Tholin (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Tholin" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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32harvard.edu

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archive.org

Coustenis, Athena; Taylor, Frederic W. (2008). Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World. World Scientific. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-981-270-501-3.

arizona.edu

uanews.arizona.edu

A Bit of Titan on Earth Helps in the Search for Life's Origins. Lori Stiles, University of Arizona. 19 October 2004.

arxiv.org

Dubois, David; Carrasco, Nathalie; Petrucciani, Marie; Vettier, Ludovic; Tigrine, Sarah; Pernot, Pascal (2019). "In situ investigation of neutrals involved in the formation of Titan tholins". Icarus. 317: 182–196. arXiv:1807.04569. Bibcode:2019Icar..317..182D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.006. S2CID 119446074.
Kohler, M.; Mann, I.; Li, A. (2008). "Complex organic materials in the HR 4796A disk?". The Astrophysical Journal. 686 (2): L95–L98. arXiv:0808.4113. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686L..95K. doi:10.1086/592961. S2CID 13204352.

astrochemistry.org

Cruikshank, D.; et al. (2005). "A spectroscopic study of the surfaces of Saturn's large satellites: HO ice, tholins, and minor constituents" (PDF). Icarus. 175 (1): 268–283. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..268C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.09.003.

bbc.com

Amos, Jonathan (8 October 2015). "New Horizons: Probe captures Pluto's blue hazes". BBC News.

businessinsider.com

"NASA released an incredibly detailed photo of snow - and something else - on Pluto", Business Insider Australia, Mar. 6, 2016 (accessed 28 Feb. 2018).

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

Mike Brown; K. M. Barksume; G. L. Blake; E. L. Schaller; et al. (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY₉" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734. S2CID 12146168.
M. E. Brown; E. L. Schaller; G. A. Blake (2015). "Irradiation products on the dwarf planet Makemake" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 149 (3): 105. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..105B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/3/105. S2CID 39534359.
Brown, M. E.; Barkume, K. M.; Blake, G. A.; Schaller, E. L.; Rabinowitz, D. L.; Roe, H. G.; Trujillo, C. A. (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY9" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734. S2CID 12146168.
Barkume, K. M.; Brown, M. E.; Schaller, E. L. (2008). "Near-Infrared Spectra of Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 135 (1): 55–67. Bibcode:2008AJ....135...55B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.62.5470. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/55. S2CID 12245232.

doi.org

Sagan, Carl; Khare, Bishun (11 January 1979). "Tholins: organic chemistry of interstellar grains and gas". Nature. 277 (5692): 102–107. Bibcode:1979Natur.277..102S. doi:10.1038/277102a0. S2CID 4261076.
McDonald, G.D.; Whited, L.J.; DeRuiter, C.; Khare, B.N.; Patnaik, A.; Sagan, C. (1996). "Production and chemical analysis of cometary ice tholins". Icarus. 122 (1): 107–117. Bibcode:1996Icar..122..107M. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.0112.
Nna-Mvondo, Delphine; de la Fuente, José L.; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; Khare, Bishun; McKay, Christopher P. (September 2013). "Thermal characterization of Titan's tholins by simultaneous TG–MS, DTA, DSC analysis". Planetary and Space Science. 85: 279–288. Bibcode:2013P&SS...85..279N. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.06.025.
Cleaves, H. James; Neish, Catherine; Callahan, Michael P.; Parker, Eric; Fernández, Facundo M.; Dworkin, Jason P. (2014). "Amino acids generated from hydrated Titan tholins: Comparison with Miller–Urey electric discharge products". Icarus. 237: 182–189. Bibcode:2014Icar..237..182C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.042.
Dubois, David; Carrasco, Nathalie; Petrucciani, Marie; Vettier, Ludovic; Tigrine, Sarah; Pernot, Pascal (2019). "In situ investigation of neutrals involved in the formation of Titan tholins". Icarus. 317: 182–196. arXiv:1807.04569. Bibcode:2019Icar..317..182D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.006. S2CID 119446074.
Eric Quirico; Gilles Montagnac; Victoria Lees; Paul F. McMillan; Cyril Szopa; Guy Cernogora; Jean-Noël Rouzaud; Patrick Simon; Jean-Michel Bernard; Patrice Coll; Nicolas Fray; Robert D. Minardi; François Raulin; Bruno Reynard; Bernard Schmitt (November 2008). "New experimental constraints on the composition and structure of tholins". Icarus. 198 (1): 218–231. Bibcode:2008Icar..198..218Q. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.012.
Waite, J.H.; Young, D.T.; Cravens, T.E.; Coates, A.J.; Crary, F.J.; Magee, B.; Westlake, J. (2007). "The process of tholin formation in Titan's upper atmosphere". Science. 316 (5826): 870–5. Bibcode:2007Sci...316..870W. doi:10.1126/science.1139727. PMID 17495166. S2CID 25984655.
McGuigan, M.A.; Waite, J.H.; Imanaka, H.; Sacks, R.D. (2006). "Analysis of Titan tholin pyrolysis products by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 1132 (1–2): 280–288. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.069. PMID 16934276.
Cruikshank, D.; et al. (2005). "A spectroscopic study of the surfaces of Saturn's large satellites: HO ice, tholins, and minor constituents" (PDF). Icarus. 175 (1): 268–283. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..268C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.09.003.
Trainer, Melissa (2013). "Atmospheric Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes". Current Organic Chemistry. 17 (16): 1710–1723. doi:10.2174/13852728113179990078. PMC 3796891. PMID 24143126.
Borucki, Jerome G.; Khare, Bishun; Cruikshank, Dale P. (2002). "A new energy source for organic synthesis in Europa's surface ice". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 107 (E11): 24-1–24-5. Bibcode:2002JGRE..107.5114B. doi:10.1029/2002JE001841.
Ruiz-Bermejo, M.; Rivas, L. A.; Palacín, A.; Menor-Salván, C.; Osuna-Esteban, S. (2011). "Prebiotic synthesis of protobiopolymers under alkaline ocean conditions". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 41 (4): 331–45. Bibcode:2011OLEB...41..331R. doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9232-z. PMID 21161385. S2CID 19283373.
Stoker, C.R.; Boston, P.J.; Mancinelli, R.L.; Segal, W.; Khare, B.N.; Sagan, C. (1990). "Microbial metabolism of tholin". Icarus. 85 (1): 241–256. Bibcode:1990Icar...85..241S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90114-O. PMID 11538367.
McKay, C. P. (1991). "Urey Prize Lecture: Planetary Evolution and the Origin of Life". Icarus. 91 (1): 93–100. Bibcode:1991Icar...91...93M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90128-g. PMID 11538106.
Poch, Olivier; Pommerol, Antoine; Jost, Bernhard; Carrasco, Nathalie; Szopa, Cyril; Thomas, Nicolas (2016). "Sublimation of water ice mixed with silicates and tholins: Evolution of surface texture and reflectance spectra, with implications for comets". Icarus. 267: 154–173. Bibcode:2016Icar..267..154P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.017. S2CID 56028928.
McDonald, Gene D.; Thompson, W.Reid; Heinrich, Michael; Khare, Bishun N.; Sagan, Carl (1994). "Chemical Investigation of Titan and Triton Tholins". Icarus. 108 (1): 137–145. Bibcode:1994Icar..108..137M. doi:10.1006/icar.1994.1046. PMID 11539478.
Derenne, S.; Coelho, C.; Anquetil, C.; Szopa, C.; Rahman, A.S.; McMillan, P.F.; Corà, F.; Pickard, C.J.; Quirico, E.; Bonhomme, C. (2012). "New insights into the structure and chemistry of Titan's tholins via 13C and 15N solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy" (PDF). Icarus. 221 (2): 844–853. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..844D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.003.
Combe, Jean-Philippe; et al. (2019). "The surface composition of Ceres' Ezinu quadrangle analyzed by the Dawn mission". Icarus. 318: 124–146. Bibcode:2019Icar..318..124C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.039. S2CID 125598869.
Marchi, S.; et al. (2019). "An aqueously altered carbon-rich Ceres". Nature Astronomy. 3 (2): 140–145. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3..140M. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0656-0. S2CID 135013590.
Mike Brown; K. M. Barksume; G. L. Blake; E. L. Schaller; et al. (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY₉" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734. S2CID 12146168.
M. E. Brown; E. L. Schaller; G. A. Blake (2015). "Irradiation products on the dwarf planet Makemake" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 149 (3): 105. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..105B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/3/105. S2CID 39534359.
Brown, M. E.; Barkume, K. M.; Blake, G. A.; Schaller, E. L.; Rabinowitz, D. L.; Roe, H. G.; Trujillo, C. A. (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY9" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734. S2CID 12146168.
H. Boehnhardt; et al. (2004). "Surface characterization of 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)". Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters. 415 (2): L21–L25. Bibcode:2004A&A...415L..21B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040005.
Cruikshank, Dale P.; Dalle Ore, Cristina M. (2003). "Spectral Models of Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs" (PDF). Earth, Moon, and Planets. 92 (1–4): 315–330. Bibcode:2003EM&P...92..315C. doi:10.1023/B:MOON.0000031948.39136.7d. hdl:2060/20040012770. S2CID 189906047.
Barkume, K. M.; Brown, M. E.; Schaller, E. L. (2008). "Near-Infrared Spectra of Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 135 (1): 55–67. Bibcode:2008AJ....135...55B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.62.5470. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/55. S2CID 12245232.
Szabó, Gy. M.; Kiss; et al. (2018). "Surface Ice and Tholins on the Extreme Centaur 2012 DR30". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (4): 170. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..170S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aab14e.
Pommerol, A.; et al. (2015). "OSIRIS observations of meter-sized exposures of H2O ice at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and interpretation using laboratory experiments". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 583: A25. Bibcode:2015A&A...583A..25P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525977. hdl:11577/3182682.
Wright, I. P.; Sheridan, S.; Barber, S. J.; Morgan, G. H.; Andrews, D. J.; Morse, A. D. (2015). "CHO-bearing organic compounds at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed by Ptolemy". Science. 349 (6247): aab0673. Bibcode:2015Sci...349b0673W. doi:10.1126/science.aab0673. PMID 26228155. S2CID 206637053.
Campins, Humberto; Hargrove, K; Pinilla-Alonso, N; Howell, ES; Kelley, MS; Licandro, J; Mothé-Diniz, T; Fernández, Y; Ziffer, J (2010). "Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis". Nature. 464 (7293): 1320–1. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1320C. doi:10.1038/nature09029. PMID 20428164. S2CID 4334032.
Rivkin, Andrew S.; Emery, Joshua P. (2010). "Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface" (PDF). Nature. 464 (7293): 1322–1323. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1322R. doi:10.1038/nature09028. PMID 20428165. S2CID 4368093.
Kohler, M.; Mann, I.; Li, A. (2008). "Complex organic materials in the HR 4796A disk?". The Astrophysical Journal. 686 (2): L95–L98. arXiv:0808.4113. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686L..95K. doi:10.1086/592961. S2CID 13204352.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Cruikshank, Dale P.; Dalle Ore, Cristina M. (2003). "Spectral Models of Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs" (PDF). Earth, Moon, and Planets. 92 (1–4): 315–330. Bibcode:2003EM&P...92..315C. doi:10.1023/B:MOON.0000031948.39136.7d. hdl:2060/20040012770. S2CID 189906047.
Pommerol, A.; et al. (2015). "OSIRIS observations of meter-sized exposures of H2O ice at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and interpretation using laboratory experiments". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 583: A25. Bibcode:2015A&A...583A..25P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525977. hdl:11577/3182682.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Sagan, Carl; Khare, Bishun (11 January 1979). "Tholins: organic chemistry of interstellar grains and gas". Nature. 277 (5692): 102–107. Bibcode:1979Natur.277..102S. doi:10.1038/277102a0. S2CID 4261076.
McDonald, G.D.; Whited, L.J.; DeRuiter, C.; Khare, B.N.; Patnaik, A.; Sagan, C. (1996). "Production and chemical analysis of cometary ice tholins". Icarus. 122 (1): 107–117. Bibcode:1996Icar..122..107M. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.0112.
Nna-Mvondo, Delphine; de la Fuente, José L.; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; Khare, Bishun; McKay, Christopher P. (September 2013). "Thermal characterization of Titan's tholins by simultaneous TG–MS, DTA, DSC analysis". Planetary and Space Science. 85: 279–288. Bibcode:2013P&SS...85..279N. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.06.025.
Cleaves, H. James; Neish, Catherine; Callahan, Michael P.; Parker, Eric; Fernández, Facundo M.; Dworkin, Jason P. (2014). "Amino acids generated from hydrated Titan tholins: Comparison with Miller–Urey electric discharge products". Icarus. 237: 182–189. Bibcode:2014Icar..237..182C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.042.
Dubois, David; Carrasco, Nathalie; Petrucciani, Marie; Vettier, Ludovic; Tigrine, Sarah; Pernot, Pascal (2019). "In situ investigation of neutrals involved in the formation of Titan tholins". Icarus. 317: 182–196. arXiv:1807.04569. Bibcode:2019Icar..317..182D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.006. S2CID 119446074.
Eric Quirico; Gilles Montagnac; Victoria Lees; Paul F. McMillan; Cyril Szopa; Guy Cernogora; Jean-Noël Rouzaud; Patrick Simon; Jean-Michel Bernard; Patrice Coll; Nicolas Fray; Robert D. Minardi; François Raulin; Bruno Reynard; Bernard Schmitt (November 2008). "New experimental constraints on the composition and structure of tholins". Icarus. 198 (1): 218–231. Bibcode:2008Icar..198..218Q. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.012.
Waite, J.H.; Young, D.T.; Cravens, T.E.; Coates, A.J.; Crary, F.J.; Magee, B.; Westlake, J. (2007). "The process of tholin formation in Titan's upper atmosphere". Science. 316 (5826): 870–5. Bibcode:2007Sci...316..870W. doi:10.1126/science.1139727. PMID 17495166. S2CID 25984655.
Cruikshank, D.; et al. (2005). "A spectroscopic study of the surfaces of Saturn's large satellites: HO ice, tholins, and minor constituents" (PDF). Icarus. 175 (1): 268–283. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..268C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.09.003.
Coll, P. J.; Poch, O.; Ramirez, S. I.; Buch, A.; Brassé, C.; Raulin, F. (2010). "Prebiotic chemistry on Titan ? The nature of Titan's aerosols and their potential evolution at the satellite surface". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2010: P31C–1551. Bibcode:2010AGUFM.P31C1551C.
Borucki, Jerome G.; Khare, Bishun; Cruikshank, Dale P. (2002). "A new energy source for organic synthesis in Europa's surface ice". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 107 (E11): 24-1–24-5. Bibcode:2002JGRE..107.5114B. doi:10.1029/2002JE001841.
Ruiz-Bermejo, M.; Rivas, L. A.; Palacín, A.; Menor-Salván, C.; Osuna-Esteban, S. (2011). "Prebiotic synthesis of protobiopolymers under alkaline ocean conditions". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 41 (4): 331–45. Bibcode:2011OLEB...41..331R. doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9232-z. PMID 21161385. S2CID 19283373.
Stoker, C.R.; Boston, P.J.; Mancinelli, R.L.; Segal, W.; Khare, B.N.; Sagan, C. (1990). "Microbial metabolism of tholin". Icarus. 85 (1): 241–256. Bibcode:1990Icar...85..241S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90114-O. PMID 11538367.
McKay, C. P. (1991). "Urey Prize Lecture: Planetary Evolution and the Origin of Life". Icarus. 91 (1): 93–100. Bibcode:1991Icar...91...93M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90128-g. PMID 11538106.
Poch, Olivier; Pommerol, Antoine; Jost, Bernhard; Carrasco, Nathalie; Szopa, Cyril; Thomas, Nicolas (2016). "Sublimation of water ice mixed with silicates and tholins: Evolution of surface texture and reflectance spectra, with implications for comets". Icarus. 267: 154–173. Bibcode:2016Icar..267..154P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.017. S2CID 56028928.
McDonald, Gene D.; Thompson, W.Reid; Heinrich, Michael; Khare, Bishun N.; Sagan, Carl (1994). "Chemical Investigation of Titan and Triton Tholins". Icarus. 108 (1): 137–145. Bibcode:1994Icar..108..137M. doi:10.1006/icar.1994.1046. PMID 11539478.
Derenne, S.; Coelho, C.; Anquetil, C.; Szopa, C.; Rahman, A.S.; McMillan, P.F.; Corà, F.; Pickard, C.J.; Quirico, E.; Bonhomme, C. (2012). "New insights into the structure and chemistry of Titan's tholins via 13C and 15N solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy" (PDF). Icarus. 221 (2): 844–853. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..844D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.003.
Whalen, Kelly; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Blaney, Diana L. (2017). "MISE: A Search for Organics on Europa". American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts. 229: 138.04. Bibcode:2017AAS...22913804W.
Khare, B. N.; Nna Mvondo, D.; Borucki, J. G.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Belisle, W. A.; Wilhite, P.; McKay, C. P. (2005). "Impact Driven Chemistry on Europa's Surface". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 37: 753. Bibcode:2005DPS....37.5810K.
Combe, Jean-Philippe; et al. (2019). "The surface composition of Ceres' Ezinu quadrangle analyzed by the Dawn mission". Icarus. 318: 124–146. Bibcode:2019Icar..318..124C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.039. S2CID 125598869.
Marchi, S.; et al. (2019). "An aqueously altered carbon-rich Ceres". Nature Astronomy. 3 (2): 140–145. Bibcode:2019NatAs...3..140M. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0656-0. S2CID 135013590.
Mike Brown; K. M. Barksume; G. L. Blake; E. L. Schaller; et al. (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY₉" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734. S2CID 12146168.
M. E. Brown; E. L. Schaller; G. A. Blake (2015). "Irradiation products on the dwarf planet Makemake" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 149 (3): 105. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..105B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/3/105. S2CID 39534359.
Brown, M. E.; Barkume, K. M.; Blake, G. A.; Schaller, E. L.; Rabinowitz, D. L.; Roe, H. G.; Trujillo, C. A. (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY9" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734. S2CID 12146168.
H. Boehnhardt; et al. (2004). "Surface characterization of 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)". Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters. 415 (2): L21–L25. Bibcode:2004A&A...415L..21B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040005.
Cruikshank, Dale P.; Dalle Ore, Cristina M. (2003). "Spectral Models of Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs" (PDF). Earth, Moon, and Planets. 92 (1–4): 315–330. Bibcode:2003EM&P...92..315C. doi:10.1023/B:MOON.0000031948.39136.7d. hdl:2060/20040012770. S2CID 189906047.
Barkume, K. M.; Brown, M. E.; Schaller, E. L. (2008). "Near-Infrared Spectra of Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 135 (1): 55–67. Bibcode:2008AJ....135...55B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.62.5470. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/55. S2CID 12245232.
Szabó, Gy. M.; Kiss; et al. (2018). "Surface Ice and Tholins on the Extreme Centaur 2012 DR30". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (4): 170. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..170S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aab14e.
Pommerol, A.; et al. (2015). "OSIRIS observations of meter-sized exposures of H2O ice at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and interpretation using laboratory experiments". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 583: A25. Bibcode:2015A&A...583A..25P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525977. hdl:11577/3182682.
Wright, I. P.; Sheridan, S.; Barber, S. J.; Morgan, G. H.; Andrews, D. J.; Morse, A. D. (2015). "CHO-bearing organic compounds at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed by Ptolemy". Science. 349 (6247): aab0673. Bibcode:2015Sci...349b0673W. doi:10.1126/science.aab0673. PMID 26228155. S2CID 206637053.
Campins, Humberto; Hargrove, K; Pinilla-Alonso, N; Howell, ES; Kelley, MS; Licandro, J; Mothé-Diniz, T; Fernández, Y; Ziffer, J (2010). "Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis". Nature. 464 (7293): 1320–1. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1320C. doi:10.1038/nature09029. PMID 20428164. S2CID 4334032.
Rivkin, Andrew S.; Emery, Joshua P. (2010). "Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface" (PDF). Nature. 464 (7293): 1322–1323. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1322R. doi:10.1038/nature09028. PMID 20428165. S2CID 4368093.
Kohler, M.; Mann, I.; Li, A. (2008). "Complex organic materials in the HR 4796A disk?". The Astrophysical Journal. 686 (2): L95–L98. arXiv:0808.4113. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686L..95K. doi:10.1086/592961. S2CID 13204352.

nasa.gov

astrobiology.nasa.gov

"Task 3.4 Tholin Chemical Analysis". NASA Astrobiology Institute. August 2010.

jpl.nasa.gov

"Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-10-23.

science.nasa.gov

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nasa.gov

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