Timeline of human evolution (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Timeline of human evolution" in English language version.

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bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Rincon, Paul (2010-05-06). "Neanderthal genes 'survive in us'". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

berkeley.edu

ucmp.berkeley.edu

"Proterospongia is a rare freshwater protist, a colonial member of the Choanoflagellata." "Proterospongia itself is not the ancestor of sponges. However, it serves as a useful model for what the ancestor of sponges and other metazoans may have been like." http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/proterospongia.html Berkeley University
These first vertebrates lacked jaws, like the living hagfish and lampreys. Jawed vertebrates appeared 100 million years later, in the Silurian. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertintro.html Berkeley University
"Lungfish are believed to be the closest living relatives of the tetrapods, and share a number of important characteristics with them. Among these characters are tooth enamel, separation of pulmonary blood flow from body blood flow, arrangement of the skull bones, and the presence of four similarly sized limbs with the same position and structure as the four tetrapod legs." http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/sarco/dipnoi.html Berkeley University
"In many respects, the pelycosaurs are intermediate between the reptiles and mammals" http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/synapsids/pelycosaurs.html Berkeley University

biorxiv.org

Popadin, Konstantin; Gunbin, Konstantin; Peshkin, Leonid; Annis, Sofia; Fleischmann, Zoe; Kraytsberg, Genya; Markuzon, Natalya; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Khrapko, Konstantin (2017-10-19). "Mitochondrial pseudogenes suggest repeated inter-species hybridization in hominid evolution". bioRxiv: 134502. doi:10.1101/134502. hdl:11427/36660.

cnn.com

"Rubin also said analysis so far suggests human and Neanderthal DNA are some 99.5 percent to nearly 99.9 percent identical." Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues (URL accessed on November 16, 2006)

doi.org

Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–08. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–59. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934. S2CID 13171894.
Shu, D.G.; Luo, H.L.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X. L.; Hu, S.X.; Chen, L.; Han, J.; Zhu, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, L.Z. (1999). "Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China". Nature. 402 (6757): 42–46. Bibcode:1999Natur.402...42S. doi:10.1038/46965. S2CID 4402854.
Chen, J.Y.; Huang, D.Y.; Li, C.W. (1999). "An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate". Nature. 402 (6761): 518–22. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..518C. doi:10.1038/990080. S2CID 24895681.
Shu, D.-G.; Conway Morris, S.; Han, J.; Zhang, Z.-F.; Yasui, K.; Janvier, P.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X.-L.; Liu, J.-N.; Li, Y.; Liu, H.-Q. (January 2003). "Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys". Nature. 421 (6922): 526–529. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..526S. doi:10.1038/nature01264. PMID 12556891. S2CID 4401274.
Udroiu, I., & Sgura, A. (2017). The phylogeny of the spleen. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 92(4), 411–443. https://doi.org/10.1086/695327
Eckhart, L.; Valle, L. D.; Jaeger, K.; Ballaun, C.; Szabo, S.; Nardi, A.; Buchberger, M.; Hermann, M.; Alibardi, L.; Tschachler, E. (10 November 2008). "Identification of reptilian genes encoding hair keratin-like proteins suggests a new scenario for the evolutionary origin of hair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (47): 18419–18423. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805154105. PMC 2587626. PMID 19001262.
Werneburg, Ingmar; Spiekman, Stephan N F (2018). 4. Mammalian embryology and organogenesis. In: Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert. Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 59-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110341553-004
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science. 339 (6120): 684–87. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. PMID 23393261. S2CID 6112274.
Raauma, Ryan; Sternera, K (2005). "Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (3): 237–57. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.007. PMID 15737392.
Böhme, Madelaine; Spassov, Nikolai; Fuss, Jochen; Tröscher, Adrian; Deane, Andrew S.; Prieto, Jérôme; Kirscher, Uwe; Lechner, Thomas; Begun, David R. (November 2019). "A new Miocene ape and locomotion in the ancestor of great apes and humans". Nature. 575 (7783): 489–493. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..489B. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1731-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31695194. S2CID 207888156.
Popadin, Konstantin; Gunbin, Konstantin; Peshkin, Leonid; Annis, Sofia; Fleischmann, Zoe; Kraytsberg, Genya; Markuzon, Natalya; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Khrapko, Konstantin (2017-10-19). "Mitochondrial pseudogenes suggest repeated inter-species hybridization in hominid evolution". bioRxiv: 134502. doi:10.1101/134502. hdl:11427/36660.
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids". Science. 326 (5949): 75–86. Bibcode:2009Sci...326...75W. doi:10.1126/science.1175802. PMID 19810190. S2CID 20189444.
Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.; Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–15. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Wilkinson, David M. (2011-12-27). "Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): 20965–20969. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820965R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113915108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3248486. PMID 22160694.
Zhu, Zhaoyu; Dennell, Robin; Huang, Weiwen; Wu, Yi; Qiu, Shifan; Yang, Shixia; Rao, Zhiguo; Hou, Yamei; Xie, Jiubing; Han, Jiangwei; Ouyang, Tingping (2018). "Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–12. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311.
Jablonski, Nina G. (October 2004). "The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33 (1): 585–623. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143955. S2CID 53481281.
Bermudez de Castro, J. M. (30 May 1997). "A Hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: Possible Ancestor to Neandertals and Modern Humans". Science. 276 (5317): 1392–1395. doi:10.1126/science.276.5317.1392. PMID 9162001.
Green, Richard E.; Krause, Johannes; Ptak, Susan E.; Briggs, Adrian W.; Ronan, Michael T.; Simons, Jan F.; Du, Lei; Egholm, Michael; Rothberg, Jonathan M.; Paunovic, Maja; Pääbo, Svante (November 2006). "Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA". Nature. 444 (7117): 330–336. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..330G. doi:10.1038/nature05336. PMID 17108958. S2CID 4320907.
"The conclusion is the old saw that we share 98.5% of our DNA sequence with chimpanzee is probably in error. For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA." Britten, R.J. (2002). "Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels". PNAS. 99 (21): 13633–35. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913633B. doi:10.1073/pnas.172510699. PMC 129726. PMID 12368483.
"...of the three billion letters that make up the human genome, only 15 million—less than 1 percent—have changed in the six million years or so since the human and chimp lineages diverged." Pollard, K.S. (2009). "What makes us human?". Scientific American. 300–5 (5): 44–49. Bibcode:2009SciAm.300e..44P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0509-44. PMID 19438048. S2CID 38866839.
Krause J, Lalueza-Fox C, Orlando L, Enard W, Green RE, Burbano HA, Hublin JJ, Hänni C, Fortea J, de la Rasilla M, Bertranpetit J, Rosas A, Pääbo S (November 2007). "The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals". Curr. Biol. 17 (21): 1908–12. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.1908K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-FED3-1. PMID 17949978. S2CID 9518208.
- Nicholas Wade (October 19, 2007). "Neanderthals Had Important Speech Gene, DNA Evidence Shows". The New York Times.
- Stein, Richard A. (October 2015). "Copy Number Analysis Starts to Add Up". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 35 (17): 20, 22–23. doi:10.1089/gen.35.17.09.
- Meyer, Matthias; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; De Filippo, Cesare; Nagel, Sarah; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Martínez, Ignacio; Gracia, Ana; De Castro, José María Bermúdez; Carbonell, Eudald; Viola, Bence; Kelso, Janet; Prüfer, Kay; Pääbo, Svante (March 2016). "Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins". Nature. 531 (7595): 504–07. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..504M. doi:10.1038/nature17405. PMID 26976447. S2CID 4467094.
- Callaway, Ewen (2016). "Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals". Nature. 531 (7594): 296–86. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..296C. doi:10.1038/531286a. PMID 26983523. S2CID 4459329.
- Mietto, Paolo; Avanzini, Marco; Rolandi, Giuseppe (2003). "Palaeontology: Human footprints in Pleistocene volcanic ash". Nature. 422 (6928): 133. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..133M. doi:10.1038/422133a. PMID 12634773. S2CID 2396763.
- Timmermann, A., Yun, KS., Raia, P. et al. Climate effects on archaic human habitats and species successions. Nature 604, 495–501 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04600-9
- Callaway, Ewen (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114.
- Tryon, Christopher A.; Faith, Tyler (2013). "Variability in the Middle Stone Age of Eastern Africa" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 54 (8): 234–54. doi:10.1086/673752. S2CID 14124486.
- Harvati, Katerina; et al. (10 July 2019). "Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia". Nature. 571 (7766): 500–504. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z. PMID 31292546. S2CID 195873640.
- Heinz, Tanja; Pala, Maria; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Richards, Martin B.; Salas, Antonio (March 2017). "Updating the African human mitochondrial DNA tree: Relevance to forensic and population genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 156–159. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.016. PMID 28086175.
- Poznik, G. D.; Henn, B. M.; Yee, M.-C.; Sliwerska, E.; Euskirchen, G. M.; Lin, A. A.; Snyder, M.; Quintana-Murci, L.; Kidd, J. M.; Underhill, P. A.; Bustamante, C. D. (1 August 2013). "Sequencing Y Chromosomes Resolves Discrepancy in Time to Common Ancestor of Males Versus Females". Science. 341 (6145): 562–565. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..562P. doi:10.1126/science.1237619. PMC 4032117. PMID 23908239.
- Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; Sayres, Melissa A. Wilson; Järve, Mari; Talas, Ulvi Gerst; Rootsi, Siiri; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Mägi, Reedik; Mitt, Mario; Pagani, Luca; Puurand, Tarmo; Faltyskova, Zuzana; Clemente, Florian; Cardona, Alexia; Metspalu, Ene; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; DeGiorgio, Michael; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Eichstaedt, Christina; Eelmets, Mikk; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Tambets, Kristiina; Litvinov, Sergei; Mormina, Maru; Xue, Yali; Ayub, Qasim; et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
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- Fumagalli, M.; Moltke, I.; Grarup, N.; Racimo, F.; Bjerregaard, P.; Jorgensen, M. E.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Gerbault, P.; Skotte, L.; Linneberg, A.; Christensen, C.; Brandslund, I.; Jorgensen, T.; Huerta-Sanchez, E.; Schmidt, E. B.; Pedersen, O.; Hansen, T.; Albrechtsen, A.; Nielsen, R. (17 September 2015). "Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation". Science. 349 (6254): 1343–1347. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1343F. doi:10.1126/science.aab2319. hdl:10044/1/43212. PMID 26383953. S2CID 546365.
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handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Popadin, Konstantin; Gunbin, Konstantin; Peshkin, Leonid; Annis, Sofia; Fleischmann, Zoe; Kraytsberg, Genya; Markuzon, Natalya; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Khrapko, Konstantin (2017-10-19). "Mitochondrial pseudogenes suggest repeated inter-species hybridization in hominid evolution". bioRxiv: 134502. doi:10.1101/134502. hdl:11427/36660.
Krause J, Lalueza-Fox C, Orlando L, Enard W, Green RE, Burbano HA, Hublin JJ, Hänni C, Fortea J, de la Rasilla M, Bertranpetit J, Rosas A, Pääbo S (November 2007). "The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals". Curr. Biol. 17 (21): 1908–12. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.1908K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-FED3-1. PMID 17949978. S2CID 9518208.
- Nicholas Wade (October 19, 2007). "Neanderthals Had Important Speech Gene, DNA Evidence Shows". The New York Times.
- Fumagalli, M.; Moltke, I.; Grarup, N.; Racimo, F.; Bjerregaard, P.; Jorgensen, M. E.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Gerbault, P.; Skotte, L.; Linneberg, A.; Christensen, C.; Brandslund, I.; Jorgensen, T.; Huerta-Sanchez, E.; Schmidt, E. B.; Pedersen, O.; Hansen, T.; Albrechtsen, A.; Nielsen, R. (17 September 2015). "Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation". Science. 349 (6254): 1343–1347. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1343F. doi:10.1126/science.aab2319. hdl:10044/1/43212. PMID 26383953. S2CID 546365.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–08. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–59. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934. S2CID 13171894.
Shu, D.G.; Luo, H.L.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X. L.; Hu, S.X.; Chen, L.; Han, J.; Zhu, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, L.Z. (1999). "Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China". Nature. 402 (6757): 42–46. Bibcode:1999Natur.402...42S. doi:10.1038/46965. S2CID 4402854.
Chen, J.Y.; Huang, D.Y.; Li, C.W. (1999). "An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate". Nature. 402 (6761): 518–22. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..518C. doi:10.1038/990080. S2CID 24895681.
Shu, D.-G.; Conway Morris, S.; Han, J.; Zhang, Z.-F.; Yasui, K.; Janvier, P.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X.-L.; Liu, J.-N.; Li, Y.; Liu, H.-Q. (January 2003). "Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys". Nature. 421 (6922): 526–529. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..526S. doi:10.1038/nature01264. PMID 12556891. S2CID 4401274.
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science. 339 (6120): 684–87. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1230492. PMID 23393261. S2CID 6112274.
Böhme, Madelaine; Spassov, Nikolai; Fuss, Jochen; Tröscher, Adrian; Deane, Andrew S.; Prieto, Jérôme; Kirscher, Uwe; Lechner, Thomas; Begun, David R. (November 2019). "A new Miocene ape and locomotion in the ancestor of great apes and humans". Nature. 575 (7783): 489–493. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..489B. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1731-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31695194. S2CID 207888156.
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids". Science. 326 (5949): 75–86. Bibcode:2009Sci...326...75W. doi:10.1126/science.1175802. PMID 19810190. S2CID 20189444.
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iol.co.za

int.iol.co.za

A fossil coelacanth jaw found in a stratum datable 410 mya that was collected near Buchan in Victoria, Australia's East Gippsland, currently holds the record for oldest coelacanth; it was given the name Eoactinistia foreyi when it was published in September 2006. [1]

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 15, 2001. Another co-author is Tim D. White, a paleoanthropologist at UC-Berkeley who in 1994 discovered a pre-human fossil, named Ardipithecus ramidus, that was then the oldest known, at 4.4 million years.

nature.com

Böhme, Madelaine; Spassov, Nikolai; Fuss, Jochen; Tröscher, Adrian; Deane, Andrew S.; Prieto, Jérôme; Kirscher, Uwe; Lechner, Thomas; Begun, David R. (November 2019). "A new Miocene ape and locomotion in the ancestor of great apes and humans". Nature. 575 (7783): 489–493. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..489B. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1731-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31695194. S2CID 207888156.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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