Tibet (1912–1951) (English Wikipedia)

Shakabpa (2010), pp. 763, 1021. Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, BRILL, ISBN 9789004177321
Goldstein (1989), p. 611. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
Lin (2011), p. 26; Anand (2013), p. 112 Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2. Anand, R. P. (2013). Studies in International Law and History: An Asian Perspective. Springer. ISBN 978-94-017-5600-6.
- Perkins, Dorothy (2013). Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93562-7.
- Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline history Archived 13 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, p. 42 : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."
- Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. ISBN 9780742578159.
- Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). Xiànfǎ héyǐ zhōngguó 憲法何以中國 [Why is the constitution of China]. City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 190. ISBN 9789629373214.
- Gao, Quanxi (2016). Zhèngzhì xiànfǎ yǔ wèilái xiàn zhì 政治憲法與未來憲制 [Political Constitution and Future Constitution]. City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 273. ISBN 9789629372910.
- Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Beall, Cynthia M. (1990), Nomads of Western Tibet, University of California Press, p. 50, ISBN 9780520072114
- Goldstein (1997), "Tibetan Attempts to Modernize", p. 37: "Chinese fortunes in Tibet improved slightly after the death of the thirteenth Dalai Lama when Tibet allowed a "condolence mission" sent by Guomindang government of Chiang Kaishek to visit Lhasa, and then permitted it to open an office to facilitate negotiations aimed at resolving the Tibet Question. These talks proved futile, but Tibet allowed the office to remain. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9
- Shakabpa 2010, p. 707. Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, BRILL, ISBN 9789004177321
- Lin (2011), p. 7–8: "From [1792] on, the Qing dynasty became increasingly preoccupied with problems in the interior, and court officials in Peking found it less and less easy to intervene in Tibetan affairs.... by the second half of the nineteenth century, the Qing ambans, who represented the Qing emperor and Qing authority, could do little more than exercise ritualistic and symbolic influence." Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
- Tanner, Harold (2009). China: A History. Hackett. p. 419. ISBN 978-0872209152.
- Zhao, Suisheng (2004). A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism. Stanford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780804750011.
- Goldstein (1997), p. 31. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9
- Goldstein (1997), p. 28 Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9
- Shakya (1999), p. 5. Shakya, Tsering (1999), Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11814-7
  - Grunfeld 1996, p. 65. Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996), The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9
    - Goldstein (1989), p. 75. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
    - Goldstein (1989), p. 80. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
    - Lamb (1966b), p. 580. Lamb, Alastair (1966), The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference, Routledge & K. Paul
    - Lamb (1966b), p. 529. Lamb, Alastair (1966), The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference, Routledge & K. Paul
    - Goldstein (1989), p. 241. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
    - Shakya (1999), p. 6. Shakya, Tsering (1999), Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11814-7
      - Shakya (1999), pp. 6–7. Shakya, Tsering (1999), Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11814-7
        Shakya, Tsering (2012), Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4481-1429-0
        Goldstein 1991, p. 328. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (18 June 1991), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-91176-5
        王家伟; 尼玛坚赞 (1997). 中国西藏的历史地位 [Wang Jiawei; Nima Gyaltsen (1997). The historical position of Tibet in China. China Communication Publishing House]. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-7-80113-303-8.
        Barrett, David P.; Shyu, Lawrence N. (2001). China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society. Peter Lang. p. 98. ISBN 0-8204-4556-8.
        Tibetan Marches Archived 16 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. André Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, p. 101. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York.
        Goldstein (1989), pp. 578, 592, 604. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
        Shakya (1999), pp. 7–8. Shakya, Tsering (1999), Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11814-7
        Shakya, Tsering (2012), Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4481-1429-0
        Goldstein, Melvyn C. (July 2014). 西藏现代史暴风雨之前的平静, 1951–1955. 第二卷 [Modern History of Tibet, Vol. 2: The Calm Before the Storm, 1951–1955]. 香港大學出版社 [Hong Kong University Publisher]. ISBN 9789888139699. "北京中央人民政府毛主席、中国人民解放军朱德司令钧鉴：钧座以大智大勇之略，成救国救民之业，义师所至，全国欢腾，班禅世受国恩，备荷优崇。二十余年来，为了西藏领土主权之完整，呼吁奔走，未尝稍懈。第以未获结果，良用疚心。刻下羁留青海，待命返藏。兹幸在钧座领导之下，西北已获解放，中央人民政府成立，凡有血气，同声鼓舞。今后人民之康乐可期，国家之复兴有望。西藏解放，指日可待。班禅谨代表全藏人民，向钧座致崇高无上之敬意，并矢拥护爱戴之忱。"—十世班禅致中华人民共和国中央人民政府电报 [To Chairman Mao of the Central People's Government of Beijing and Commander-in-chief Zhu De of the Chinese People's Liberation Army: The scorpion is based on the wisdom of the great wisdom and the courage to save the country and the people. The whole country is full of joy, and the Panchen Lama is blessed by the country. For more than 20 years, I have been dealing with integrity of Tibet territorial sovereignty, without rest. Since result has not been obtained, I felt guilty. I will stay in Qinghai and wait for possible return. Fortunately, under your leadership, the northwest has been liberated, and the Central People's Government has been established, we're all excited. In the future, the people's well-being can be expected, and the country's revival is expected. The liberation of Tibet is just around the corner. On behalf of the entire Tibetan people, please accept my supreme respect and support. " ---- The 10th Panchen Lama to the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China]
        Goldstein (1989), pp. 812–813. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
        Liu, Xiaoyuan (2004). Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921–1945. Stanford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-8047-4960-4.
        Oriental Society of Australia (2000). The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31–34. Oriental Society of Australia. pp. 35, 37.
        Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1998). Historical themes and current change in Central and Inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25–26, 1997, Volume 1997. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. pp. 73, 74, 76. ISBN 1-895296-34-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
        K. Dhondup (1986). The water-bird and other years: a history of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and after. Rangwang Publishers. p. 60.
        American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152.
        American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volumes 276–278. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152.
        American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.
        Lin (2011), pp. 112–. Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
        Lin (2011), p. 231–. Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
        Blackwood's Magazine. William Blackwood. 1948. p. 407.
        Benson, Linda (1988). The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae. p. 195. ISBN 978-91-554-2255-4.
        Powers & Holzinger 2004, pp. 19–20. Powers, John; Holzinger, Lutz (2004), History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles Versus the People's Republic of China, Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 978-0-19-517426-7

cambridge.org

journals.cambridge.org

Lin, Hsiao-ting (2006). "War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943". The China Quarterly. 186: 446–462. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000233. S2CID 154376402. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

canonymous.com

Smith, Daniel, "Self-Determination in Tibet: The Politics of Remedies" Archived 28 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.

china.com.cn

"Gongjor Zhongnyi and the Tibet Office in Nanjing". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.

china.org.cn

"Republic of China (1912–1949)". China's Tibet: Facts & Figures 2002. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
"Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". china.org.cn. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.

chinatibetnews.com

english.chinatibetnews.com

Tibet during the Republic of China (1912–1949) Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine

doi.org

Fisher, Rose & Huttenback 1963, pp. 77–78: "By refusing to sign it, however, the Chinese lost an opportunity to become the acknowledged suzerain of Tibet. The Tibetans were therefore free to make their own agreement with the British.". Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963), Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, doi:10.2307/40199339, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010426792, JSTOR 40199339
Zhu (2020), p. 305: "Taking advantage of the chaos in China, Mongolia and Tibet both declared their independence towards the end of 1911, expelled the Chinese ambans (residents) and garrisons, and established independent governments. Both Mongolia and Tibet justified their independence on the grounds that the territories' attachment to China was a personal one between the Manchu emperors and the territory, and that the territories were not part of China proper." Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. ISSN 2044-2513. S2CID 225302411.
Zhu 2020. Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. ISSN 2044-2513. S2CID 225302411.
Lin, Hsiao-ting (2006). "War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943". The China Quarterly. 186: 446–462. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000233. S2CID 154376402. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

freetibet.org

Free Tibet Campaign, "Tibet Facts No.17: British Relations with Tibet" Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Fisher, Rose & Huttenback 1963, pp. 77–78: "By refusing to sign it, however, the Chinese lost an opportunity to become the acknowledged suzerain of Tibet. The Tibetans were therefore free to make their own agreement with the British.". Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963), Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, doi:10.2307/40199339, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010426792, JSTOR 40199339

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

Fisher, Rose & Huttenback 1963, pp. 77–78: "By refusing to sign it, however, the Chinese lost an opportunity to become the acknowledged suzerain of Tibet. The Tibetans were therefore free to make their own agreement with the British.". Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963), Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, doi:10.2307/40199339, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010426792, JSTOR 40199339

idsa.in

"India Should Revisit its Tibet Policy". Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008.

iias.nl

Farrington, Anthony. "Britain, China, and Tibet, 1904–1950". International Institute for Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018.

jstor.org

Fisher, Rose & Huttenback 1963, pp. 77–78: "By refusing to sign it, however, the Chinese lost an opportunity to become the acknowledged suzerain of Tibet. The Tibetans were therefore free to make their own agreement with the British.". Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963), Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, doi:10.2307/40199339, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010426792, JSTOR 40199339

newspapers.com

The Oshkosh Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin); The Times (Streator, Illinois); The Windsor Star (Windsor, Ontario, Canada); available from Newspapers.com archives: https://www.newspapers.com/search/?query=Direct%20word%20Lhasa%20arrived%20only%20today&t=12402
The Honolulu Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii); available from Newspapers.com archives: https://www.newspapers.com/search/?query=The%20fourteenth%20Dalai%20Lama%20who%20will%20share&t=5998

parliament.uk

api.parliament.uk

"Oral Answers to Questions: Tibet (Autonomy)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). U. K. House of Commons. 21 June 1950. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020 – via Hansard.

savetibet.ru

Kuzmin 2011, pp. 95–100, 108. Kuzmin, Sergius L. (2011) [2010], Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation (PDF), translated by Dmitry Bennett, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, ISBN 978-93-80359-47-2 – via savetibet.ru

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Zhu (2020), p. 305: "Taking advantage of the chaos in China, Mongolia and Tibet both declared their independence towards the end of 1911, expelled the Chinese ambans (residents) and garrisons, and established independent governments. Both Mongolia and Tibet justified their independence on the grounds that the territories' attachment to China was a personal one between the Manchu emperors and the territory, and that the territories were not part of China proper." Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. ISSN 2044-2513. S2CID 225302411.
Zhu 2020. Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. ISSN 2044-2513. S2CID 225302411.
Lin, Hsiao-ting (2006). "War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943". The China Quarterly. 186: 446–462. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000233. S2CID 154376402. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

tibet.net

"CTA's Response to Chinese Government Allegations: Part Four". Website of Central Tibetan Administration. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008.

tibetjustice.org

"AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND TIBETANS". Archived from the original on 23 June 2017.
"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Tibet – Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913) [106]". Archived from the original on 4 February 2019.
"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914) [400]". Archived from the original on 9 September 2020.
Article 2 of the Simla Convention Archived 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Appendix of the Simla Convention Archived 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907)[391]". Archived from the original on 5 February 2019.

tuva.asia

"Dogovor 1913 g. mezhdu Mongoliyey i Tibetom: novyye dannyye" Договор 1913 г. между Монголией и Тибетом: новые данные [1913 Treaty between Mongolia and Tibet: New Data]. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020.

uic.edu

dosfan.lib.uic.edu

Testimony by Kent M. Wiedemann, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs before Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Senate Foreign Relations Committee (online version Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine), 1995

web.archive.org

"AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND TIBETANS". Archived from the original on 23 June 2017.
"Gongjor Zhongnyi and the Tibet Office in Nanjing". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline history Archived 13 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, p. 42 : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."
"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Tibet – Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913) [106]". Archived from the original on 4 February 2019.
"Dogovor 1913 g. mezhdu Mongoliyey i Tibetom: novyye dannyye" Договор 1913 г. между Монголией и Тибетом: новые данные [1913 Treaty between Mongolia and Tibet: New Data]. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020.
"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914) [400]". Archived from the original on 9 September 2020.
Article 2 of the Simla Convention Archived 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Appendix of the Simla Convention Archived 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
"Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907)[391]". Archived from the original on 5 February 2019.
Free Tibet Campaign, "Tibet Facts No.17: British Relations with Tibet" Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
"Republic of China (1912–1949)". China's Tibet: Facts & Figures 2002. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
Tibet during the Republic of China (1912–1949) Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Testimony by Kent M. Wiedemann, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs before Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Senate Foreign Relations Committee (online version Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine), 1995
Smith, Daniel, "Self-Determination in Tibet: The Politics of Remedies" Archived 28 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
"India Should Revisit its Tibet Policy". Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008.
"CTA's Response to Chinese Government Allegations: Part Four". Website of Central Tibetan Administration. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008.
Tibetan Marches Archived 16 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. André Migot. Translated from the French by Peter Fleming, p. 101. (1955). E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. New York.
Farrington, Anthony. "Britain, China, and Tibet, 1904–1950". International Institute for Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018.
"Oral Answers to Questions: Tibet (Autonomy)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). U. K. House of Commons. 21 June 1950. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020 – via Hansard.
"Peaceful Liberation of Tibet". china.org.cn. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.

worldcat.org

Zhu (2020), p. 305: "Taking advantage of the chaos in China, Mongolia and Tibet both declared their independence towards the end of 1911, expelled the Chinese ambans (residents) and garrisons, and established independent governments. Both Mongolia and Tibet justified their independence on the grounds that the territories' attachment to China was a personal one between the Manchu emperors and the territory, and that the territories were not part of China proper." Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. ISSN 2044-2513. S2CID 225302411.
Zhu 2020. Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. ISSN 2044-2513. S2CID 225302411.