Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1038Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine; details the legal and military means by which people were enslaved.
Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1040Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine; Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:33. Smith refers to the purchase of 10,000 slaves from Cilician pirates, while Caesar provides an example of the enslavement of 53,000 captive Aduatuci by a Roman army.
Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", pp. 1022–39Archived 2013-07-26 at the Wayback Machine summarizes the complex body of Roman law pertaining to the legal status of slaves.
Appian, Civil war, 1.117; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p.121; Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Gladiatores", p.574Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. – Note that gladiator contests as part of some funeral rituals in the Roman Republic were a high honor, according to Smith. This accords with Florus' passage "He also celebrated the obsequies of his officers who had fallen in battle with funerals like those of Roman generals, and ordered his captives to fight at their pyres".
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118; Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Exercitus", p.494Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine; Appian details the number of legions, while Smith discusses the size of the legions throughout the Roman civilization, stating that late republican legions varied from 5,000–6,200 men per legion.
Plutarch, Crassus, 8:1–2; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Livy, Periochae, 95:2Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Plutarch claims 78 escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian "about seventy", and Florus says "thirty or rather more men". "Choppers and spits" is from Life of Crassus.
Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5; Livy, Periochae , 95Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae96Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Livy reports that troops under the (former) praetor Quintus Arrius killed Crixus and 20,000 of his followers.
Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p. 96; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae , 96:6Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. – Bradley identifies Gaius Cassius Longinus as the governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time. Livy also identifies "Caius Cassius" and mentions his co-commander (or sub-commander?) "Cnaeus Manlius".
Plutarch, Crassus, 11:3; Livy, Periochae, 97:1Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Plutarch gives the figure 12,300 rebels killed. Livy claims 35,000.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120; Plutarch, Crassus, 11:6–7; Livy, Periochae, 97.1Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Livy claims some 60,000 rebel slaves killed in this final action.
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Gaius, Institvtionvm Commentarivs, I:52; Seneca, De Beneficiis, III:22. Gaius details the changes in the rights of owners to inflict whatever treatment they wished on their slaves, while Seneca details the slaves' right to proper treatment and the creation of a "slave ombudsman".
Plutarch, Crassus, 8:1–2; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Livy, Periochae, 95:2Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Plutarch claims 78 escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian "about seventy", and Florus says "thirty or rather more men". "Choppers and spits" is from Life of Crassus.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Plutarch, Crassus, 8:2. Note: Spartacus' status as an auxilia is taken from the Loeb edition of Appian translated by Horace White, which states "... who had once served as a soldier with the Romans ...". However, the translation by John Carter in the Penguin Classics version reads: "... who had once fought against the Romans and after being taken prisoner and sold ...".
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; – Florus and Appian make the claim that the slaves withdrew to Vesuvius, while Plutarch only mentions "a hill" in the account of Glaber's siege of the slave's encampment.
Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1–3; Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, p. 109. Note: Plutarch and Frontinus write of expeditions under the command of "Clodius the praetor" and "Publius Varinus", while Appian writes of "Varinius Glaber" and "Publius Valerius".
Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5; Livy, Periochae , 95Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.
Plutarch, Crassus, 9:3; Appian, Civil War, 1:116. Livy identifies the second commander as "Publius Varenus" with the subordinate "Claudius Pulcher".
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae96Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Livy reports that troops under the (former) praetor Quintus Arrius killed Crixus and 20,000 of his followers.
Appian, Civil war, 1.117; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p.121; Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Gladiatores", p.574Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. – Note that gladiator contests as part of some funeral rituals in the Roman Republic were a high honor, according to Smith. This accords with Florus' passage "He also celebrated the obsequies of his officers who had fallen in battle with funerals like those of Roman generals, and ordered his captives to fight at their pyres".
Appian, Civil war, 1.117; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Florus does not detail when and how Spartacus intended to march on Rome, but agrees this was Spartacus' ultimate goal.
Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p. 96; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae , 96:6Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. – Bradley identifies Gaius Cassius Longinus as the governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time. Livy also identifies "Caius Cassius" and mentions his co-commander (or sub-commander?) "Cnaeus Manlius".
Plutarch, Crassus, 6; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:76–1:104. Plutarch gives a brief synopsis of Crassus's involvement in the war, with 6:6–7 showing an example of Crassus as an effective commander. Appian gives a much more detailed account of the entire war and subsequent dictatorship, in which Crassus's actions are mentioned throughout.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118; Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Exercitus", p.494Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine; Appian details the number of legions, while Smith discusses the size of the legions throughout the Roman civilization, stating that late republican legions varied from 5,000–6,200 men per legion.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120; Plutarch, Crassus, 10:6. No mention of the fate of the forces who did not break out of the siege is mentioned, although it is possible that these were the slaves under command of Gannicus and Castus mentioned later.
Plutarch, Crassus, 11:3; Livy, Periochae, 97:1Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Plutarch gives the figure 12,300 rebels killed. Livy claims 35,000.
Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion. p. 97; Plutarch, Crassus, 11:4.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120; Plutarch, Crassus, 11:6–7; Livy, Periochae, 97.1Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Livy claims some 60,000 rebel slaves killed in this final action.
Gaius, Institvtionvm Commentarivs, I:52; Seneca, De Beneficiis, III:22. Gaius details the changes in the rights of owners to inflict whatever treatment they wished on their slaves, while Seneca details the slaves' right to proper treatment and the creation of a "slave ombudsman".
Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1038Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine; details the legal and military means by which people were enslaved.
Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1040Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine; Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:33. Smith refers to the purchase of 10,000 slaves from Cilician pirates, while Caesar provides an example of the enslavement of 53,000 captive Aduatuci by a Roman army.
Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", pp. 1022–39Archived 2013-07-26 at the Wayback Machine summarizes the complex body of Roman law pertaining to the legal status of slaves.
Plutarch, Crassus, 8:1–2; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Livy, Periochae, 95:2Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Plutarch claims 78 escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian "about seventy", and Florus says "thirty or rather more men". "Choppers and spits" is from Life of Crassus.
Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5; Livy, Periochae , 95Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae96Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Livy reports that troops under the (former) praetor Quintus Arrius killed Crixus and 20,000 of his followers.
Appian, Civil war, 1.117; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p.121; Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Gladiatores", p.574Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. – Note that gladiator contests as part of some funeral rituals in the Roman Republic were a high honor, according to Smith. This accords with Florus' passage "He also celebrated the obsequies of his officers who had fallen in battle with funerals like those of Roman generals, and ordered his captives to fight at their pyres".
Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p. 96; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae , 96:6Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. – Bradley identifies Gaius Cassius Longinus as the governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time. Livy also identifies "Caius Cassius" and mentions his co-commander (or sub-commander?) "Cnaeus Manlius".
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118; Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Exercitus", p.494Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine; Appian details the number of legions, while Smith discusses the size of the legions throughout the Roman civilization, stating that late republican legions varied from 5,000–6,200 men per legion.
Plutarch, Crassus, 11:3; Livy, Periochae, 97:1Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Plutarch gives the figure 12,300 rebels killed. Livy claims 35,000.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120; Plutarch, Crassus, 11:6–7; Livy, Periochae, 97.1Archived 2017-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. Livy claims some 60,000 rebel slaves killed in this final action.
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Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1040Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine; Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:33. Smith refers to the purchase of 10,000 slaves from Cilician pirates, while Caesar provides an example of the enslavement of 53,000 captive Aduatuci by a Roman army.
Plutarch, Crassus, 8:1–2; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Livy, Periochae, 95:2Archived 2018-11-07 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Plutarch claims 78 escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian "about seventy", and Florus says "thirty or rather more men". "Choppers and spits" is from Life of Crassus.
Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; – Florus and Appian make the claim that the slaves withdrew to Vesuvius, while Plutarch only mentions "a hill" in the account of Glaber's siege of the slave's encampment.
Appian, Civil war, 1.117; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion, p.121; Smith, Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Gladiatores", p.574Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. – Note that gladiator contests as part of some funeral rituals in the Roman Republic were a high honor, according to Smith. This accords with Florus' passage "He also celebrated the obsequies of his officers who had fallen in battle with funerals like those of Roman generals, and ordered his captives to fight at their pyres".
Appian, Civil war, 1.117; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Florus does not detail when and how Spartacus intended to march on Rome, but agrees this was Spartacus' ultimate goal.
