Time-sharing (English Wikipedia)

Lee, J.A.N. (1992). "Claims to the term 'time-sharing'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (1): 16–54. Bibcode:1992IAHC...14a..16L. doi:10.1109/85.145316. S2CID 30976386.
Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (11 October 1968). "Dartmouth Time-Sharing". Science. 162 (3850): 223–228. Bibcode:1968Sci...162..223K. doi:10.1126/science.162.3850.223. PMID 5675464. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Strachey, Christopher (1959-06-15). Time sharing in large fast computers. UNESCO Information Processing conference. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
Gillies, James M.; Gillies, James; Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-286207-5.
Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992). "Time-Sharing at MIT". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (1): 18. doi:10.1109/85.145317. S2CID 30631012. Retrieved October 3, 2022. Corbato: No, that was one of the interesting aspects. One of the terms of IBM's donation for the use of the equipment was that we were not to charge for it. It was free all right.
Kemeny, John G. (1972). Man and the Computer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 32–37, 41–42. ISBN 9780684130095. LCCN 72-1176.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Middleburg, C.A. (2010). "Searching Publications on Operating Systems". arXiv:1003.5525 [cs.OS].

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844^th place; English: 1,960^th place)

Backus, John (1954). "Digital Computers: Advanced Coding Techniques" (PDF). MIT. p. 16-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-06.
F. J. Corbató, et al., The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide (MIT Press, 1963) ISBN 978-0-262-03008-3. "To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting."
Auerbach Guide to Time Sharing (PDF). Auerbach Publishers, Inc. 1973. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
"Multics Commands and Active Functions (AG92-06)" (PDF). BitSavers. Honeywell Bull, Inc. February 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2021.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

"Stocks". Bloomberg.com. 2023-05-26. Retrieved 2023-05-26.

bobbemer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bemer, Bob (March 1957). "Origins of Timesharing". bobbemer.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved June 24, 2016.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Upton, Molly (1975-06-11). "Prime President Predicts '75 Orders On Target, Despite Recent Slowdown". Computerworld. p. 35. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
Allen, Ruth; (U.S.), National Library of Medicine (1969). An Annotated Bibliography of Biomedical Computer Applications. 70: National Library of Medicine.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Computer - Time-sharing and minicomputers". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-01-23. In 1959 Christopher Strachey in the United Kingdom and John McCarthy in the United States independently described something they called time-sharing.

computer.org (Global: 6,549^th place; English: 4,616^th place)

computer.org

Bauer, W. F. (December 1958). Computer design from the programmer's viewpoint] (PDF). Eastern Joint Computer Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-23. One of the first descriptions of computer time-sharing.

history.computer.org

"Computer Pioneers - Christopher Strachey". history.computer.org. Retrieved 2020-01-23. What Strachey proposed in his concept of time-sharing was an arrangement that would preserve the direct contact between programmer and machine, while still achieving the economy of multiprogramming.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

computerhistory.org

"Ellis D. Kropotchev Silent Film - CHM Revolution". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2023-05-26.

archive.computerhistory.org

Gary Myers. "Go East, Young Man!" (PDF). Report to the Computer History Museum on the Information Technology Corporate Histories Project Time‐Sharing Sector. Computer History Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2026-01-30.

dartmouth.edu (Global: 2,786^th place; English: 1,776^th place)

dtss.dartmouth.edu

Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (11 October 1968). "Dartmouth Time-Sharing". Science. 162 (3850): 223–228. Bibcode:1968Sci...162..223K. doi:10.1126/science.162.3850.223. PMID 5675464. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04.
"TRANSCRIPTS OF 1974 National Computer Conference Pioneer Day Session". Dartmouth Time Sharing System. Dartmouth College. 1974.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Lee, J.A.N. (1992). "Claims to the term 'time-sharing'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (1): 16–54. Bibcode:1992IAHC...14a..16L. doi:10.1109/85.145316. S2CID 30976386.
Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992). "Time-Sharing at MIT". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (1): 18. doi:10.1109/85.145317. S2CID 30631012. Retrieved October 3, 2022. Corbato: No, that was one of the interesting aspects. One of the terms of IBM's donation for the use of the equipment was that we were not to charge for it. It was free all right.
J. C. Shaw (1964). "JOSS: a designer's view of an experimental on-line computing system". Proceeding AFIPS '64 (Fall, part I) Proceedings of the October 27-29, 1964, fall joint computer conference, part I. pp. 455–464. doi:10.1145/1464052.1464093. ISBN 9781450378895. S2CID 16483923. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (11 October 1968). "Dartmouth Time-Sharing". Science. 162 (3850): 223–228. Bibcode:1968Sci...162..223K. doi:10.1126/science.162.3850.223. PMID 5675464. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04.
Toxen, Bob (May 2007). "The Seven Deadly Sins of Linux Security: Avoid these common security risks like the devil". ACM Queue. 5 (4): 38–47. doi:10.1145/1255421.1255423. Most recent vulnerabilities are not directly exploitable remotely on most systems. This means that most systems are not at risk for remote attack from the Internet. Many of the vulnerabilities may be taken advantage of by someone with a regular shell account on the system.
Babcock, J. D. (1967). "A brief description of privacy measures in the RUSH time-sharing system". Proceedings of the April 18-20, 1967, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '67 (Spring). p. 301. doi:10.1145/1465482.1465528.

geeksforgeeks.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Time Sharing Operating System". GeeksforGeeks. 2020-04-28. Retrieved 2024-06-17.

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.folklore.computers/aE4TwORruB8 - "I worked for RapiData Timesharing for about a year circa 1969..."

jamesmiller.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Time Sharing", James Miller. Retrieved 30 November 2013.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Kemeny, John G. (1972). Man and the Computer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 32–37, 41–42. ISBN 9780684130095. LCCN 72-1176.

multicians.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Walden, David; Van Vleck, Tom, eds. (2011). "Compatible Time-Sharing System (1961-1973): Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Overview" (PDF). IEEE Computer Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-11-13. Retrieved February 20, 2022.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (11 October 1968). "Dartmouth Time-Sharing". Science. 162 (3850): 223–228. Bibcode:1968Sci...162..223K. doi:10.1126/science.162.3850.223. PMID 5675464. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04.

nordvpn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Time-sharing definition – Glossary | NordVPN". nordvpn.com (in Portuguese). 2023-11-23. Retrieved 2024-06-17.

rand.org (Global: 3,236^th place; English: 2,152^nd place)

Marks, Shirley (December 1971). The JOSS Years: Reflections on an experiment (PDF) (Technical report). Rand. pp. 32–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2026-01-08. Retrieved 2019-06-19.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Lee, J.A.N. (1992). "Claims to the term 'time-sharing'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (1): 16–54. Bibcode:1992IAHC...14a..16L. doi:10.1109/85.145316. S2CID 30976386.
Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992). "Time-Sharing at MIT". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 14 (1): 18. doi:10.1109/85.145317. S2CID 30631012. Retrieved October 3, 2022. Corbato: No, that was one of the interesting aspects. One of the terms of IBM's donation for the use of the equipment was that we were not to charge for it. It was free all right.
J. C. Shaw (1964). "JOSS: a designer's view of an experimental on-line computing system". Proceeding AFIPS '64 (Fall, part I) Proceedings of the October 27-29, 1964, fall joint computer conference, part I. pp. 455–464. doi:10.1145/1464052.1464093. ISBN 9781450378895. S2CID 16483923. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

jmc.stanford.edu

"Reminiscences on the Theory of Time-Sharing". John McCarthy's Original Website. Retrieved 2020-01-23. in 1960 'time-sharing' as a phrase was much in the air. It was, however, generally used in my sense rather than in John McCarthy's sense of a CTSS-like object.

textfiles.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

IBM 2741 Communication Terminal (PDF). IBM. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2015-10-06.

uni-stuttgart.de (Global: 8,208^th place; English: 9,065^th place)

bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de

As for a place in history, Rapidata is listed in 'The AUERBACH Guide to Time Sharing (1973)' http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/auerbach/GuideToTimesharing_Jan73.pdf

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

courses.cs.washington.edu

"History of Operating Systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-12.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"History of Operating Systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-12.
Backus, John (1954). "Digital Computers: Advanced Coding Techniques" (PDF). MIT. p. 16-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-06.
Bemer, Bob (March 1957). "Origins of Timesharing". bobbemer.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
Bauer, W. F. (December 1958). Computer design from the programmer's viewpoint] (PDF). Eastern Joint Computer Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-23. One of the first descriptions of computer time-sharing.
Walden, David; Van Vleck, Tom, eds. (2011). "Compatible Time-Sharing System (1961-1973): Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Overview" (PDF). IEEE Computer Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-11-13. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
Kemeny, John G.; Kurtz, Thomas E. (11 October 1968). "Dartmouth Time-Sharing". Science. 162 (3850): 223–228. Bibcode:1968Sci...162..223K. doi:10.1126/science.162.3850.223. PMID 5675464. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04.
Marks, Shirley (December 1971). The JOSS Years: Reflections on an experiment (PDF) (Technical report). Rand. pp. 32–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2026-01-08. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
IBM 2741 Communication Terminal (PDF). IBM. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
Gary Myers. "Go East, Young Man!" (PDF). Report to the Computer History Museum on the Information Technology Corporate Histories Project Time‐Sharing Sector. Computer History Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
"Multics Commands and Active Functions (AG92-06)" (PDF). BitSavers. Honeywell Bull, Inc. February 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2021.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

O'Neill, Judy Elizabeth (1992). The Evolution of Interactive Computing Through Time-sharing and Networking (Thesis). OCLC 1011609244.^{[page needed]}

Time-sharing (English Wikipedia)

acm.org (Global: 1,200th place; English: 821st place)

dl.acm.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844th place; English: 1,960th place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 118th place; English: 85th place)

bobbemer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

computer.org (Global: 6,549th place; English: 4,616th place)

computer.org

history.computer.org

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

computerhistory.org

archive.computerhistory.org

dartmouth.edu (Global: 2,786th place; English: 1,776th place)

dtss.dartmouth.edu

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

geeksforgeeks.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153rd place; English: 1,445th place)

jamesmiller.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

loc.gov (Global: 63rd place; English: 47th place)

lccn.loc.gov

multicians.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nordvpn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

rand.org (Global: 3,236th place; English: 2,152nd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stanford.edu (Global: 194th place; English: 182nd place)

jmc.stanford.edu

textfiles.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

uni-stuttgart.de (Global: 8,208th place; English: 9,065th place)

bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de

washington.edu (Global: 1,171st place; English: 736th place)

courses.cs.washington.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

acm.org (Global: 1,200^th place; English: 821^st place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844^th place; English: 1,960^th place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

computer.org (Global: 6,549^th place; English: 4,616^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

dartmouth.edu (Global: 2,786^th place; English: 1,776^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

rand.org (Global: 3,236^th place; English: 2,152^nd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

uni-stuttgart.de (Global: 8,208^th place; English: 9,065^th place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)