Thyroid hormones (English Wikipedia)

Military Obstetrics & Gynecology > Thyroid Function Tests In turn citing: Operational Medicine 2001, Health Care in Military Settings, NAVMED P-5139, 1 May 2001, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, 2300 E Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20372-5300

clincalc.com

"The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
"Levothyroxine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.

doi.org

Pilo A, Iervasi G, Vitek F, Ferdeghini M, Cazzuola F, Bianchi R (April 1990). "Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in humans by multicompartmental analysis". The American Journal of Physiology. 258 (4 Pt 1): E715 – E726. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.4.E715. PMID 2333963.
Tran LT, Park S, Kim SK, Lee JS, Kim KW, Kwon O (April 2022). "Hypothalamic control of energy expenditure and thermogenesis". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 54 (4): 358–369. doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00741-z. PMC 9076616. PMID 35301430.
Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L (July 2006). "Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 91 (7): 2592–2599. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0448. PMID 16670166.
Schweizer U, Steegborn C (October 2015). "Thyroid hormones--From Crystal Packing to Activity to Reactivity". Angewandte Chemie. 54 (44): 12856–12858. doi:10.1002/anie.201506919. PMID 26358899.
Mondal S, Mugesh G (September 2015). "Structure Elucidation and Characterization of Different Thyroxine Polymorphs". Angewandte Chemie. 54 (37): 10833–10837. doi:10.1002/anie.201505281. PMID 26213168.
Cooper DS (May 1989). "Thyroid hormone treatment: new insights into an old therapy". JAMA. 261 (18): 2694–2695. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420180118042. PMID 2709547.
Clyde PW, Harari AE, Mohamed Shakir KM (2004). "Synthetic Thyroxine vs Desiccated Thyroid -Reply (citing Cooper, DS, above)". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 291 (12): 1445. doi:10.1001/jama.291.12.1445-b.
Wiersinga WM (2001). "Thyroid hormone replacement therapy". Hormone Research. 56 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 74–81. doi:10.1159/000048140. PMID 11786691. S2CID 46756918.
Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Morreale de Escobar G (January 2015). "Treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine or a combination of levothyroxine plus L-triiodothyronine". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.10.004. hdl:10261/124621. PMID 25617173.
Friesema EC, Jansen J, Jachtenberg JW, Visser WE, Kester MH, Visser TJ (June 2008). "Effective cellular uptake and efflux of thyroid hormone by human monocarboxylate transporter 10". Molecular Endocrinology. 22 (6): 1357–1369. doi:10.1210/me.2007-0112. PMC 5419535. PMID 18337592.
Brix K, Führer D, Biebermann H (August 2011). "Molecules important for thyroid hormone synthesis and action - known facts and future perspectives". Thyroid Research. 4 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S9. doi:10.1186/1756-6614-4-S1-S9. PMC 3155115. PMID 21835056.
Nilsson M (2001). "Iodide handling by the thyroid epithelial cell". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 109 (1): 13–17. doi:10.1055/s-2001-11014. PMID 11573132. S2CID 37723663.
Martín M, Salleron L, Peyret V, Geysels RC, Darrouzet E, Lindenthal S, et al. (August 2021). "The PDZ protein SCRIB regulates sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression at the basolateral plasma membrane". FASEB Journal. 35 (8): e21681. doi:10.1096/fj.202100303R. PMID 34196428. S2CID 235698589.
Kessler J, Obinger C, Eales G (July 2008). "Factors influencing the study of peroxidase-generated iodine species and implications for thyroglobulin synthesis". Thyroid. 18 (7): 769–74. doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0310. PMID 18631006.
Li D, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Chen J, Yu J (November 2015). "Coupling of chromophores with exactly opposite luminescence behaviours in mesostructured organosilicas for high-efficiency multicolour emission". Chemical Science. 6 (11): 6097–6101. doi:10.1039/c5sc02044a. PMC 6054107. PMID 30090223.
den Hartog MT, Sijmons CC, Bakker O, Ris-Stalpers C, de Vijlder JJ (May 1995). "Importance of the content and localization of tyrosine residues for thyroxine formation within the N-terminal part of human thyroglobulin". European Journal of Endocrinology. 132 (5): 611–617. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1320611. PMID 7749504.
Darragh AJ, Moughan PJ (2005). "The effect of hydrolysis time on amino acid analysis". Journal of AOAC International. 88 (3): 888–893. doi:10.1093/jaoac/88.3.888. PMID 16001867.
Jim S, Jones V, Copley MS, Ambrose SH, Evershed RP (2003). "Effects of hydrolysis on the delta13C values of individual amino acids derived from polypeptides and proteins". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 17 (20): 2283–2289. doi:10.1002/rcm.1177. PMID 14558127.
Izumi M, Larsen PR (June 1977). "Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and iodine in purified thyroglobulin from patients with Graves' disease". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 59 (6): 1105–1112. doi:10.1172/JCI108734. PMC 372323. PMID 577211.
Zhang X, Malik B, Young C, Zhang H, Larkin D, Liao XH, et al. (July 2022). "Maintaining the thyroid gland in mutant thyroglobulin-induced hypothyroidism requires thyroid cell proliferation that must continue in adulthood". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 298 (7): 102066. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102066. PMC 9213252. PMID 35618019.
Marmelstein AM, Lobba MJ, Mogilevsky CS, Maza JC, Brauer DD, Francis MB (March 2020). "Tyrosinase-Mediated Oxidative Coupling of Tyrosine Tags on Peptides and Proteins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (11): 5078–5086. Bibcode:2020JAChS.142.5078M. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b12002. PMID 32093466.
Brent GA (September 2012). "Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (9): 3035–3043. doi:10.1172/JCI60047. PMC 3433956. PMID 22945636.
Kansagra SM, McCudden CR, Willis MS (June 2010). "The Challenges and Complexities of Thyroid Hormone Replacement". Laboratory Medicine. 41 (6): 338–348. doi:10.1309/LMB39TH2FZGNDGIM.
St Germain DL, Galton VA, Hernandez A (March 2009). "Minireview: Defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges". Endocrinology. 150 (3): 1097–1107. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1588. PMC 2654746. PMID 19179439.
Zoeller RT (April 2003). "Transplacental thyroxine and fetal brain development". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (7): 954–957. doi:10.1172/JCI18236. PMC 152596. PMID 12671044.
Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K (April 2015). "Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 3 (4): 286–295. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6. PMID 25591468.
Bähre M, Hilgers R, Lindemann C, Emrich D (June 1987). "Physiological aspects of the thyroid trapping function and its suppression in iodine deficiency using 99mTc pertechnetate". Acta Endocrinologica. 115 (2): 175–182. doi:10.1530/acta.0.1150175. PMID 3037834.
Hennemann G, Docter R, Friesema EC, de Jong M, Krenning EP, Visser TJ (August 2001). "Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability". Endocrine Reviews. 22 (4): 451–476. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0435. hdl:1765/9707. PMID 11493579.
Dietrich JW, Brisseau K, Boehm BO (August 2008). "[Absorption, transport and bio-availability of iodothyronines]". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 133 (31–32): 1644–1648. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1082780. PMID 18651367.
Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Mori J, Oshima A, Usami S, Hashizume K (April 2007). "micro-Crystallin as an intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine holder in vivo". Molecular Endocrinology. 21 (4): 885–894. doi:10.1210/me.2006-0403. PMID 17264173.
Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA (April 2014). "Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism". Physiological Reviews. 94 (2): 355–382. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013. PMC 4044302. PMID 24692351.
Wu Y, Koenig RJ (August 2000). "Gene regulation by thyroid hormone". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 11 (6): 207–211. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(00)00263-0. PMID 10878749. S2CID 44602986.
Ayers S, Switnicki MP, Angajala A, Lammel J, Arumanayagam AS, Webb P (2014). "Genome-wide binding patterns of thyroid hormone receptor beta". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e81186. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...981186A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081186. PMC 3928038. PMID 24558356.
Martin NP, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Mizuno F, Scappini EL, Gloss B, Erxleben C, et al. (September 2014). "A rapid cytoplasmic mechanism for PI3 kinase regulation by the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor, TRβ, and genetic evidence for its role in the maturation of mouse hippocampal synapses in vivo". Endocrinology. 155 (9): 3713–3724. doi:10.1210/en.2013-2058. PMC 4138568. PMID 24932806.
Hönes GS, Rakov H, Logan J, Liao XH, Werbenko E, Pollard AS, et al. (December 2017). "Noncanonical thyroid hormone signaling mediates cardiometabolic effects in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (52): E11323 – E11332. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411323H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706801115. PMC 5748168. PMID 29229863.
Jewhurst K, Levin M, McLaughlin KA (2014). "Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos". Journal of Cell Death. 7: 25–31. doi:10.4137/JCD.S18368. PMC 4213186. PMID 25374461.
Venturi, Sebastiano (2011). "Evolutionary Significance of Iodine". Current Chemical Biology. 5 (3): 155–162. doi:10.2174/187231311796765012 (inactive 29 January 2025). ISSN 1872-3136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)
Tamura K, Takayama S, Ishii T, Mawaribuchi S, Takamatsu N, Ito M (June 2015). "Apoptosis and differentiation of Xenopus tail-derived myoblasts by thyroid hormone". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 54 (3): 185–192. doi:10.1530/JME-14-0327. PMID 25791374.
Gelfand RA, Hutchinson-Williams KA, Bonde AA, Castellino P, Sherwin RS (June 1987). "Catabolic effects of thyroid hormone excess: the contribution of adrenergic activity to hypermetabolism and protein breakdown". Metabolism. 36 (6): 562–569. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(87)90168-5. PMID 2884552.
Stockigt JR (January 2002). "Case finding and screening strategies for thyroid dysfunction". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 315 (1–2): 111–124. doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00715-x. PMID 11728414.
Polak M, Luton D (March 2014). "Fetal thyroïdology". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 28 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.013. PMID 24629859.
Kirkegaard C, Faber J (January 1998). "The role of thyroid hormones in depression". European Journal of Endocrinology. 138 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1380001. PMID 9461307.
Dratman MB, Gordon JT (December 1996). "Thyroid hormones as neurotransmitters". Thyroid. 6 (6): 639–647. doi:10.1089/thy.1996.6.639. PMID 9001201.
Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, Cooper LS, Egan D, Sopko G, et al. (June 2019). "Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease: Research Agenda for Enhancing Knowledge, Prevention, and Treatment". Circulation. 139 (25): 2892–2909. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. PMC 6851449. PMID 31081673.
Rodolico C, Bonanno C, Pugliese A, Nicocia G, Benvenga S, Toscano A (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica. 39 (3): 130–135. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
Celsing F, Blomstrand E, Melichna J, Terrados N, Clausen N, Lins PE, et al. (April 1986). "Effect of hyperthyroidism on fibre-type composition, fibre area, glycogen content and enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle". Clinical Physiology. 6 (2): 171–181. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1986.tb00066.x. PMID 2937605.
Sharma V, Borah P, Basumatary LJ, Das M, Goswami M, Kayal AK (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Parry-Billings M, West D, Newsholme EA (January 1989). "Effects of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis to insulin in the soleus muscle of the rat". The Biochemical Journal. 257 (2): 369–373. doi:10.1042/bj2570369. PMC 1135589. PMID 2649073.
Berbel P, Navarro D, Ausó E, Varea E, Rodríguez AE, Ballesta JJ, et al. (June 2010). "Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity". Cerebral Cortex. 20 (6): 1462–1475. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp212. PMC 2871377. PMID 19812240.
Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VW, de Rijke YB, et al. (January 2016). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00327-7. hdl:1765/79096. PMID 26497402.
Szinnai G (March 2014). "Genetics of normal and abnormal thyroid development in humans". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 28 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.08.005. PMID 24629857.
Spiegel C, Bestetti GE, Rossi GL, Blum JW (September 1993). "Normal circulating triiodothyronine concentrations are maintained despite severe hypothyroidism in growing pigs fed rapeseed presscake meal". The Journal of Nutrition. 123 (9): 1554–1561. doi:10.1093/jn/123.9.1554. PMID 8360780.

drugs.com

"How long does thyroxine stay in your system?". Drugs.com. Retrieved 6 August 2022.

emedtv.com

drugs.emedtv.com

"Nature-Throid" Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 1 April 2009

endocrineweb.com

Sargis RM (21 October 2019). "How Your Thyroid Works". endocrineweb.com. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

figshare.com

Marmelstein AM, Lobba MJ, Mogilevsky CS, Maza JC, Brauer DD, Francis MB (March 2020). "Tyrosinase-Mediated Oxidative Coupling of Tyrosine Tags on Peptides and Proteins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (11): 5078–5086. Bibcode:2020JAChS.142.5078M. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b12002. PMID 32093466.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Morreale de Escobar G (January 2015). "Treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine or a combination of levothyroxine plus L-triiodothyronine". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.10.004. hdl:10261/124621. PMID 25617173.
Hennemann G, Docter R, Friesema EC, de Jong M, Krenning EP, Visser TJ (August 2001). "Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability". Endocrine Reviews. 22 (4): 451–476. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0435. hdl:1765/9707. PMID 11493579.
Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VW, de Rijke YB, et al. (January 2016). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00327-7. hdl:1765/79096. PMID 26497402.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Marmelstein AM, Lobba MJ, Mogilevsky CS, Maza JC, Brauer DD, Francis MB (March 2020). "Tyrosinase-Mediated Oxidative Coupling of Tyrosine Tags on Peptides and Proteins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (11): 5078–5086. Bibcode:2020JAChS.142.5078M. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b12002. PMID 32093466.
Ayers S, Switnicki MP, Angajala A, Lammel J, Arumanayagam AS, Webb P (2014). "Genome-wide binding patterns of thyroid hormone receptor beta". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e81186. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...981186A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081186. PMC 3928038. PMID 24558356.
Hönes GS, Rakov H, Logan J, Liao XH, Werbenko E, Pollard AS, et al. (December 2017). "Noncanonical thyroid hormone signaling mediates cardiometabolic effects in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (52): E11323 – E11332. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411323H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706801115. PMC 5748168. PMID 29229863.

medicinenet.com

"preferred thyroid hormone --Levothyroxine Sodium (Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid, Unithroid)". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
"Hypothyroidism Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment Information Produced by Medical Doctors". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

medlink.com

"Myopathies associated with thyroid disease". MedLink Neurology. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

medscape.com

emedicine.medscape.com

Irizarry L (23 April 2014). "Thyroid Hormone Toxicity". Medscape. WedMD LLC. Retrieved 2 May 2014.

nature-throid.com

"Nature-Throid", Retrieved on 1 April 2009

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Pilo A, Iervasi G, Vitek F, Ferdeghini M, Cazzuola F, Bianchi R (April 1990). "Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in humans by multicompartmental analysis". The American Journal of Physiology. 258 (4 Pt 1): E715 – E726. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.4.E715. PMID 2333963.
Tran LT, Park S, Kim SK, Lee JS, Kim KW, Kwon O (April 2022). "Hypothalamic control of energy expenditure and thermogenesis". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 54 (4): 358–369. doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00741-z. PMC 9076616. PMID 35301430.
Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S (2022). "Physiology, Thyroid Hormone". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29763182. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L (July 2006). "Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 91 (7): 2592–2599. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0448. PMID 16670166.
Schweizer U, Steegborn C (October 2015). "Thyroid hormones--From Crystal Packing to Activity to Reactivity". Angewandte Chemie. 54 (44): 12856–12858. doi:10.1002/anie.201506919. PMID 26358899.
Mondal S, Mugesh G (September 2015). "Structure Elucidation and Characterization of Different Thyroxine Polymorphs". Angewandte Chemie. 54 (37): 10833–10837. doi:10.1002/anie.201505281. PMID 26213168.
Cooper DS (May 1989). "Thyroid hormone treatment: new insights into an old therapy". JAMA. 261 (18): 2694–2695. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420180118042. PMID 2709547.
Wiersinga WM (2001). "Thyroid hormone replacement therapy". Hormone Research. 56 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 74–81. doi:10.1159/000048140. PMID 11786691. S2CID 46756918.
Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Morreale de Escobar G (January 2015). "Treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine or a combination of levothyroxine plus L-triiodothyronine". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.10.004. hdl:10261/124621. PMID 25617173.
Eliason BC, Doenier JA, Nuhlicek DN (March 1994). "Desiccated thyroid in a nutritional supplement". The Journal of Family Practice. 38 (3): 287–288. PMID 8126411.
Friesema EC, Jansen J, Jachtenberg JW, Visser WE, Kester MH, Visser TJ (June 2008). "Effective cellular uptake and efflux of thyroid hormone by human monocarboxylate transporter 10". Molecular Endocrinology. 22 (6): 1357–1369. doi:10.1210/me.2007-0112. PMC 5419535. PMID 18337592.
Brix K, Führer D, Biebermann H (August 2011). "Molecules important for thyroid hormone synthesis and action - known facts and future perspectives". Thyroid Research. 4 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S9. doi:10.1186/1756-6614-4-S1-S9. PMC 3155115. PMID 21835056.
Ahad F, Ganie SA (January 2010). "Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 14 (1): 13–17. PMC 3063534. PMID 21448409.
Nilsson M (2001). "Iodide handling by the thyroid epithelial cell". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 109 (1): 13–17. doi:10.1055/s-2001-11014. PMID 11573132. S2CID 37723663.
Martín M, Salleron L, Peyret V, Geysels RC, Darrouzet E, Lindenthal S, et al. (August 2021). "The PDZ protein SCRIB regulates sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression at the basolateral plasma membrane". FASEB Journal. 35 (8): e21681. doi:10.1096/fj.202100303R. PMID 34196428. S2CID 235698589.
Kessler J, Obinger C, Eales G (July 2008). "Factors influencing the study of peroxidase-generated iodine species and implications for thyroglobulin synthesis". Thyroid. 18 (7): 769–74. doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0310. PMID 18631006.
Ahad F, Ganie SA (January 2010). "Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 14 (1): 13–17. PMC 3063534. PMID 21448409.
Rousset B, Dupuy C, Miot F, Dumont J (2000). "Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And Secretion". In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G (eds.). Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905405. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
Li D, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Chen J, Yu J (November 2015). "Coupling of chromophores with exactly opposite luminescence behaviours in mesostructured organosilicas for high-efficiency multicolour emission". Chemical Science. 6 (11): 6097–6101. doi:10.1039/c5sc02044a. PMC 6054107. PMID 30090223.
den Hartog MT, Sijmons CC, Bakker O, Ris-Stalpers C, de Vijlder JJ (May 1995). "Importance of the content and localization of tyrosine residues for thyroxine formation within the N-terminal part of human thyroglobulin". European Journal of Endocrinology. 132 (5): 611–617. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1320611. PMID 7749504.
Darragh AJ, Moughan PJ (2005). "The effect of hydrolysis time on amino acid analysis". Journal of AOAC International. 88 (3): 888–893. doi:10.1093/jaoac/88.3.888. PMID 16001867.
Jim S, Jones V, Copley MS, Ambrose SH, Evershed RP (2003). "Effects of hydrolysis on the delta13C values of individual amino acids derived from polypeptides and proteins". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 17 (20): 2283–2289. doi:10.1002/rcm.1177. PMID 14558127.
Izumi M, Larsen PR (June 1977). "Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and iodine in purified thyroglobulin from patients with Graves' disease". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 59 (6): 1105–1112. doi:10.1172/JCI108734. PMC 372323. PMID 577211.
Zhang X, Malik B, Young C, Zhang H, Larkin D, Liao XH, et al. (July 2022). "Maintaining the thyroid gland in mutant thyroglobulin-induced hypothyroidism requires thyroid cell proliferation that must continue in adulthood". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 298 (7): 102066. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102066. PMC 9213252. PMID 35618019.
Marmelstein AM, Lobba MJ, Mogilevsky CS, Maza JC, Brauer DD, Francis MB (March 2020). "Tyrosinase-Mediated Oxidative Coupling of Tyrosine Tags on Peptides and Proteins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (11): 5078–5086. Bibcode:2020JAChS.142.5078M. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b12002. PMID 32093466.
Brent GA (September 2012). "Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (9): 3035–3043. doi:10.1172/JCI60047. PMC 3433956. PMID 22945636.
St Germain DL, Galton VA, Hernandez A (March 2009). "Minireview: Defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges". Endocrinology. 150 (3): 1097–1107. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1588. PMC 2654746. PMID 19179439.
Zoeller RT (April 2003). "Transplacental thyroxine and fetal brain development". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (7): 954–957. doi:10.1172/JCI18236. PMC 152596. PMID 12671044.
Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K (April 2015). "Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 3 (4): 286–295. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6. PMID 25591468.
Bähre M, Hilgers R, Lindemann C, Emrich D (June 1987). "Physiological aspects of the thyroid trapping function and its suppression in iodine deficiency using 99mTc pertechnetate". Acta Endocrinologica. 115 (2): 175–182. doi:10.1530/acta.0.1150175. PMID 3037834.
Hennemann G, Docter R, Friesema EC, de Jong M, Krenning EP, Visser TJ (August 2001). "Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability". Endocrine Reviews. 22 (4): 451–476. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0435. hdl:1765/9707. PMID 11493579.
Dietrich JW, Brisseau K, Boehm BO (August 2008). "[Absorption, transport and bio-availability of iodothyronines]". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 133 (31–32): 1644–1648. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1082780. PMID 18651367.
Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Mori J, Oshima A, Usami S, Hashizume K (April 2007). "micro-Crystallin as an intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine holder in vivo". Molecular Endocrinology. 21 (4): 885–894. doi:10.1210/me.2006-0403. PMID 17264173.
Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA (April 2014). "Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism". Physiological Reviews. 94 (2): 355–382. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013. PMC 4044302. PMID 24692351.
Wu Y, Koenig RJ (August 2000). "Gene regulation by thyroid hormone". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 11 (6): 207–211. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(00)00263-0. PMID 10878749. S2CID 44602986.
Ayers S, Switnicki MP, Angajala A, Lammel J, Arumanayagam AS, Webb P (2014). "Genome-wide binding patterns of thyroid hormone receptor beta". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e81186. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...981186A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081186. PMC 3928038. PMID 24558356.
Martin NP, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Mizuno F, Scappini EL, Gloss B, Erxleben C, et al. (September 2014). "A rapid cytoplasmic mechanism for PI3 kinase regulation by the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor, TRβ, and genetic evidence for its role in the maturation of mouse hippocampal synapses in vivo". Endocrinology. 155 (9): 3713–3724. doi:10.1210/en.2013-2058. PMC 4138568. PMID 24932806.
Hönes GS, Rakov H, Logan J, Liao XH, Werbenko E, Pollard AS, et al. (December 2017). "Noncanonical thyroid hormone signaling mediates cardiometabolic effects in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (52): E11323 – E11332. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411323H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706801115. PMC 5748168. PMID 29229863.
Jewhurst K, Levin M, McLaughlin KA (2014). "Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos". Journal of Cell Death. 7: 25–31. doi:10.4137/JCD.S18368. PMC 4213186. PMID 25374461.
Tamura K, Takayama S, Ishii T, Mawaribuchi S, Takamatsu N, Ito M (June 2015). "Apoptosis and differentiation of Xenopus tail-derived myoblasts by thyroid hormone". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 54 (3): 185–192. doi:10.1530/JME-14-0327. PMID 25791374.
Gelfand RA, Hutchinson-Williams KA, Bonde AA, Castellino P, Sherwin RS (June 1987). "Catabolic effects of thyroid hormone excess: the contribution of adrenergic activity to hypermetabolism and protein breakdown". Metabolism. 36 (6): 562–569. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(87)90168-5. PMID 2884552.
Stockigt JR (January 2002). "Case finding and screening strategies for thyroid dysfunction". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 315 (1–2): 111–124. doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00715-x. PMID 11728414.
Polak M, Luton D (March 2014). "Fetal thyroïdology". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 28 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.013. PMID 24629859.
Kirkegaard C, Faber J (January 1998). "The role of thyroid hormones in depression". European Journal of Endocrinology. 138 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1380001. PMID 9461307.
Dratman MB, Gordon JT (December 1996). "Thyroid hormones as neurotransmitters". Thyroid. 6 (6): 639–647. doi:10.1089/thy.1996.6.639. PMID 9001201.
Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, Cooper LS, Egan D, Sopko G, et al. (June 2019). "Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease: Research Agenda for Enhancing Knowledge, Prevention, and Treatment". Circulation. 139 (25): 2892–2909. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. PMC 6851449. PMID 31081673.
Rodolico C, Bonanno C, Pugliese A, Nicocia G, Benvenga S, Toscano A (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica. 39 (3): 130–135. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
Celsing F, Blomstrand E, Melichna J, Terrados N, Clausen N, Lins PE, et al. (April 1986). "Effect of hyperthyroidism on fibre-type composition, fibre area, glycogen content and enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle". Clinical Physiology. 6 (2): 171–181. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1986.tb00066.x. PMID 2937605.
Sharma V, Borah P, Basumatary LJ, Das M, Goswami M, Kayal AK (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
Fariduddin MM, Bansal N (2023). "Hypothyroid Myopathy". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30137798. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Parry-Billings M, West D, Newsholme EA (January 1989). "Effects of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis to insulin in the soleus muscle of the rat". The Biochemical Journal. 257 (2): 369–373. doi:10.1042/bj2570369. PMC 1135589. PMID 2649073.
Berbel P, Navarro D, Ausó E, Varea E, Rodríguez AE, Ballesta JJ, et al. (June 2010). "Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity". Cerebral Cortex. 20 (6): 1462–1475. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp212. PMC 2871377. PMID 19812240.
Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VW, de Rijke YB, et al. (January 2016). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00327-7. hdl:1765/79096. PMID 26497402.
Szinnai G (March 2014). "Genetics of normal and abnormal thyroid development in humans". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 28 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.08.005. PMID 24629857.
Spiegel C, Bestetti GE, Rossi GL, Blum JW (September 1993). "Normal circulating triiodothyronine concentrations are maintained despite severe hypothyroidism in growing pigs fed rapeseed presscake meal". The Journal of Nutrition. 123 (9): 1554–1561. doi:10.1093/jn/123.9.1554. PMID 8360780.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Tran LT, Park S, Kim SK, Lee JS, Kim KW, Kwon O (April 2022). "Hypothalamic control of energy expenditure and thermogenesis". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 54 (4): 358–369. doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00741-z. PMC 9076616. PMID 35301430.
Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S (2022). "Physiology, Thyroid Hormone". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29763182. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
Friesema EC, Jansen J, Jachtenberg JW, Visser WE, Kester MH, Visser TJ (June 2008). "Effective cellular uptake and efflux of thyroid hormone by human monocarboxylate transporter 10". Molecular Endocrinology. 22 (6): 1357–1369. doi:10.1210/me.2007-0112. PMC 5419535. PMID 18337592.
Brix K, Führer D, Biebermann H (August 2011). "Molecules important for thyroid hormone synthesis and action - known facts and future perspectives". Thyroid Research. 4 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S9. doi:10.1186/1756-6614-4-S1-S9. PMC 3155115. PMID 21835056.
"The thyroid gland". Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. BIOS Scientific Publishers. 28 March 2024.
Ahad F, Ganie SA (January 2010). "Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 14 (1): 13–17. PMC 3063534. PMID 21448409.
Ahad F, Ganie SA (January 2010). "Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 14 (1): 13–17. PMC 3063534. PMID 21448409.
Rousset B, Dupuy C, Miot F, Dumont J (2000). "Chapter 2 Thyroid Hormone Synthesis And Secretion". In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G (eds.). Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905405. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
Li D, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Chen J, Yu J (November 2015). "Coupling of chromophores with exactly opposite luminescence behaviours in mesostructured organosilicas for high-efficiency multicolour emission". Chemical Science. 6 (11): 6097–6101. doi:10.1039/c5sc02044a. PMC 6054107. PMID 30090223.
Izumi M, Larsen PR (June 1977). "Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and iodine in purified thyroglobulin from patients with Graves' disease". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 59 (6): 1105–1112. doi:10.1172/JCI108734. PMC 372323. PMID 577211.
Zhang X, Malik B, Young C, Zhang H, Larkin D, Liao XH, et al. (July 2022). "Maintaining the thyroid gland in mutant thyroglobulin-induced hypothyroidism requires thyroid cell proliferation that must continue in adulthood". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 298 (7): 102066. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102066. PMC 9213252. PMID 35618019.
Brent GA (September 2012). "Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (9): 3035–3043. doi:10.1172/JCI60047. PMC 3433956. PMID 22945636.
St Germain DL, Galton VA, Hernandez A (March 2009). "Minireview: Defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges". Endocrinology. 150 (3): 1097–1107. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1588. PMC 2654746. PMID 19179439.
Zoeller RT (April 2003). "Transplacental thyroxine and fetal brain development". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (7): 954–957. doi:10.1172/JCI18236. PMC 152596. PMID 12671044.
Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA (April 2014). "Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism". Physiological Reviews. 94 (2): 355–382. doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013. PMC 4044302. PMID 24692351.
Ayers S, Switnicki MP, Angajala A, Lammel J, Arumanayagam AS, Webb P (2014). "Genome-wide binding patterns of thyroid hormone receptor beta". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e81186. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...981186A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081186. PMC 3928038. PMID 24558356.
Martin NP, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Mizuno F, Scappini EL, Gloss B, Erxleben C, et al. (September 2014). "A rapid cytoplasmic mechanism for PI3 kinase regulation by the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor, TRβ, and genetic evidence for its role in the maturation of mouse hippocampal synapses in vivo". Endocrinology. 155 (9): 3713–3724. doi:10.1210/en.2013-2058. PMC 4138568. PMID 24932806.
Hönes GS, Rakov H, Logan J, Liao XH, Werbenko E, Pollard AS, et al. (December 2017). "Noncanonical thyroid hormone signaling mediates cardiometabolic effects in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (52): E11323 – E11332. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411323H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706801115. PMC 5748168. PMID 29229863.
Jewhurst K, Levin M, McLaughlin KA (2014). "Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos". Journal of Cell Death. 7: 25–31. doi:10.4137/JCD.S18368. PMC 4213186. PMID 25374461.
Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, Cooper LS, Egan D, Sopko G, et al. (June 2019). "Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease: Research Agenda for Enhancing Knowledge, Prevention, and Treatment". Circulation. 139 (25): 2892–2909. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. PMC 6851449. PMID 31081673.
Rodolico C, Bonanno C, Pugliese A, Nicocia G, Benvenga S, Toscano A (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica. 39 (3): 130–135. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
Sharma V, Borah P, Basumatary LJ, Das M, Goswami M, Kayal AK (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
Fariduddin MM, Bansal N (2023). "Hypothyroid Myopathy". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30137798. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Parry-Billings M, West D, Newsholme EA (January 1989). "Effects of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis to insulin in the soleus muscle of the rat". The Biochemical Journal. 257 (2): 369–373. doi:10.1042/bj2570369. PMC 1135589. PMID 2649073.
Berbel P, Navarro D, Ausó E, Varea E, Rodríguez AE, Ballesta JJ, et al. (June 2010). "Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity". Cerebral Cortex. 20 (6): 1462–1475. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp212. PMC 2871377. PMID 19812240.

sciencedirect.com

Chea P, Rutan E, Kousoubris PD, Freitag SK (1 January 2019). "39 - Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy". In Small JE, Noujaim DL, Ginat DT, Kelly HR (eds.). Neuroradiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 302–307. ISBN 978-0-323-44549-8. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wiersinga WM (2001). "Thyroid hormone replacement therapy". Hormone Research. 56 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 74–81. doi:10.1159/000048140. PMID 11786691. S2CID 46756918.
Nilsson M (2001). "Iodide handling by the thyroid epithelial cell". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 109 (1): 13–17. doi:10.1055/s-2001-11014. PMID 11573132. S2CID 37723663.
Martín M, Salleron L, Peyret V, Geysels RC, Darrouzet E, Lindenthal S, et al. (August 2021). "The PDZ protein SCRIB regulates sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression at the basolateral plasma membrane". FASEB Journal. 35 (8): e21681. doi:10.1096/fj.202100303R. PMID 34196428. S2CID 235698589.
Wu Y, Koenig RJ (August 2000). "Gene regulation by thyroid hormone". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 11 (6): 207–211. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(00)00263-0. PMID 10878749. S2CID 44602986.

usdoctor.com

"Thyroid Information" Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 27 March 2009

web.archive.org

"1926 Edward C Kendall". American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
"Consequences of Not Taking Thyroid Medications - Implications of Failing to Take Prescription Thyroid Drugs" Archived 16 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 27 March 2009
"Armour Thyroid Shortages Worsening: What Can Thyroid Patients Do?" Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 27 March 2009
Liothyronine
"Thyroid Information" Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 27 March 2009
"Nature-Throid" Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 1 April 2009

wikimedia.org

commons.wikimedia.org

References used in image are found in image article in Commons:Commons:File:Thyroid system.png#References.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

McPherson RA, Pincus MR (5 April 2017). Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods (23rd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323413152. OCLC 949280055.
Venturi, Sebastiano (2011). "Evolutionary Significance of Iodine". Current Chemical Biology. 5 (3): 155–162. doi:10.2174/187231311796765012 (inactive 29 January 2025). ISSN 1872-3136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)