Thumb (English Wikipedia)

de Klerk et al. 2000, p. 327. The left manus shows that the flexed digit I had the potential to partially oppose digits II and III. de Klerk, W.J.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D.; Chinsamy, A.; Ross, C.F. (2000). "A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 324–332. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ancdft]2.0.co;2. S2CID 128622530. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-30.

archive.org

Jones & Lederman 2006, Evolutionary Development and Anatomy of the Hand, p. 12 Jones, Lynette A.; Lederman, Susan J. (2006). Human hand function. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780195173154.
Ellerman 1941, p. 2 Ellerman, John Reeves (1941). The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. II. Family Muridae. London: British Museum (Natural History).
Grzimek, Bernhard (2003). Hutchins, Michael; Kleiman, Devra G.; Geist, Valerius; et al. (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol 16, Mammals V (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-7876-7750-3.
Russell, D. A.; Séguin, R. (1982). "Reconstruction of the small Cretaceous theropod Stenonychosaurus inequalis and a hypothetical dinosauroid". Syllogeus. 37: 1–43.

athro.com

"The Panda's Thumb". Athro. 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2010.

books.google.com

Stefoff, Rebecca (2008). The Rodent Order. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 62–63, 71–73. ISBN 978-0-7614-3073-5.
Nowak 1999, p. 89 Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's mammals of the world, Volume 2 (6th ed.). JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
Slocum & Pratt 1946, McBride 1942, p. 631 Slocum, D.B.; Pratt, D.R. (1946). "Disability Evaluation for the Hand" (PDF). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 28 (3): 491–5. PMID 20992193.^{[permanent dead link]} McBride, Earl Duwain (1942). Disability evaluation: principles of treatment of compensable injuries. Lippincott. p. 631.
Brunelli 1999, p. 167 Brunelli, Giovanni R. (1999). "Stability in the first carpometacarpal joint". In Brüser, Peter; Gilbert, Alain (eds.). Finger bone and joint injuries. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85317-690-6.

doi.org

Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar, et al. "Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 44.8 (2022): 1101-1109.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9
van Nierop et al. 2008, p. 34 van Nierop, Onno A.; van der Helm, Aadjan; Overbeeke, Kees J.; Djajadiningrat, Tom J.P. (2008). "A natural human hand model" (PDF). Visual Comput. 24 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1007/s00371-007-0176-x.
Franzen et al. 2009, pp. 15–18 Franzen, JL; Gingerich, PD; Habersetzer, J; Hurum, JH; von Koenigswald, W; et al. (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084.
Senter 2006 Senter, Phil (2006). "Comparison of forelimb function between Deinonychus and Bambiraptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 897–906. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[897:COFFBD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85919882.
de Klerk et al. 2000, p. 327. The left manus shows that the flexed digit I had the potential to partially oppose digits II and III. de Klerk, W.J.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D.; Chinsamy, A.; Ross, C.F. (2000). "A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 324–332. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ancdft]2.0.co;2. S2CID 128622530. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-30.
Zhou, X.; Pêgas, R. V.; Ma, W.; Han, G.; Jin, X.; Leal, M. E. C.; Bonde, N.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lautenschlager, S.; Wei, X.; Shen, C.; Ji, S. (2021). "A new darwinopteran pterosaur reveals arborealism and an opposed thumb". Current Biology. 31 (11): 2429–2436.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.030. PMID 33848460.
Bertoluci, Jaime (18 December 2002). "Pedal luring in the leaf-frog Phyllomedusa burmeisteri (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)". Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology. 1 (2): 93. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v1i2p93-95.
Napier 1956, pp. 902–913 Napier, John Russell (November 1956). "The prehensile movements of the human hand". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 38 (4): 902–913. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.38B4.902. PMID 13376678.
Almécija, Moyà-Solà & Alba 2010 Almécija, S.; Moyà-Solà, S.; Alba, D. M. (2010). "Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins". PLOS ONE. 5 (7): e11727. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511727A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011727. PMC 2908684. PMID 20661444.
Costello & Fragaszy 1988, pp. 235–245 Costello, Michael B.; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (March 1988). "Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference". American Journal of Primatology. 15 (3): 235–245. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150306. PMID 31968893. S2CID 86556774.^{[dead link]}
Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.
Lin, Yun; Sun, Yu (2015). "Robot grasp planning based on demonstrated grasp strategies". The International Journal of Robotics Research. 34: 26–42. doi:10.1177/0278364914555544. S2CID 10178250.
Bodranghien, Florian; Mahé, Helene; Baude, Benjamin; Manto, Mario U.; Busegnies, Yves; Camut, Stéphane; Habas, Christophe; Marien, Peter; de Marco, Giovanni (2017-05-10). "The Click Test: A Novel Tool to Quantify the Age-Related Decline of Fast Motor Sequencing of the Thumb" (PDF). Current Aging Science. 10 (4): 305–318. doi:10.2174/1874609810666170511100318. ISSN 1874-6128. PMID 28494715.
Moyà-Solà, Köhler & Rook 1999, pp. 315–6 Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Rook, Lorenzo (January 5, 1999). "Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus" (PDF). PNAS. 96 (1): 313–317. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..313M. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.313. PMC 15136. PMID 9874815.
Leakey, Tobias & Napier 1964: "[In Homo habilis] the pollex is well developed and fully opposable and the hand is capable not only of a power grip but of, at least, a simple and usually well developed precision grip." Leakey, LSB; Tobias, PV; Napier, JR (April 1964). "A New Species of Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF). Nature. 202 (4927): 7–9. Bibcode:1964Natur.202....7L. doi:10.1038/202007a0. PMID 14166722. S2CID 12836722.^{[permanent dead link]}
Diogo, R.; Richmond, B. G.; Wood, B. (2012). "Evolution and homologies of primate and modern human hand and forearm muscles, with notes on thumb movements and tool use". Journal of Human Evolution. 63 (1): 64–78. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001. PMID 22640954.
Harcourt-Smith & Aiello 2004 Harcourt-Smith, W E H; Aiello, L C (May 2004). "Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion". Journal of Anatomy. 204 (5): 403–16. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x. PMC 1571304. PMID 15198703.

eatonhand.com

"Muscles of the thumb". Eaton hand. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

ejbjs.org

Slocum & Pratt 1946, McBride 1942, p. 631 Slocum, D.B.; Pratt, D.R. (1946). "Disability Evaluation for the Hand" (PDF). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 28 (3): 491–5. PMID 20992193.^{[permanent dead link]} McBride, Earl Duwain (1942). Disability evaluation: principles of treatment of compensable injuries. Lippincott. p. 631.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Franzen et al. 2009, pp. 15–18 Franzen, JL; Gingerich, PD; Habersetzer, J; Hurum, JH; von Koenigswald, W; et al. (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084.
Almécija, Moyà-Solà & Alba 2010 Almécija, S.; Moyà-Solà, S.; Alba, D. M. (2010). "Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins". PLOS ONE. 5 (7): e11727. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511727A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011727. PMC 2908684. PMID 20661444.
Moyà-Solà, Köhler & Rook 1999, pp. 315–6 Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Rook, Lorenzo (January 5, 1999). "Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus" (PDF). PNAS. 96 (1): 313–317. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..313M. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.313. PMC 15136. PMID 9874815.
Leakey, Tobias & Napier 1964: "[In Homo habilis] the pollex is well developed and fully opposable and the hand is capable not only of a power grip but of, at least, a simple and usually well developed precision grip." Leakey, LSB; Tobias, PV; Napier, JR (April 1964). "A New Species of Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF). Nature. 202 (4927): 7–9. Bibcode:1964Natur.202....7L. doi:10.1038/202007a0. PMID 14166722. S2CID 12836722.^{[permanent dead link]}

niagara.edu

purple.niagara.edu

Leakey, Tobias & Napier 1964: "[In Homo habilis] the pollex is well developed and fully opposable and the hand is capable not only of a power grip but of, at least, a simple and usually well developed precision grip." Leakey, LSB; Tobias, PV; Napier, JR (April 1964). "A New Species of Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF). Nature. 202 (4927): 7–9. Bibcode:1964Natur.202....7L. doi:10.1038/202007a0. PMID 14166722. S2CID 12836722.^{[permanent dead link]}

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Franzen et al. 2009, pp. 15–18 Franzen, JL; Gingerich, PD; Habersetzer, J; Hurum, JH; von Koenigswald, W; et al. (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084.
Zhou, X.; Pêgas, R. V.; Ma, W.; Han, G.; Jin, X.; Leal, M. E. C.; Bonde, N.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lautenschlager, S.; Wei, X.; Shen, C.; Ji, S. (2021). "A new darwinopteran pterosaur reveals arborealism and an opposed thumb". Current Biology. 31 (11): 2429–2436.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.030. PMID 33848460.
Slocum & Pratt 1946, McBride 1942, p. 631 Slocum, D.B.; Pratt, D.R. (1946). "Disability Evaluation for the Hand" (PDF). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 28 (3): 491–5. PMID 20992193.^{[permanent dead link]} McBride, Earl Duwain (1942). Disability evaluation: principles of treatment of compensable injuries. Lippincott. p. 631.
Napier 1956, pp. 902–913 Napier, John Russell (November 1956). "The prehensile movements of the human hand". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 38 (4): 902–913. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.38B4.902. PMID 13376678.
Almécija, Moyà-Solà & Alba 2010 Almécija, S.; Moyà-Solà, S.; Alba, D. M. (2010). "Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins". PLOS ONE. 5 (7): e11727. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511727A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011727. PMC 2908684. PMID 20661444.
Costello & Fragaszy 1988, pp. 235–245 Costello, Michael B.; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (March 1988). "Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference". American Journal of Primatology. 15 (3): 235–245. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150306. PMID 31968893. S2CID 86556774.^{[dead link]}
Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.
Bodranghien, Florian; Mahé, Helene; Baude, Benjamin; Manto, Mario U.; Busegnies, Yves; Camut, Stéphane; Habas, Christophe; Marien, Peter; de Marco, Giovanni (2017-05-10). "The Click Test: A Novel Tool to Quantify the Age-Related Decline of Fast Motor Sequencing of the Thumb" (PDF). Current Aging Science. 10 (4): 305–318. doi:10.2174/1874609810666170511100318. ISSN 1874-6128. PMID 28494715.
Moyà-Solà, Köhler & Rook 1999, pp. 315–6 Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Rook, Lorenzo (January 5, 1999). "Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus" (PDF). PNAS. 96 (1): 313–317. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..313M. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.313. PMC 15136. PMID 9874815.
Leakey, Tobias & Napier 1964: "[In Homo habilis] the pollex is well developed and fully opposable and the hand is capable not only of a power grip but of, at least, a simple and usually well developed precision grip." Leakey, LSB; Tobias, PV; Napier, JR (April 1964). "A New Species of Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF). Nature. 202 (4927): 7–9. Bibcode:1964Natur.202....7L. doi:10.1038/202007a0. PMID 14166722. S2CID 12836722.^{[permanent dead link]}
Diogo, R.; Richmond, B. G.; Wood, B. (2012). "Evolution and homologies of primate and modern human hand and forearm muscles, with notes on thumb movements and tool use". Journal of Human Evolution. 63 (1): 64–78. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.04.001. PMID 22640954.
Harcourt-Smith & Aiello 2004 Harcourt-Smith, W E H; Aiello, L C (May 2004). "Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion". Journal of Anatomy. 204 (5): 403–16. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x. PMC 1571304. PMID 15198703.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brown et al. 2004 Brown, David P.; Freeman, Eric D.; Cuccurullo, Sara; Freeman, Ted L. (2004). "Upper Extremities—Hand Region: Range of Motion of the Digits". In Cuccurullo, Sara (ed.). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-888799-45-3. (NCBI)
Franzen et al. 2009, pp. 15–18 Franzen, JL; Gingerich, PD; Habersetzer, J; Hurum, JH; von Koenigswald, W; et al. (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084.
"Thumb, Distal Hyperextensibility of". OMIM. NCBI. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Almécija, Moyà-Solà & Alba 2010 Almécija, S.; Moyà-Solà, S.; Alba, D. M. (2010). "Early Origin for Human-Like Precision Grasping: A Comparative Study of Pollical Distal Phalanges in Fossil Hominins". PLOS ONE. 5 (7): e11727. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511727A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011727. PMC 2908684. PMID 20661444.
Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.
Moyà-Solà, Köhler & Rook 1999, pp. 315–6 Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Rook, Lorenzo (January 5, 1999). "Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus" (PDF). PNAS. 96 (1): 313–317. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..313M. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.313. PMC 15136. PMID 9874815.
Harcourt-Smith & Aiello 2004 Harcourt-Smith, W E H; Aiello, L C (May 2004). "Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion". Journal of Anatomy. 204 (5): 403–16. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x. PMC 1571304. PMID 15198703.

nytimes.com

query.nytimes.com

"The Thumb is the Hero". The New York Times. January 11, 1981. Retrieved 20 November 2010. The "fishing rod" a chimp strips of leaves and pokes into a termite nest to bring up a snack is as far as he'll ever get toward orbiting the planets.

parisnanterre.fr

hal.parisnanterre.fr

Bodranghien, Florian; Mahé, Helene; Baude, Benjamin; Manto, Mario U.; Busegnies, Yves; Camut, Stéphane; Habas, Christophe; Marien, Peter; de Marco, Giovanni (2017-05-10). "The Click Test: A Novel Tool to Quantify the Age-Related Decline of Fast Motor Sequencing of the Thumb" (PDF). Current Aging Science. 10 (4): 305–318. doi:10.2174/1874609810666170511100318. ISSN 1874-6128. PMID 28494715.

pnas.org

Moyà-Solà, Köhler & Rook 1999, pp. 315–6 Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Köhler, Meike; Rook, Lorenzo (January 5, 1999). "Evidence of hominid-like precision grip capability in the hand of the Miocene ape Oreopithecus" (PDF). PNAS. 96 (1): 313–317. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..313M. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.313. PMC 15136. PMID 9874815.

primates.com

"Primates FAQ: Do any primates have opposable thumbs?". Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center. Retrieved 20 November 2010.

sciencecodex.com

"HACNS1: Gene enhancer in evolution of human opposable thumb". Science Codex. September 4, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2009.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Senter 2006 Senter, Phil (2006). "Comparison of forelimb function between Deinonychus and Bambiraptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 897–906. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[897:COFFBD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85919882.
de Klerk et al. 2000, p. 327. The left manus shows that the flexed digit I had the potential to partially oppose digits II and III. de Klerk, W.J.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D.; Chinsamy, A.; Ross, C.F. (2000). "A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 324–332. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ancdft]2.0.co;2. S2CID 128622530. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-30.
Costello & Fragaszy 1988, pp. 235–245 Costello, Michael B.; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (March 1988). "Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference". American Journal of Primatology. 15 (3): 235–245. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150306. PMID 31968893. S2CID 86556774.^{[dead link]}
Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.
Lin, Yun; Sun, Yu (2015). "Robot grasp planning based on demonstrated grasp strategies". The International Journal of Robotics Research. 34: 26–42. doi:10.1177/0278364914555544. S2CID 10178250.
Leakey, Tobias & Napier 1964: "[In Homo habilis] the pollex is well developed and fully opposable and the hand is capable not only of a power grip but of, at least, a simple and usually well developed precision grip." Leakey, LSB; Tobias, PV; Napier, JR (April 1964). "A New Species of Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF). Nature. 202 (4927): 7–9. Bibcode:1964Natur.202....7L. doi:10.1038/202007a0. PMID 14166722. S2CID 12836722.^{[permanent dead link]}

st-andrews.ac.uk

Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.

uchicago.edu

rosslab.uchicago.edu

de Klerk et al. 2000, p. 327. The left manus shows that the flexed digit I had the potential to partially oppose digits II and III. de Klerk, W.J.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D.; Chinsamy, A.; Ross, C.F. (2000). "A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 324–332. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ancdft]2.0.co;2. S2CID 128622530. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-30.

udel.edu

"Myth's of Human Genetics: Hitchhiker's Thumb". Retrieved 7 November 2012.

uvic.ca

ece.uvic.ca

van Nierop et al. 2008, p. 34 van Nierop, Onno A.; van der Helm, Aadjan; Overbeeke, Kees J.; Djajadiningrat, Tom J.P. (2008). "A natural human hand model" (PDF). Visual Comput. 24 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1007/s00371-007-0176-x.

web.archive.org

Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.

wesnorman.com

clinicalconsiderations at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)

wiley.com

www3.interscience.wiley.com

Costello & Fragaszy 1988, pp. 235–245 Costello, Michael B.; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (March 1988). "Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference". American Journal of Primatology. 15 (3): 235–245. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350150306. PMID 31968893. S2CID 86556774.^{[dead link]}

worldcat.org

Young 2003, pp. 165–174, Christel, Kitzel & Niemitz 2004, pp. 165–194, Byrne & Byrne 1993, p. 241 Young, Richard W. (January 2003). "Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing". Journal of Anatomy. 202 (1): 165–174. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00144.x. PMC 1571064. PMID 12587931. Christel, Marianne I.; Kitzel, Stefanie; Niemitz, Carsten (30 November 2004). "How Precisely do Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Grasp Small Objects?". International Journal of Primatology. 19 (1): 165–194. doi:10.1023/A:1020319313219. S2CID 23567551. Byrne, R.W.; Byrne, J.M.E. (1993). "Complex Leaf-Gathering Skills of Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and Standardization" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 31 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350310402. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31936992. S2CID 84429453. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009.
Bodranghien, Florian; Mahé, Helene; Baude, Benjamin; Manto, Mario U.; Busegnies, Yves; Camut, Stéphane; Habas, Christophe; Marien, Peter; de Marco, Giovanni (2017-05-10). "The Click Test: A Novel Tool to Quantify the Age-Related Decline of Fast Motor Sequencing of the Thumb" (PDF). Current Aging Science. 10 (4): 305–318. doi:10.2174/1874609810666170511100318. ISSN 1874-6128. PMID 28494715.