Threshold of originality (English Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Threshold of originality" in English language version.
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abc.net.au (Global: 139th place; English: 108th place)
- "Who is Harold Thomas, the man who created the Aboriginal flag?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
admin.ch (Global: 279th place; English: 551st place)
- "SR 231.1 Bundesgesetz über das Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte". Government of Switzerland. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- Bundesrat, "Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung", BBl 2018 591, 620. See also W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), Das neue Urheberrecht (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 35.
- "Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights 1992". Swiss Federal Council - English translation (select DE, FR or IT for legally enforceable versions). 1 April 2020.
airitilibrary.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Huang, Shin-Yi (1 January 2013). "論攝影著作之原創性". 東吳法律學報. 24 (3): 125–148.
apollo-magazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Nicholas O'Donnell (28 July 2017). "Is the 'monkey selfie' case making a monkey out of the law?". Apollo Magazine. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
arbitr.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)
kad.arbitr.ru
archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)
- Kamina, Pascal (2002). Film copyright in the European Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-521-77053-8.
arstechnica.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Digitising public domain images creates a new copyright, rules German court [Updated]". Ars Technica UK. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,812th place; English: 995th place)
- Aplin, Tanya. "When are compilations original? Telstra Corporation Ltd v Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd". Robinson College, Cambridge. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
bailii.org (Global: 3,544th place; English: 1,912th place)
- English Court of Appeal: Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland & Others [2000] EWCA Civ 37 (10 February 2000); URL retrieved 2011-01-11.
bakermckenzie.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "German Federal Court of Justice expands copyright protection of works of Applied Art" (PDF). Baker & McKenzie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)
- Wilson, Bill (1 March 2012). "Football match fixture list copyright claim rejected". BBC News. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
bger.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)
relevancy.bger.ch
- "X. gegen Y. AG, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 5 September 2003". bger.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2021. BGE 130 III 168.
- Blau Guggenheim gegen British Broadcasting Corporation BBC, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 19 April 2004; BGE 130 III 714.
books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)
- McJohn, Stephen M. (2006). Copyright: examples and explanations. Aspen Publishers Online. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7355-5287-6.
- Schack, Haimo (2007). Urheber- und Urhebervertragsrecht (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-16-149489-5.
canlii.org (Global: 6,607th place; English: 3,855th place)
chinaleaven.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
m.chinaleaven.com
- 沈宗原 (1 March 2016). "商標圖樣中之文字及圖形於著作權法上似享有不同之命運". 理律法律雜誌. 2016 (3): 7–8.
cippic.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Copyright and Privacy in Photography". cippic.ca. Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
copyright.gov (Global: 6,605th place; English: 4,226th place)
- "Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2" (PDF). United States Copyright Office. 22 December 2014. p. 22. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants.
copyrightnote.org (Global: low place; English: low place)
- 章忠信. "著作的原創性". Retrieved 22 February 2025.
實務上，法院於判定是否為「著作」時，常以「原創性」之有無為依據，並將「原創性」再區隔為「原始性」及「創作性」，此或係受到美國著作權法第101條定義"original works"中之"original"用語之影響……我國法院對於「原創性」有無之判斷，常會因刑事案件或民事案件而有不同標準。在刑事案件，為避免被告未授權之利用而罹犯刑章，法院多採較嚴格之標準，儘可能讓著作不受著作權法保護，以有利於被告
courts.go.jp (Global: 2,750th place; English: 4,953rd place)
creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010th place; English: 612th place)
- Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022). "Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians". Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
csmonitor.com (Global: 791st place; English: 550th place)
- Axelrad, Jacob (22 August 2014). "US government: Monkey selfies ineligible for copyright". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)
- Margoni, Thomas (2016). "The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard". Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century. pp. 85–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_6. ISBN 978-3-319-31176-0. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- Chin, Wang (1 January 2019). 字體與字型著作權保護之重構 (Thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 國立台灣大學. doi:10.6342/ntu201902635.
e-gov.go.jp (Global: 2,200th place; English: low place)
law.e-gov.go.jp
- "Japanese copyright law" (in Japanese). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
europa.eu (Global: 68th place; English: 117th place)
curia.europa.eu
- in Infopaq § 37 the European Court of Justice rules that subject-matter [protected by copyright] is original in the sense that it is its author's own intellectual creation.
files.wordpress.com (Global: 869th place; English: 864th place)
turtletalk.files.wordpress.com
- Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman, Case Number CIV-07-949-C Defense Motion for Summary Judgement (W.D. Okla., 28 Aug. 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013.
gov.uk (Global: 432nd place; English: 278th place)
- "Copyright notice: digital images, photographs and the internet". GOV.UK. Intellectual Property Office. November 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
However, according to established case law, the courts have said that copyright can only subsist in subject matter that is original in the sense that it is the author's own 'intellectual creation'. Given this criterion, it seems unlikely that what is merely a retouched, digitised image of an older work can be considered as 'original'. This is because there will generally be minimal scope for a creator to exercise free and creative choices if their aim is simply to make a faithful reproduction of an existing work.
harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)
jolt.law.harvard.edu
- Acosta, Raquel (17 February 2012). "Artificial Intelligence and Authorship Rights". JOLTdigest.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
harvardlawreview.org (Global: low place; English: 6,995th place)
- "Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc". Harvard Law Review. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
hollywoodreporter.com (Global: 15th place; English: 16th place)
- "CBS Radio Has Novel Argument to Legal Demand to Stop Playing Pre-1972 Songs". The Hollywood Reporter. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
- "CBS Beats Lawsuit Over Pre-1972 Songs With Bold Copyright Argument". The Hollywood Reporter. June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
ipmall.info (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Carson, David O. "Best Western Logo" (PDF). Copyright appeals (2006). United States Copyright Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2016.
judicial.gov.tw (Global: 7,492nd place; English: low place)
judgment.judicial.gov.tw
- "臺灣彰化地方法院刑事判決109年度智易字第11號".
「創作性」，並不必達於前無古人之地步，僅依社會通念，該著作與前已存在之作品有可資區別，足以表現著作人之個性為已足
kls-law.org (Global: low place; English: low place)
kluwercopyrightblog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Sherman, Brad (20 August 2013). ""Backseat conversations" not protected by copyright". Kluwer Copyright Blog. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
ksnh.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)
blog.ksnh.eu
- "Germany: Copyright Protection More Easily Available For Works Of "Applied Arts"". KSNH. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
metro.co.uk (Global: 296th place; English: 217th place)
- "Can monkey who took grinning self-portrait claim copyright?". Metro. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
nylawline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Filler, Stephen C. (9 December 2006). "Copyright Protection and Subject Matter in Photographs". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006.
pm.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022). "Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians". Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2022. Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; English: 125th place)
- Margoni, Thomas (2016). "The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard". Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century. pp. 85–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_6. ISBN 978-3-319-31176-0. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
reuters.com (Global: 49th place; English: 47th place)
- Stempel, Jonathan (20 August 2018). "U.S. appeals court revives case against CBS over pre-1972 recordings". Reuters.
scholar.google.com (Global: 1,697th place; English: 1,040th place)
- Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman, Case Number CIV-07-949-C Memorandum and Order (W.D. Okla., 27 October 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013.
techdirt.com (Global: 6,694th place; English: 4,043rd place)
- Masnick, Mike (12 July 2011). "Monkeys Don't Do Fair Use; News Agency Tells Techdirt To Remove Photos". Techdirt. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
- Masnick, Mike (13 July 2011). "Can We Subpoena The Monkey? Why The Monkey Self-Portraits Are Likely In The Public Domain". Techdirt. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
theconversation.com (Global: 928th place; English: 651st place)
- Alexander, Isabella (12 June 2019). "Explainer: our copyright laws and the Australian Aboriginal flag". The Conversation. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; English: 11th place)
- Butler, Josh (24 January 2022). "Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $20m deal". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022). "Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
tipo.gov.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "著作權基本概念篇-1~10". Intellectual Property Office, MOEA (in Chinese). 31 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
只要具有最低程度的創意，可認為作者的精神作用已達到相當程度，足以表現其個性或獨特性，即可給予保護
- 羅明通. "著作權法「原創性」概念之解析". 智慧財產權 (199911): 35–45.
判決稱：「查卷附劉桂榮取得著作權之『加官晉祿圖』﹑『祥龍戲珠圖』﹑『彩鳳獻瑞圖』等三種圖樣﹐與我國民間流傳認為吉祥象徵之龍﹑鳳及神像造形並無何個性或獨特性之差別﹐其是否為原創性之美術創作﹐不無疑義。」依此判決之文義觀之﹐創作性之高度並非討論之重心﹐而係逕以個性或獨特性為原創性之內容。
trkm.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)
uconn.edu (Global: 5,165th place; English: 3,393rd place)
law.uconn.edu
- "Morrissey v. Procter and Gamble". An Introduction to Intellectual Property. University of Connecticut School of Law. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
uscourts.gov (Global: 2,275th place; English: 1,288th place)
ca10.uscourts.gov
- "Meshwerks v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. (2008)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2013.
victoria.ac.nz (Global: 5,453rd place; English: 3,033rd place)
ojs.victoria.ac.nz
- Frankel, Susy (October 2005). "The Copyright and Privacy Nexus". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review (36): 518. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)
- "German Federal Court of Justice expands copyright protection of works of Applied Art" (PDF). Baker & McKenzie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- "Japanese copyright law" (in Japanese). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- Carson, David O. "Best Western Logo" (PDF). Copyright appeals (2006). United States Copyright Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2016.
- "Morrissey v. Procter and Gamble". An Introduction to Intellectual Property. University of Connecticut School of Law. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- Filler, Stephen C. (9 December 2006). "Copyright Protection and Subject Matter in Photographs". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006.
- Acosta, Raquel (17 February 2012). "Artificial Intelligence and Authorship Rights". JOLTdigest.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
wikisource.org (Global: 27th place; English: 51st place)
en.wikisource.org
- "Copyright Law Revision (House Report No. 94-1476)". Wikisource. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
- "Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc". Wikisource. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
wipo.int (Global: 1,462nd place; English: 1,223rd place)
- "Civil Code of the Russian Federation (as last amended on December 8, 2011)". WIPO. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)
search.worldcat.org
- Butler, Josh (24 January 2022). "Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $20m deal". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022). "Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
worldipreview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Hartwig, Henning. "Germany: conflict between design and copyright law?". World Intellectual Property Review. Retrieved 17 August 2015.