Tibet under Qing rule (English Wikipedia)

Travers & Fitzherbert 2020: '[From 1642], as a Buddhist government, the Ganden Phodrang's choice to relinquish... the military defence of its territory to foreign troops, first Mongol and later Sino-Manchu, in the framework of “patron-preceptor” (mchod yon) relationships, created a structural situation involving long-term contacts and cooperation between Tibetans and "foreign" military cultures.' Travers, Alice; Fitzherbert, Solomon George (2020), "Introduction: The Ganden Phodrang's Military Institutions and Culture between the 17th and the 20th Centu-ries, at a Crossroads of Influences", Revue d'Études Tibétaines, 53, CNRS: 7–28
Travers & Fitzherbert 2020, p. 11. Travers, Alice; Fitzherbert, Solomon George (2020), "Introduction: The Ganden Phodrang's Military Institutions and Culture between the 17th and the 20th Centu-ries, at a Crossroads of Influences", Revue d'Études Tibétaines, 53, CNRS: 7–28

books.google.com

Norbu 2001, p. 78: "Professor Luciano Petech, who wrote a definitive history of Sino—Tibetan relations in eighteenth century, terms Tibet's status during this time as a Chinese "protectorate". This may be a fairly value-neutral description of Tibet's status during the eighteenth century..." Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
Dabringhaus 2014. Dabringhaus, Sabine (2014), "The Ambans of Tibet—Imperial Rule at the Inner Asian Periphery", in Dabringhaus, Sabine; Duindam, Jeroen (eds.), The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces, Agents and Interactions, Brill, pp. 114–126, doi:10.1163/9789004272095_008, ISBN 9789004272095, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2x3.12
Elliott 2001, p. 357. Elliott, Mark C. (2001), The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7
Kapstein, Matthew (2013), The Tibetans, Wiley, ISBN 978-1118725375
Lamb 1989, pp. 2–3: "From the outset, it became apparent that a major problem lay in the nature of Tibet's international status. Was Tibet part of China? Neither the Tibetans nor the Chinese were willing to provide a satisfactory answer to this question." Lamb, Alastair (1989), Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: A history of imperial diplomacy, Roxford Books, ISBN 9780907129035
Hau, Caroline (2022), Siting Postcoloniality, Duke University Press, ISBN 9781478023951
Cheng, Hong (2023), The Theory and Practice of the East Asian Library, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 9781527592025
Central Tibetan Administration 1994, p. 26: "The ambans were not viceroys or administrators, but were essentially ambassadors appointed to look after Manchu interests, and to protect the Dalai Lama on behalf of the emperor." Tibet, Proving Truth from Facts, Department of Information and International Relations, Central Tibetan Administration, 1994
- Klieger, P. Christiaan (2015). Greater Tibet: An Examination of Borders, Ethnic Boundaries, and Cultural Areas. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. ISBN 9781498506458.
- Klieger, P. Christiaan (2015). Greater Tibet: An Examination of Borders, Ethnic Boundaries, and Cultural Areas. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74. ISBN 9781498506458.
- Dai 2009, p. 83. Dai, Yingcong (2009), The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5
- Grunfeld 1996, p. 42 reads in part "Both (Tibetan and Chinese) accounts agree that the Dalai Lama was exempt from the traditional kowtow symbolizing total subservience; he was, however, required to kneel before the emperor." Grunfeld, A. Tom (30 July 1996), The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9
- Norbu 2001, p. 76. Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- Norbu 2001, p. 83. Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- Norbu 2001, p. 82-83. Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- Norbu 2001, p. 83-84. Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- Mullin 2001, p. 200. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Mullin 2001, p. 200-206. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Wellens, Koen (2011). Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands: The Premi of Southwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0295801551.
- Dai, Yingcong (2011). The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing. University of Washington Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0295800707.
- Zheng, Shan (2001). A history of development of Tibet. Foreign Languages Press. p. 229. ISBN 7119018655.
- Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library), Issues 56–59. Tôyô Bunko. 1998. p. 135.
- Smith 1996, pp. 116–7 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Smith 1996, pp. 117–120 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Smith 1996, pp. 120–1 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Mullin 2001, p. 285. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Rolf Alfred Stein (1972). Tibetan Civilization. Stanford University Press. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9.
- Mullin 2001, p. 288. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Mullin 2001, p. 290. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Smith 1996, p. 125 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Smith 1996, p. 127. Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Smith 1996, p. 126 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Smith 1996, pp. 125–6 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Wang 2011, p. 30. Wang, Xiuyu (28 November 2011), China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands, Lexington Books, ISBN 978-0-7391-6810-3
- Dai 2009, p. 81. Dai, Yingcong (2009), The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5
- Dai 2009, pp. 81–82. Dai, Yingcong (2009), The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5
- Elliott 2001, p. 412. Elliott, Mark C. (2001), The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7
- Dabringhaus 2014, p. 123. Dabringhaus, Sabine (2014), "The Ambans of Tibet—Imperial Rule at the Inner Asian Periphery", in Dabringhaus, Sabine; Duindam, Jeroen (eds.), The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces, Agents and Interactions, Brill, pp. 114–126, doi:10.1163/9789004272095_008, ISBN 9789004272095, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2x3.12
- Smith 1996, pp. 126–131 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Mullin 2001, p. 293. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Smith 1996, pp. 191–2 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006). A Brief History of Chinese Civilization. Wadsworth. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-618-91506-4.
- In regard to kowtowing, Shakabpa writes: 'As they were leaving, the emperor came to visit the all-seeing Rimpoché. As the Emperor was to remain there for three days, he went to prostrate to his spiritual father at a place called Tungling.' Shakabpa 2010, p. 500. Shakabka reads this event as illustrating the Preceptor-Patron relationship between China and Tibet. The Emperor wrote a letter which read: 'The wheel of doctrine will be turned throughout the world through the powerful scripture foretold to endure as long as the sky. Next year, you will come to honor the day of by birth, enhancing my state of mind. I am enjoying thinking about your swiftly impending arrival. On the way, Panchen Ertini, you will bring about happiness through spreading Buddhism and affecting the welfare of Tibet and Mongolia. I am presently learning the Tibetan language. When we meet directly, I will speak with you with great joy.' Shakabpa 2010, p. 497. Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, translated by Maher, Derek F., BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1 Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, translated by Maher, Derek F., BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1
- Norbu 2001, p. 84. Norbu, Dawa (2001), China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-79793-4
- Shakabpa 2010, pp. 486–487. Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, translated by Maher, Derek F., BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1
- Smith 1996, pp. 134–135 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
- Mullin 2001, p. 358. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
- Taveirne 2004, p. 89. Taveirne, Patrick (2004), Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874-1911, Leuven University Press, ISBN 978-90-5867-365-7
- Goldstein 1989, p. 44, n.13. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
  - Smith 1996, p. 137 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
  - Smith 1996, p. 151 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
  - Grunfeld 1996, p. 47. Grunfeld, A. Tom (30 July 1996), The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9
  - Smith 1996, p. 140, n. 59 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
  - Mullin 2001, pp. 369–370. Mullin, Glenn H. (2001), The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, Clear Light Pub, ISBN 978-1-57416-039-0
  - Smith 1996, p. 138 Smith, Warren (1996), Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Avalon Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8133-3155-3
  - Grunfeld 1996, p. 257. Grunfeld, A. Tom (30 July 1996), The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-3455-9
  - Yeh 2009, p. 60. Yeh, Emily T. (13 January 2009), "Living together in Lhasa: Ethnic relations, coercive amity, and subaltern cosmopolitanism", in Mayaram, Shail (ed.), The Other Global City, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-85150-7
  - Yeh 2013, p. 283. Yeh, Emily T. (25 October 2013), Taming Tibet: Landscape Transformation and the Gift of Chinese Development, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-6978-7
  - Tuttle, Gray (2005). Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0231134460. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  - Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain) (1996). The Garden, Volume 121. Published for the Royal Horticultural Society by New Perspectives Pub. Ltd. p. 274. Retrieved 2011-06-28.(Original from Cornell University)
  - Eric Teichman (1922). Travels of a consular officer in eastern Tibet: together with a history of the relations between China, Tibet and India. University Press. p. 248. ISBN 9780598963802. Retrieved 2011-06-28.(Original from the University of California).
  - Goldstein 1989, pp. 46f. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
    - Goldstein 1989, pp. 58f. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
      - Goldstein 1989, p. 47: "The ambans also set out to transform the government in Tibet and to sinicize the elite. Plans were laid to train a large army and secularize the Tibetan government by creating lay governmental boards. Roads and telegraph lines were planned, and resource exploitation was considered; a Chinese school was opened in Lhasa in 1907, and a military college in 1908." Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
        Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520911765, retrieved 2 April 2015
        Goldstein 1989, pp. 49ff. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
        Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991), A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520911765, retrieved 2 April 2015

case.edu

Goldstein 1995, p. 3: "During that time the Qing Dynasty sent armies into Tibet on four occasions, reorganized the administration of Tibet and established a loose protectorate." Goldstein, Melvyn C. (April 1995), Tibet, China and the United States (PDF), The Atlantic Council – via Case Western Reserve University
Goldstein 1995, p. 3. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (April 1995), Tibet, China and the United States (PDF), The Atlantic Council – via Case Western Reserve University
Goldstein 1995. Goldstein, Melvyn C. (April 1995), Tibet, China and the United States (PDF), The Atlantic Council – via Case Western Reserve University

cdlib.org

publishing.cdlib.org

Goldstein 1997, p. 26: "The invasion of Tibet and the Lhasa Convention of 1904 dramatically altered Chinese policy toward Tibet. Until then, the Qing dynasty had shown no interest in directly administering or sinicizing Tibet. The British thrusts now suggested to Beijing that unless it took prompt action, its position as overlord in Tibet might be lost, and with Tibet under the British sphere of influence the English would be looking down from the Tibetan plateau on Sichuan, one of China's most important provinces. The Qing dynasty, although enfeebled and on the brink of collapse, responded with surprising vigor. Beijing got the British troops to leave Tibetan soil quickly by paying the indemnity to Britain itself and began to take a more active role in day-to-day Tibetan affairs. Britain's casual invasion of Tibet, therefore, stimulated China to protect its national interests by beginning a program of closer cultural, economic, and political integration of Tibet with the rest of China." Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9
Goldstein 1997, p. 28: "A Chinese postal service was established and Tibet's first stamps were produced (in Chinese and Tibetan script)." Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21951-9

doi.org

Dabringhaus 2014. Dabringhaus, Sabine (2014), "The Ambans of Tibet—Imperial Rule at the Inner Asian Periphery", in Dabringhaus, Sabine; Duindam, Jeroen (eds.), The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces, Agents and Interactions, Brill, pp. 114–126, doi:10.1163/9789004272095_008, ISBN 9789004272095, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2x3.12
Chang, Simon T. (2011). "A 'realist' hypocrisy? Scripting sovereignty in Sino–Tibetan relations and the changing posture of Britain and the United States". Asian Ethnicity. 12 (3): 323–335. doi:10.1080/14631369.2011.605545. ISSN 1463-1369. S2CID 145298893.
Stein 1972, p. 89. Stein, R.A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Faber and Faber LTD: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, JSTOR 1795516
Garri 2020, par. 24. Garri, Irina (2020), "The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands", Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 51 (51), doi:10.4000/emscat.4631, S2CID 230547448
Stein 1972, p. 83. Stein, R.A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Faber and Faber LTD: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, JSTOR 1795516
Garri 2020, par. 28. Garri, Irina (2020), "The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands", Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 51 (51), doi:10.4000/emscat.4631, S2CID 230547448
Dabringhaus 2014, p. 123. Dabringhaus, Sabine (2014), "The Ambans of Tibet—Imperial Rule at the Inner Asian Periphery", in Dabringhaus, Sabine; Duindam, Jeroen (eds.), The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces, Agents and Interactions, Brill, pp. 114–126, doi:10.1163/9789004272095_008, ISBN 9789004272095, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2x3.12
Garri 2020. Garri, Irina (2020), "The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands", Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 51 (51), doi:10.4000/emscat.4631, S2CID 230547448
Alexandrowicz-Alexander, Charles Henry (1954). "The Legal Position of Tibet". The American Journal of International Law. 48 (2): 265–274. doi:10.2307/2194374. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2194374. S2CID 146988493.

eastwestcenter.org

Sperling 2004, p. ix: "The status of Tibet is at the core of the dispute, as it has been for all parties drawn into it over the past century. China maintains that Tibet is an inalienable part of China. Tibetans maintain that Tibet has historically been an independent country. In reality, the conflict over Tibet's status has been a conflict over history." Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (PDF), East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-03, retrieved 2021-05-15
Sperling 2004, p. 29. Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (PDF), East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-03, retrieved 2021-05-15
Sperling 2004, p. 27. Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (PDF), East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-03, retrieved 2021-05-15
Sperling 2004, p. x. Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (PDF), East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-03, retrieved 2021-05-15
Sperling 2004, p. 27-28. Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (PDF), East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-03, retrieved 2021-05-15
Sperling 2004, p. 30. Sperling, Elliot (2004), The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (PDF), East-West Center Washington, ISBN 978-1-932728-12-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-03, retrieved 2021-05-15

fmprc.gov.cn

Sino-Nepal Agreement of 1956

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Stein 1972, p. 89. Stein, R.A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Faber and Faber LTD: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, JSTOR 1795516
Stein 1972, p. 83. Stein, R.A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Faber and Faber LTD: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, JSTOR 1795516

icj.org

International Commission of Jurists (1959), p. 80. The Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law (PDF), Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1959

info-buddhism.com

Bray, John (2011). "Sacred Words and Earthly Powers: Christian Missionary Engagement with Tibet". The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. fifth series (3). Tokyo: John Bray & The Asian Society of Japan: 93–118. Retrieved 13 July 2014.

irenees.net

FOSSIER Astrid, Paris, 2004 "L’Inde des britanniques à Nehru : un acteur clé du conflit sino-tibétain."

jstor.org

Dabringhaus 2014. Dabringhaus, Sabine (2014), "The Ambans of Tibet—Imperial Rule at the Inner Asian Periphery", in Dabringhaus, Sabine; Duindam, Jeroen (eds.), The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces, Agents and Interactions, Brill, pp. 114–126, doi:10.1163/9789004272095_008, ISBN 9789004272095, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2x3.12
Stein 1972, p. 89. Stein, R.A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Faber and Faber LTD: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, JSTOR 1795516
Stein 1972, p. 83. Stein, R.A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Faber and Faber LTD: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, JSTOR 1795516
Dabringhaus 2014, p. 123. Dabringhaus, Sabine (2014), "The Ambans of Tibet—Imperial Rule at the Inner Asian Periphery", in Dabringhaus, Sabine; Duindam, Jeroen (eds.), The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces, Agents and Interactions, Brill, pp. 114–126, doi:10.1163/9789004272095_008, ISBN 9789004272095, JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2x3.12
Yudru Tsomu, "Taming the Khampas: The Republican Construction of Eastern Tibet" Modern China Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3 (May 2013), pp. 319-344
Alexandrowicz-Alexander, Charles Henry (1954). "The Legal Position of Tibet". The American Journal of International Law. 48 (2): 265–274. doi:10.2307/2194374. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2194374. S2CID 146988493.

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newleftreview.net

Wang Lixiong, Reflections on Tibet Archived 2006-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, "New Left Review" 14, March–April 2002:'"Tibetan local affairs were left to the willful actions of the Dalai Lama and the shapes [Kashag members]", he said. "The Commissioners were not only unable to take charge, they were also kept uninformed. This reduced the post of the Residential Commissioner in Tibet to name only." In response, the Qing court issued in 1793 an imperial decree, the Twenty-Nine Articles on the Reconstruction of Tibetan Domestic Affairs, which consolidated the Commissioner’s authority over administrative, military and religious appointments, foreign affairs, finance, taxation and the criminal justice system.'

purdue.edu

cc.purdue.edu

Tibet, China and the United States: Reflections on the Tibet Question by Melvyn C. Goldstein Archived 2006-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
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Chang, Simon T. (2011). "A 'realist' hypocrisy? Scripting sovereignty in Sino–Tibetan relations and the changing posture of Britain and the United States". Asian Ethnicity. 12 (3): 323–335. doi:10.1080/14631369.2011.605545. ISSN 1463-1369. S2CID 145298893.
Garri 2020, par. 24. Garri, Irina (2020), "The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands", Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 51 (51), doi:10.4000/emscat.4631, S2CID 230547448
Garri 2020, par. 28. Garri, Irina (2020), "The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands", Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 51 (51), doi:10.4000/emscat.4631, S2CID 230547448
Garri 2020. Garri, Irina (2020), "The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands", Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 51 (51), doi:10.4000/emscat.4631, S2CID 230547448
Alexandrowicz-Alexander, Charles Henry (1954). "The Legal Position of Tibet". The American Journal of International Law. 48 (2): 265–274. doi:10.2307/2194374. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2194374. S2CID 146988493.

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Szczepanski, Kallie (31 May 2018). "Was Tibet Always Part of China?". ThoughtCo.

tibet.cn

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tibet.net

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Geoffrey Flack, Chinese Imperial: "For approximately two years, five Chinese Post Offices operated in Central Tibet and a Chinese Post Office at Chambo (Eastern Tibet) was open in 1913 and 1914. Initially the Post Office used regular Chinese Imperial stamps, but in 1911 a set of eleven stamps (surcharged in three languages) was introduced for Tibet."

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Spence 1993, p. 7: "During this period three Chinese proposals threatened radically to transform the status of Tibet: the construction of a railroad from Szechuan to Tibet, the enrolment and instruction of Tibetans into the Chinese army, and the transformation of Tibet into a Chinese province." Spence, Heather (1993). British policy and the 'development' of Tibet 1912-1933 (Doctor of Philosophy). Department of History and Politics, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong.
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