. 2, "PRC Theft of U.S. Thermonuclear Warhead Design Information".

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"Former NSA disagrees with scientist, says Pokhran II successful". The Times of India. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
"Nukes of 200kt yield possible: Architect of Pokhran-II". The Times of India. 25 September 2009.

koreatimes.co.kr

Kang Seung-woo; Chung Min-uck (4 February 2013). "North Korea may detonate H-bomb". Korea Times. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Hansen 1988 Hansen, Chuck (1988). U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. Crown. ISBN 978-0517567401. LCCN 87021995. OCLC 865554459. OL 2392513M. Retrieved 10 November 2021 – via Internet Archive.
Rhodes, Richard (1 August 1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-68-480400-2. LCCN 95011070. OCLC 456652278. OL 7720934M. Wikidata Q105755363 – via Internet Archive.
Bundy, McGeorge (1988). Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. Random House. ISBN 978-0394522784. LCCN 89040089. OCLC 610771749. OL 24963545M.
Hersh, Seymour M. (1991). The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal & American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394570068. LCCN 91052678. OCLC 1159416022. OL 1567229M – via Internet Archive.
Cohen, Avner (1998). "Chapter 16: The Battle over the NPT". Israel and the Bomb. Columbia University Press (published 1999). ISBN 978-0585041506. LCCN 98003402. OCLC 42330721. OL 344440M – via Internet Archive.
Karpin, Michael I. (2006). The Bomb in the Basement: How Israel Went Nuclear and What That Means for the World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743265942. LCCN 2005051689. OCLC 892937053. OL 3427490M – via Internet Archive.
Morland, Howard (1981). The secret that exploded. Random House. ISBN 978-0394512976. LCCN 80006032. OCLC 7196781. OL 4094494M.
Stober, Dan; Hoffman, Ian (2001). A Convenient Spy: Wen Ho Lee and the Politics of Nuclear Espionage. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743223782. LCCN 2001054945. OL 7927314M – via Internet Archive.

norsar.no

"The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment – NORSAR". Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.

npr.org

Conan, Neal (8 November 2005). "Sixty Years of Trying to Control the Bomb (Transcripts)". Talk of the Nation (Podcast). NPR. Retrieved 10 February 2021. But, yes, the hydrogen bomb—that is, a two-stage thermonuclear device, as we refer to it—is indeed the principal part of the US arsenal, as it is of the Russian arsenal..
"For 50 Years, Nuclear Bomb Lost in Watery Grave". NPR. 3 February 2008.

nti.org

"France | Countries | NTI". The Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved 15 April 2017.

nuclearnonproliferation.org

Teller, Edward; Ulam, Stanislaw (9 March 1951). On Heterocatalytic Detonations I. Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors (pdf) (Technical report). A. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021 – via Nuclear Non-Proliferation Institute.

nuclearthreatinitiative.org

"China's Nuclear Weapon Development, Modernization and Testing". Nuclear Threat Initiative. 26 September 2003. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

nuclearweaponarchive.org

Sublette, Carey (3 July 2007). "Nuclear Weapons FAQ Section 4.4.1.4 The Teller–Ulam Design". Nuclear Weapons FAQ. Retrieved 17 July 2011. "So far as is known all high yield nuclear weapons today (>50 kt or so) use this design."
"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons". 1 October 1997. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
Sublette, Carey (9 January 2007). "The W76 Warhead: Intermediate Yield Strategic SLBM MIRV Warhead". Nuclear Weapon Archive. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
"Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions 4.4.3.3 The Ablation Process". 2.04. 20 February 1999. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
"Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions 4.4.4 Implosion Systems". 2.04. 20 February 1999. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
"The B-41 (Mk-41) Bomb – High yield strategic thermonuclear bomb". 21 October 1997. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
"Photograph of a W47 warhead" (JPG). Retrieved 13 March 2006.
Sublette, Carey (10 September 2001). "Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - 1998: The Year of Testing". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. A. Q. Khan...said..."none of these explosions were thermonuclear, we are doing research and can do a fusion test if asked..." ""These boosted devices are like a half way stage towards a thermonuclear bomb. They use elements of the thermonuclear process, and are effectively stronger Atom bombs," Munir Ahmad Khan
Sublette, Carey; et al. "What are the real yield of India's Test?". What Are the Real Yields of India's Test?. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

nytimes.com

Burns, John F. (18 May 1998). "Nuclear Anxiety: The Overview; India Detonated a Hydrogen Bomb, Experts Confirm". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
Broad, William J. (23 March 2015). "Hydrogen Bomb Physicist's Book Runs Afoul of Energy Department". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
"Spies versus sweat, the debate over China's nuclear advance". The New York Times. 7 September 1999. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Burns, John F. (12 May 1998). "India Sets 3 Nuclear Blasts, Defying a Worldwide Ban; Tests Bring a Sharp Outcry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2019.

openlibrary.org

Hansen 1988 Hansen, Chuck (1988). U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. Crown. ISBN 978-0517567401. LCCN 87021995. OCLC 865554459. OL 2392513M. Retrieved 10 November 2021 – via Internet Archive.
Rhodes, Richard (1 August 1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-68-480400-2. LCCN 95011070. OCLC 456652278. OL 7720934M. Wikidata Q105755363 – via Internet Archive.
Winterberg, Friedwardt (2010). The Release of Thermonuclear Energy by Inertial Confinement: Ways Towards Ignition. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9814295901. OCLC 496957934. OL 26140529M – via Internet Archive.
Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J.; Larsen ear, Jeffrey A., eds. (2004). Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1851094905. OCLC 941444356. OL 8969957M. Retrieved 8 February 2021 – via Google Books.
Bundy, McGeorge (1988). Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. Random House. ISBN 978-0394522784. LCCN 89040089. OCLC 610771749. OL 24963545M.
Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2020). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501745164. OCLC 1164620354. OL 28729278M.
Holloway, David (1994). Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300060560. OCLC 470165274. OL 1084400M.
Younger, Stephen M. (2009). The Bomb: A New History. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0061537196. OCLC 310470696. OL 24318509M – via Internet Archive].
Hersh, Seymour M. (1991). The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal & American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394570068. LCCN 91052678. OCLC 1159416022. OL 1567229M – via Internet Archive.
Cohen, Avner (1998). "Chapter 16: The Battle over the NPT". Israel and the Bomb. Columbia University Press (published 1999). ISBN 978-0585041506. LCCN 98003402. OCLC 42330721. OL 344440M – via Internet Archive.
Karpin, Michael I. (2006). The Bomb in the Basement: How Israel Went Nuclear and What That Means for the World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743265942. LCCN 2005051689. OCLC 892937053. OL 3427490M – via Internet Archive.
Morland, Howard (1981). The secret that exploded. Random House. ISBN 978-0394512976. LCCN 80006032. OCLC 7196781. OL 4094494M.
De Volpi, Alexander; Marsh, Gerald E.; Postol, Ted; Stanford, George (1981). Born Secret: The H-Bomb, the Progressive Case and National Security. Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0080259956. OCLC 558172005. OL 7311029M – via Internet Archive.
Stober, Dan; Hoffman, Ian (2001). A Convenient Spy: Wen Ho Lee and the Politics of Nuclear Espionage. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743223782. LCCN 2001054945. OL 7927314M – via Internet Archive.

pib.nic.in

"Pokhran – II tests were fully successful; given India capability to build nuclear deterrence: Dr. Kakodkar and Dr. Chidambaram". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
"Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests". Press Information Bureau. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017.

progressive.org

"The H-Bomb Secret: How we got it and why we're telling it". The Progressive. 43 (11). November 1979.

reuters.com

"North Korea says conducts 'perfect' hydrogen bomb test". Reuters. 3 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2023.

smithsonianmag.com

Magazine, Smithsonian; Machemer, Theresa. "Russia Declassifies Video From 1961 of Largest Hydrogen Bomb Ever Detonated". Smithsonian Magazine.

spiegel.de

"The Cold War's Missing Atom Bombs". Der Spiegel. 14 November 2008.

telegraph.co.uk

Swaine, Jon (11 November 2008). "US left nuclear weapon under ice in Greenland". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Following the crash, and a painstaking clear-up mission to recover thousands of pieces of material from 500 million gallons of ice, the Pentagon stated that all four weapons onboard had been "destroyed". However, documents obtained by the BBC under the US Freedom of Information act have disclosed that while this is technically true—none of the bombs remained complete—one of the weapons was not recovered.

thediplomat.com

Panda, Ankit (6 September 2017). "US Intelligence: North Korea's Sixth Test Was a 140 Kiloton 'Advanced Nuclear' Device". The Diplomat. Retrieved 6 September 2017.

theguardian.com

"US to clean up Spanish radioactive site 49 years after plane crash". The Guardian. 19 October 2015.

thehindu.com

PTI, Press Trust of India (25 September 2009). "AEC ex-chief backs Santhanam on Pokhran-II". The Hindu, 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

frontline.thehindu.com

"We have an adequate scientific database for designing ... a credible nuclear deterrent". Frontline. 2 January 1999.

uscoldwar.com

Hansen 2007 Hansen, Chuck (2007). Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945 (PDF) (CD-ROM & download available) (2nd ed.). Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. ISBN 978-0979191503. 2,600 pages.

usgs.gov

earthquake.usgs.gov

M5.1 – 21 km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea (Report). USGS. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.

virginia.edu

lib.virginia.edu

Samdani, Zafar (25 March 2000). "India, Pakistan can build hydrogen bomb: Scientist". Dawn News Interviews. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

washingtonpost.com

Michelle Ye Hee Lee (13 September 2017). "North Korea nuclear test may have been twice as strong as first thought". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

web.archive.org

Teller, Edward; Ulam, Stanislaw (9 March 1951). On Heterocatalytic Detonations I. Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors (pdf) (Technical report). A. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021 – via Nuclear Non-Proliferation Institute.
"Figure 5 – Thermonuclear Warhead Components". Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010. A cleaned up version: "British H-bomb posted on the Internet by Greenpeace". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Sublette, Carey (9 January 2007). "The W76 Warhead: Intermediate Yield Strategic SLBM MIRV Warhead". Nuclear Weapon Archive. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
"Improved Security, Safety & Manufacturability of the Reliable Replacement Warhead" Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, NNSA March 2007.
"China's Nuclear Weapon Development, Modernization and Testing". Nuclear Threat Initiative. 26 September 2003. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Christopher Cox, chairman (1999). Report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 4 August 2005., esp. Ch. 2, "PRC Theft of U.S. Thermonuclear Warhead Design Information".
Sublette, Carey (10 September 2001). "Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - 1998: The Year of Testing". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. A. Q. Khan...said..."none of these explosions were thermonuclear, we are doing research and can do a fusion test if asked..." ""These boosted devices are like a half way stage towards a thermonuclear bomb. They use elements of the thermonuclear process, and are effectively stronger Atom bombs," Munir Ahmad Khan
"Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests". Press Information Bureau. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017.
"Former NSA disagrees with scientist, says Pokhran II successful". The Times of India. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
Swaine, Jon (11 November 2008). "US left nuclear weapon under ice in Greenland". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Following the crash, and a painstaking clear-up mission to recover thousands of pieces of material from 500 million gallons of ice, the Pentagon stated that all four weapons onboard had been "destroyed". However, documents obtained by the BBC under the US Freedom of Information act have disclosed that while this is technically true—none of the bombs remained complete—one of the weapons was not recovered.

wikidata.org

Rhodes, Richard (1 August 1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-68-480400-2. LCCN 95011070. OCLC 456652278. OL 7720934M. Wikidata Q105755363 – via Internet Archive.

worldcat.org

Burns, John F. (18 May 1998). "Nuclear Anxiety: The Overview; India Detonated a Hydrogen Bomb, Experts Confirm". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
Hansen 1988 Hansen, Chuck (1988). U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. Crown. ISBN 978-0517567401. LCCN 87021995. OCLC 865554459. OL 2392513M. Retrieved 10 November 2021 – via Internet Archive.
Rhodes, Richard (1 August 1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-68-480400-2. LCCN 95011070. OCLC 456652278. OL 7720934M. Wikidata Q105755363 – via Internet Archive.
Winterberg, Friedwardt (2010). The Release of Thermonuclear Energy by Inertial Confinement: Ways Towards Ignition. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9814295901. OCLC 496957934. OL 26140529M – via Internet Archive.
Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J.; Larsen ear, Jeffrey A., eds. (2004). Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1851094905. OCLC 941444356. OL 8969957M. Retrieved 8 February 2021 – via Google Books.
Bundy, McGeorge (1988). Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. Random House. ISBN 978-0394522784. LCCN 89040089. OCLC 610771749. OL 24963545M.
Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2020). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501745164. OCLC 1164620354. OL 28729278M.
Holloway, David (1994). Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300060560. OCLC 470165274. OL 1084400M.
Younger, Stephen M. (2009). The Bomb: A New History. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0061537196. OCLC 310470696. OL 24318509M – via Internet Archive].
Burns, John F. (12 May 1998). "India Sets 3 Nuclear Blasts, Defying a Worldwide Ban; Tests Bring a Sharp Outcry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Hersh, Seymour M. (1991). The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal & American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394570068. LCCN 91052678. OCLC 1159416022. OL 1567229M – via Internet Archive.
Cohen, Avner (1998). "Chapter 16: The Battle over the NPT". Israel and the Bomb. Columbia University Press (published 1999). ISBN 978-0585041506. LCCN 98003402. OCLC 42330721. OL 344440M – via Internet Archive.
Karpin, Michael I. (2006). The Bomb in the Basement: How Israel Went Nuclear and What That Means for the World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743265942. LCCN 2005051689. OCLC 892937053. OL 3427490M – via Internet Archive.
Morland, Howard (1981). The secret that exploded. Random House. ISBN 978-0394512976. LCCN 80006032. OCLC 7196781. OL 4094494M.
De Volpi, Alexander; Marsh, Gerald E.; Postol, Ted; Stanford, George (1981). Born Secret: The H-Bomb, the Progressive Case and National Security. Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0080259956. OCLC 558172005. OL 7311029M – via Internet Archive.
Swaine, Jon (11 November 2008). "US left nuclear weapon under ice in Greenland". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Following the crash, and a painstaking clear-up mission to recover thousands of pieces of material from 500 million gallons of ice, the Pentagon stated that all four weapons onboard had been "destroyed". However, documents obtained by the BBC under the US Freedom of Information act have disclosed that while this is technically true—none of the bombs remained complete—one of the weapons was not recovered.