Threshold of originality (English Wikipedia)

"X. gegen Y. AG, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 5 September 2003". bger.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2021. BGE 130 III 168.
Blau Guggenheim gegen British Broadcasting Corporation BBC, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 19 April 2004; BGE 130 III 714.

books.google.com

McJohn, Stephen M. (2006). Copyright: examples and explanations. Aspen Publishers Online. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7355-5287-6.
Schack, Haimo (2007). Urheber- und Urhebervertragsrecht (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-16-149489-5.

canlii.org

2004 SCC 13

chinaleaven.com

m.chinaleaven.com

沈宗原 (1 March 2016). "商標圖樣中之文字及圖形於著作權法上似享有不同之命運". 理律法律雜誌. 2016 (3): 7–8.

cippic.ca

"Copyright and Privacy in Photography". cippic.ca. Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

copyright.gov

"Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2" (PDF). United States Copyright Office. 22 December 2014. p. 22. Retrieved 27 April 2015. To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants.

copyrightnote.org

章忠信. "著作的原創性". Retrieved 22 February 2025. 實務上，法院於判定是否為「著作」時，常以「原創性」之有無為依據，並將「原創性」再區隔為「原始性」及「創作性」，此或係受到美國著作權法第101條定義"original works"中之"original"用語之影響……我國法院對於「原創性」有無之判斷，常會因刑事案件或民事案件而有不同標準。在刑事案件，為避免被告未授權之利用而罹犯刑章，法院多採較嚴格之標準，儘可能讓著作不受著作權法保護，以有利於被告

courts.go.jp

creativecommons.org

Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022). "Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians". Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2022. Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.

csmonitor.com

Axelrad, Jacob (22 August 2014). "US government: Monkey selfies ineligible for copyright". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

doi.org

Margoni, Thomas (2016). "The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard". Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century: 85–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_6. ISBN 978-3-319-31176-0. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
Chin, Wang (1 January 2019). 字體與字型著作權保護之重構 (Thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 國立台灣大學. doi:10.6342/ntu201902635.

e-gov.go.jp

law.e-gov.go.jp

"Japanese copyright law" (in Japanese). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2013.

europa.eu

curia.europa.eu

in Infopaq § 37 the European Court of Justice rules that subject-matter [protected by copyright] is original in the sense that it is its author's own intellectual creation.

files.wordpress.com

turtletalk.files.wordpress.com

Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman, Case Number CIV-07-949-C Defense Motion for Summary Judgement (W.D. Okla., 28 Aug. 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013.

gov.uk

"Copyright notice: digital images, photographs and the internet". GOV.UK. Intellectual Property Office. November 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2021. However, according to established case law, the courts have said that copyright can only subsist in subject matter that is original in the sense that it is the author's own 'intellectual creation'. Given this criterion, it seems unlikely that what is merely a retouched, digitised image of an older work can be considered as 'original'. This is because there will generally be minimal scope for a creator to exercise free and creative choices if their aim is simply to make a faithful reproduction of an existing work.

harvard.edu

jolt.law.harvard.edu

Acosta, Raquel (17 February 2012). "Artificial Intelligence and Authorship Rights". JOLTdigest.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

harvardlawreview.org

"Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc". Harvard Law Review. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

hollywoodreporter.com

"CBS Radio Has Novel Argument to Legal Demand to Stop Playing Pre-1972 Songs". The Hollywood Reporter. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
"CBS Beats Lawsuit Over Pre-1972 Songs With Bold Copyright Argument". The Hollywood Reporter. June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.

ipmall.info

Carson, David O. "Best Western Logo" (PDF). Copyright appeals (2006). United States Copyright Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2016.

judicial.gov.tw

judgment.judicial.gov.tw

"臺灣彰化地方法院刑事判決109年度智易字第11號". 「創作性」，並不必達於前無古人之地步，僅依社會通念，該著作與前已存在之作品有可資區別，足以表現著作人之個性為已足

kls-law.org

Tokyo High Court ruling 平成6(ネ)1470 [2]

kluwercopyrightblog.com

Sherman, Brad (20 August 2013). ""Backseat conversations" not protected by copyright". Kluwer Copyright Blog. Retrieved 22 September 2013.

ksnh.eu

blog.ksnh.eu

"Germany: Copyright Protection More Easily Available For Works Of "Applied Arts"". KSNH. Retrieved 17 August 2015.

metro.co.uk

"Can monkey who took grinning self-portrait claim copyright?". Metro. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2014.

nylawline.com

Filler, Stephen C. (9 December 2006). "Copyright Protection and Subject Matter in Photographs". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006.

pm.gov.au

Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022). "Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians". Prime Minister of Australia. Retrieved 28 January 2022. Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.

researchgate.net

Margoni, Thomas (2016). "The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard". Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century: 85–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_6. ISBN 978-3-319-31176-0. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

reuters.com

Stempel, Jonathan (20 August 2018). "U.S. appeals court revives case against CBS over pre-1972 recordings". Reuters.

scholar.google.com

Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman, Case Number CIV-07-949-C Memorandum and Order (W.D. Okla., 27 October 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013.

techdirt.com

Masnick, Mike (12 July 2011). "Monkeys Don't Do Fair Use; News Agency Tells Techdirt To Remove Photos". Techdirt. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
Masnick, Mike (13 July 2011). "Can We Subpoena The Monkey? Why The Monkey Self-Portraits Are Likely In The Public Domain". Techdirt. Retrieved 24 June 2014.

theconversation.com

Alexander, Isabella (12 June 2019). "Explainer: our copyright laws and the Australian Aboriginal flag". The Conversation. Retrieved 19 June 2019.

theguardian.com

Butler, Josh (24 January 2022). "Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $20m deal". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022). "Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 February 2022.

tipo.gov.tw

"著作權基本概念篇-1~10". Intellectual Property Office, MOEA (in Chinese). 31 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2018. 只要具有最低程度的創意，可認為作者的精神作用已達到相當程度，足以表現其個性或獨特性，即可給予保護
羅明通. "著作權法「原創性」概念之解析". 智慧財產權 (199911): 35–45. 判決稱：「查卷附劉桂榮取得著作權之『加官晉祿圖』﹑『祥龍戲珠圖』﹑『彩鳳獻瑞圖』等三種圖樣﹐與我國民間流傳認為吉祥象徵之龍﹑鳳及神像造形並無何個性或獨特性之差別﹐其是否為原創性之美術創作﹐不無疑義。」依此判決之文義觀之﹐創作性之高度並非討論之重心﹐而係逕以個性或獨特性為原創性之內容。

trkm.co.jp

Tokyo High Court ruling 昭和55(行ケ)30, Supreme Court ruling 昭和55(行ツ)75, [1]

uconn.edu

law.uconn.edu

"Morrissey v. Procter and Gamble". An Introduction to Intellectual Property. University of Connecticut School of Law. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.

uscourts.gov

ca10.uscourts.gov

"Meshwerks v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. (2008)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2013.

victoria.ac.nz

ojs.victoria.ac.nz

Frankel, Susy (October 2005). "The Copyright and Privacy Nexus". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review (36): 518. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

web.archive.org

"German Federal Court of Justice expands copyright protection of works of Applied Art" (PDF). Baker & McKenzie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
"Japanese copyright law" (in Japanese). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Carson, David O. "Best Western Logo" (PDF). Copyright appeals (2006). United States Copyright Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2016.
"Morrissey v. Procter and Gamble". An Introduction to Intellectual Property. University of Connecticut School of Law. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Filler, Stephen C. (9 December 2006). "Copyright Protection and Subject Matter in Photographs". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006.
Acosta, Raquel (17 February 2012). "Artificial Intelligence and Authorship Rights". JOLTdigest.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

wipo.int

"Civil Code of the Russian Federation (as last amended on December 8, 2011)". WIPO. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Butler, Josh (24 January 2022). "Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $20m deal". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022). "Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 February 2022.

worldipreview.com

Hartwig, Henning. "Germany: conflict between design and copyright law?". World Intellectual Property Review. Retrieved 17 August 2015.