Tocopherol (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Tocopherol" in English language version.

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Alliance for Natural Health v. Sebelius, Case No. 09-1546 (D.D.C.) U.S. Food & Drug Administration May 17, 2012
Letter Regarding Dietary Supplement Health Claim for Vitamin E and Heart Disease (Docket No 99P-4375) U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

comlaw.gov.au

Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code "Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011.

dictionary.com

"Tocopherol". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

doi.org

Wagner KH, Kamal-Eldin A, Elmadfa I (2004). "Gamma-tocopherol--an underestimated vitamin?". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 48 (3): 169–88. doi:10.1159/000079555. PMID 15256801. S2CID 24827255. In North America, the intake of γ-tocopherol has been estimated to exceed that of α-tocopherol by a factor of 2–4 ... due to the fact that soybean oil is the predominant vegetable oil in the American diet (76.4%) followed by corn oil and canola oil (both 7%) ... The supply of dietary fats ... is much more diverse in Europe ... The oils mainly consumed in Europe, i.e. sunflower, olive and canola oil, provide less γ-tocopherol but more α-tocopherol ... [T]he ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol is at least 1:2. Therefore, the average γ-tocopherol intake may be estimated as 4–6 mg/day, which is about 25–35% of the USA intake. In accordance with the lower estimated European intake of γ-tocopherol, the serum levels of γ-tocopherol in European populations are 4–20 times lower than that of α-tocopherol
Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN (December 2001). "gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 74 (6): 714–22. doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714. PMID 11722951.
Burton GW, Ingold KU (1981). "Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 103 (21): 6472–6477. doi:10.1021/ja00411a035.
Rigotti A (2007). "Absorption, transport, and tissue delivery of vitamin E". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 28 (5–6): 423–36. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002. PMID 17320165.
Jensen S, Lauridsen C (2007). α-Tocopherol Stereoisomers. Vol. 76. pp. 281–308. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76010-7. ISBN 9780123735928. PMID 17628178. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (July 1999). "Vitamin E: function and metabolism". FASEB Journal. 13 (10): 1145–55. doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145. PMID 10385606. S2CID 7031925.
Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S (March 2006). "Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols". Life Sciences. 78 (18): 2088–98. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001. PMC 1790869. PMID 16458936.
Traber MG, Stevens JF (September 2011). "Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 51 (5): 1000–13. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017. PMC 3156342. PMID 21664268.
Institute of Medicine (2000). "Vitamin E". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 186–283. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26.
Iuliano L, Micheletta F, Maranghi M, Frati G, Diczfalusy U, Violi F (October 2001). "Bioavailability of vitamin E as function of food intake in healthy subjects: effects on plasma peroxide-scavenging activity and cholesterol-oxidation products". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 21 (10): E34-7. doi:10.1161/hq1001.098465. PMID 11597949.
Packer L, Weber SU, Rimbach G (February 2001). "Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (2): 369S–73S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.369S. PMID 11160563.
Weiser H, Riss G, Kormann AW (October 1996). "Biodiscrimination of the eight α-tocopherol stereoisomers results in preferential accumulation of the four 2R forms in tissues and plasma of rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 126 (10): 2539–49. doi:10.1093/jn/126.10.2539. PMID 8857515.
"Taken together, these data indicate that of the eight stereoisomers (RRR, RSR, RRS, RSS, SRR, SSR, SRS, SSS) in all-rac-α-tocopherol, only the four 2R-forms (RRR, RSR, RSS, RRS) are recognized by α-TTP and maintained in the plasma. Indeed, the Food and Nutrition Board (Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine, 2000) has defined that only α-tocopherol, specifically the 2R-forms of α-tocopherol, can fulfill the human requirement for vitamin E. Thus, all-rac-α-tocopherol has only half the activity of RRR-α-tocopherol." Taken from the discussion in Lauridsen C, Engel H, Craig AM, Traber MG (March 2002). "Relative bioactivity of dietary RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetates in swine assessed with deuterium-labeled vitamin E" (PDF). Journal of Animal Science. 80 (3): 702–7. doi:10.2527/2002.803702x. PMID 11890405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Mathias PM, Harries JT, Peters TJ, Muller DP (July 1981). "Studies on the in vivo absorption of micellar solutions of tocopherol and tocopheryl acetate in the rat: demonstration and partial characterization of a mucosal esterase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of the enterocyte". Journal of Lipid Research. 22 (5): 829–37. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37355-7. PMID 7288289.
Ajandouz EH, Castan S, Jakob S, Puigserver A (2006). "A fast, sensitive HPLC method for the determination of esterase activity on α-tocopheryl acetate". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 44 (10): 631–3. doi:10.1093/chromsci/44.10.631. PMID 17254374.
Toews I, Anglemyer A, Nyirenda JL, Alsaid D, Balduzzi S, Grummich K, et al. (2024-01-04). "Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials: a meta-epidemiological study". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): MR000034. doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10765475. PMID 38174786.
Péter S, Friedel A, Roos FF, Wyss A, Eggersdorfer M, Hoffmann K, et al. (December 2015). "A Systematic Review of Global Alpha-Tocopherol Status as Assessed by Nutritional Intake Levels and Blood Serum Concentrations". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 85 (5–6): 261–281. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000281. PMID 27414419.
Kim HJ, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Willett WC, Cho E (March 2014). "Longitudinal and secular trends in dietary supplement use: Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, 1986-2006". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 114 (3): 436–43. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.039. PMC 3944223. PMID 24119503.
Morioka TY, Bolin JT, Attipoe S, Jones DR, Stephens MB, Deuster PA (July 2015). "Trends in Vitamin A, C, D, E, K Supplement Prescriptions From Military Treatment Facilities: 2007 to 2011". Military Medicine. 180 (7): 748–53. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00511. PMID 26126244.
Tilburt JC, Emanuel EJ, Miller FG (September 2008). "Does the evidence make a difference in consumer behavior? Sales of supplements before and after publication of negative research results". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 23 (9): 1495–8. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0704-z. PMC 2518024. PMID 18618194.
Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E (January 2005). "Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (1): 37–46. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110. PMID 15537682. S2CID 35030072.
Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (2023-09-13). "Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (9): CD000254. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10498493. PMID 37702300.
Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (July 2017). "Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (7): CD000253. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000253.pub4. PMC 6483250. PMID 28756617.
Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Sperduto RD, Sangiovanni JP, Kurinij N, et al. (August 2013). "Long-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 35". Ophthalmology. 120 (8): 1604–11.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.021. PMC 3728272. PMID 23582353.
Roberts LJ, Oates JA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Meador BP, Gross MD, et al. (November 2007). "The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 43 (10): 1388–93. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.019. PMC 2072864. PMID 17936185.
Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745. S2CID 8570146.
Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E (March 2011). "Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 377 (9770): 1019–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9. PMID 21371747. S2CID 20893019.
Love S (December 2005). "Neuropathological investigation of dementia: a guide for neurologists". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 76 Suppl 5 (supplement 5): v8-14. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.080754. PMC 1765714. PMID 16291923.
Li FJ, Shen L, Ji HF (2012). "Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 31 (2): 253–8. doi:10.3233/JAD-2012-120349. PMID 22543848.
Dong Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Shu Y, Chen T, Xu L, et al. (February 2018). "Do low-serum vitamin E levels increase the risk of Alzheimer disease in older people? Evidence from a meta-analysis of case-control studies". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33 (2): e257–e263. doi:10.1002/gps.4780. PMID 28833475. S2CID 44859128.
O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, Jones R, Livingston G, McKeith I, et al. (February 2017). "Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: A revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology" (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1177/0269881116680924. PMID 28103749. S2CID 52848530.
Shen C, Huang Y, Yi S, Fang Z, Li L (November 2015). "Association of Vitamin E Intake with Reduced Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Medical Science Monitor. 21: 3420–6. doi:10.12659/MSM.896018. PMC 4644018. PMID 26547129.
Zhu YJ, Bo YC, Liu XX, Qiu CG (March 2017). "Association of dietary vitamin E intake with risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 26 (2): 271–277. doi:10.6133/apjcn.032016.04. PMID 28244705.
Lotan Y, Goodman PJ, Youssef RF, Svatek RS, Shariat SF, Tangen CM, et al. (June 2012). "Evaluation of vitamin E and selenium supplementation for the prevention of bladder cancer in SWOG coordinated SELECT". The Journal of Urology. 187 (6): 2005–10. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.117. PMC 4294531. PMID 22498220.
Alpha-Tocopherol BC (April 1994). "The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers". The New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (15): 1029–35. doi:10.1056/NEJM199404143301501. PMID 8127329.
Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, et al. (March 1998). "Prostate cancer and supplementation with α-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 90 (6): 440–6. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.6.440. PMID 9521168.
Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. (October 2011). "Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)". JAMA. 306 (14): 1549–56. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1437. PMC 4169010. PMID 21990298.
Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. (July 2005). "Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 294 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1001/jama.294.1.56. PMID 15998891.
Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xie Z, Wu W, Zhang D (October 2015). "Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis". Public Health Nutrition. 18 (15): 2804–14. doi:10.1017/S1368980014003115. PMC 10271701. PMID 25591715.
Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM (June 2012). "Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD004567. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004567.pub2. PMC 4410744. PMID 22696344.
Kirmizis D, Chatzidimitriou D (2009). "Antiatherogenic effects of vitamin E: the search for the Holy Grail". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 5: 767–74. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s5532. PMC 2747395. PMID 19774218.
Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC (May 1993). "Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women". The New England Journal of Medicine. 328 (20): 1444–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305203282003. PMID 8479463.
Loffredo L, Perri L, Di Castelnuovo A, Iacoviello L, De Gaetano G, Violi F (April 2015). "Supplementation with vitamin E alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. 25 (4): 354–63. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.01.008. PMID 25779938.
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Bin Q, Hu X, Cao Y, Gao F (April 2011). "The role of vitamin E (tocopherol) supplementation in the prevention of stroke. A meta-analysis of 13 randomised controlled trials". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 105 (4): 579–85. doi:10.1160/TH10-11-0729. PMID 21264448. S2CID 23237227.
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Tanaydin V, Conings J, Malyar M, van der Hulst R, van der Lei B (September 2016). "The Role of Topical Vitamin E in Scar Management: A Systematic Review". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 36 (8): 959–65. doi:10.1093/asj/sjw046. PMID 26977069.
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2013). "Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm?". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e74558. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874558B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558. PMC 3765487. PMID 24040282.
Curtis AJ, Bullen M, Piccenna L, McNeil JJ (December 2014). "Vitamin E supplementation and mortality in healthy people: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 28 (6): 563–73. doi:10.1007/s10557-014-6560-7. PMID 25398301. S2CID 23820017.
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Evans HM, Bishop KS (December 1922). "On the Existence of a Hitherto Unrecognized Dietary Factor Essential for Reproduction". Science. 56 (1458): 650–1. Bibcode:1922Sci....56..650E. doi:10.1126/science.56.1458.650. PMID 17838496.
Evans H. M., Emerson O. H., Emerson G. A. (1 February 1936). "The isolation from wheat germ oil of an alcohol, a-tocopherol, having the properties of vitamin E". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 113 (1): 319–332. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74918-1. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
Fernholz E (1938). "On the Constitution of α-Tocopherol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 60 (3): 700–705. doi:10.1021/ja01270a057.

europa.eu

efsa.europa.eu

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-16

fao.org

Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization (2001). "9. Vitamin E". Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements (Report). Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Rome.

fass.org

jas.fass.org

"Taken together, these data indicate that of the eight stereoisomers (RRR, RSR, RRS, RSS, SRR, SSR, SRS, SSS) in all-rac-α-tocopherol, only the four 2R-forms (RRR, RSR, RSS, RRS) are recognized by α-TTP and maintained in the plasma. Indeed, the Food and Nutrition Board (Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine, 2000) has defined that only α-tocopherol, specifically the 2R-forms of α-tocopherol, can fulfill the human requirement for vitamin E. Thus, all-rac-α-tocopherol has only half the activity of RRR-α-tocopherol." Taken from the discussion in Lauridsen C, Engel H, Craig AM, Traber MG (March 2002). "Relative bioactivity of dietary RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetates in swine assessed with deuterium-labeled vitamin E" (PDF). Journal of Animal Science. 80 (3): 702–7. doi:10.2527/2002.803702x. PMID 11890405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-03-12.

fda.gov

US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on November 8, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.

food.gov.uk

UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-27.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2013). "Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm?". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e74558. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874558B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558. PMC 3765487. PMID 24040282.
Evans HM, Bishop KS (December 1922). "On the Existence of a Hitherto Unrecognized Dietary Factor Essential for Reproduction". Science. 56 (1458): 650–1. Bibcode:1922Sci....56..650E. doi:10.1126/science.56.1458.650. PMID 17838496.

jbc.org

Evans H. M., Emerson O. H., Emerson G. A. (1 February 1936). "The isolation from wheat germ oil of an alcohol, a-tocopherol, having the properties of vitamin E". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 113 (1): 319–332. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74918-1. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.

nap.edu

Institute of Medicine (2000). "Vitamin E". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 186–283. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Wagner KH, Kamal-Eldin A, Elmadfa I (2004). "Gamma-tocopherol--an underestimated vitamin?". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 48 (3): 169–88. doi:10.1159/000079555. PMID 15256801. S2CID 24827255. In North America, the intake of γ-tocopherol has been estimated to exceed that of α-tocopherol by a factor of 2–4 ... due to the fact that soybean oil is the predominant vegetable oil in the American diet (76.4%) followed by corn oil and canola oil (both 7%) ... The supply of dietary fats ... is much more diverse in Europe ... The oils mainly consumed in Europe, i.e. sunflower, olive and canola oil, provide less γ-tocopherol but more α-tocopherol ... [T]he ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol is at least 1:2. Therefore, the average γ-tocopherol intake may be estimated as 4–6 mg/day, which is about 25–35% of the USA intake. In accordance with the lower estimated European intake of γ-tocopherol, the serum levels of γ-tocopherol in European populations are 4–20 times lower than that of α-tocopherol
Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN (December 2001). "gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 74 (6): 714–22. doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714. PMID 11722951.
Rigotti A (2007). "Absorption, transport, and tissue delivery of vitamin E". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 28 (5–6): 423–36. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002. PMID 17320165.
Jensen S, Lauridsen C (2007). α-Tocopherol Stereoisomers. Vol. 76. pp. 281–308. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76010-7. ISBN 9780123735928. PMID 17628178. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (July 1999). "Vitamin E: function and metabolism". FASEB Journal. 13 (10): 1145–55. doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145. PMID 10385606. S2CID 7031925.
Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S (March 2006). "Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols". Life Sciences. 78 (18): 2088–98. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001. PMC 1790869. PMID 16458936.
Traber MG, Stevens JF (September 2011). "Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 51 (5): 1000–13. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017. PMC 3156342. PMID 21664268.
Institute of Medicine (2000). "Vitamin E". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 186–283. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26.
Iuliano L, Micheletta F, Maranghi M, Frati G, Diczfalusy U, Violi F (October 2001). "Bioavailability of vitamin E as function of food intake in healthy subjects: effects on plasma peroxide-scavenging activity and cholesterol-oxidation products". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 21 (10): E34-7. doi:10.1161/hq1001.098465. PMID 11597949.
Packer L, Weber SU, Rimbach G (February 2001). "Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (2): 369S–73S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.369S. PMID 11160563.
Weiser H, Riss G, Kormann AW (October 1996). "Biodiscrimination of the eight α-tocopherol stereoisomers results in preferential accumulation of the four 2R forms in tissues and plasma of rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 126 (10): 2539–49. doi:10.1093/jn/126.10.2539. PMID 8857515.
"Taken together, these data indicate that of the eight stereoisomers (RRR, RSR, RRS, RSS, SRR, SSR, SRS, SSS) in all-rac-α-tocopherol, only the four 2R-forms (RRR, RSR, RSS, RRS) are recognized by α-TTP and maintained in the plasma. Indeed, the Food and Nutrition Board (Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine, 2000) has defined that only α-tocopherol, specifically the 2R-forms of α-tocopherol, can fulfill the human requirement for vitamin E. Thus, all-rac-α-tocopherol has only half the activity of RRR-α-tocopherol." Taken from the discussion in Lauridsen C, Engel H, Craig AM, Traber MG (March 2002). "Relative bioactivity of dietary RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetates in swine assessed with deuterium-labeled vitamin E" (PDF). Journal of Animal Science. 80 (3): 702–7. doi:10.2527/2002.803702x. PMID 11890405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
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Kim HJ, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Willett WC, Cho E (March 2014). "Longitudinal and secular trends in dietary supplement use: Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, 1986-2006". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 114 (3): 436–43. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.039. PMC 3944223. PMID 24119503.
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Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E (January 2005). "Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (1): 37–46. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110. PMID 15537682. S2CID 35030072.
Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (2023-09-13). "Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (9): CD000254. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10498493. PMID 37702300.
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Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Sperduto RD, Sangiovanni JP, Kurinij N, et al. (August 2013). "Long-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 35". Ophthalmology. 120 (8): 1604–11.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.021. PMC 3728272. PMID 23582353.
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Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745. S2CID 8570146.
Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E (March 2011). "Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 377 (9770): 1019–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9. PMID 21371747. S2CID 20893019.
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Dong Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Shu Y, Chen T, Xu L, et al. (February 2018). "Do low-serum vitamin E levels increase the risk of Alzheimer disease in older people? Evidence from a meta-analysis of case-control studies". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33 (2): e257–e263. doi:10.1002/gps.4780. PMID 28833475. S2CID 44859128.
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Shen C, Huang Y, Yi S, Fang Z, Li L (November 2015). "Association of Vitamin E Intake with Reduced Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Medical Science Monitor. 21: 3420–6. doi:10.12659/MSM.896018. PMC 4644018. PMID 26547129.
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Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM (June 2012). "Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD004567. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004567.pub2. PMC 4410744. PMID 22696344.
Kirmizis D, Chatzidimitriou D (2009). "Antiatherogenic effects of vitamin E: the search for the Holy Grail". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 5: 767–74. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s5532. PMC 2747395. PMID 19774218.
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Bin Q, Hu X, Cao Y, Gao F (April 2011). "The role of vitamin E (tocopherol) supplementation in the prevention of stroke. A meta-analysis of 13 randomised controlled trials". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 105 (4): 579–85. doi:10.1160/TH10-11-0729. PMID 21264448. S2CID 23237227.
Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA (September 2015). "Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD004069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub3. PMC 8406700. PMID 26343254.
Sidgwick GP, McGeorge D, Bayat A (August 2015). "A comprehensive evidence-based review on the role of topicals and dressings in the management of skin scarring". Archives of Dermatological Research. 307 (6): 461–77. doi:10.1007/s00403-015-1572-0. PMC 4506744. PMID 26044054.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S (March 2006). "Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols". Life Sciences. 78 (18): 2088–98. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001. PMC 1790869. PMID 16458936.
Traber MG, Stevens JF (September 2011). "Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 51 (5): 1000–13. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017. PMC 3156342. PMID 21664268.
Munnangi S, Boktor SW (18 December 2018). "Epidemiology of Study Design". StatPearls. StatPearls. PMID 29262004.
Kim HJ, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Willett WC, Cho E (March 2014). "Longitudinal and secular trends in dietary supplement use: Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, 1986-2006". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 114 (3): 436–43. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.039. PMC 3944223. PMID 24119503.
Tilburt JC, Emanuel EJ, Miller FG (September 2008). "Does the evidence make a difference in consumer behavior? Sales of supplements before and after publication of negative research results". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 23 (9): 1495–8. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0704-z. PMC 2518024. PMID 18618194.
Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (July 2017). "Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (7): CD000253. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000253.pub4. PMC 6483250. PMID 28756617.
Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Sperduto RD, Sangiovanni JP, Kurinij N, et al. (August 2013). "Long-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 35". Ophthalmology. 120 (8): 1604–11.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.021. PMC 3728272. PMID 23582353.
Roberts LJ, Oates JA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Meador BP, Gross MD, et al. (November 2007). "The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 43 (10): 1388–93. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.019. PMC 2072864. PMID 17936185.
Love S (December 2005). "Neuropathological investigation of dementia: a guide for neurologists". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 76 Suppl 5 (supplement 5): v8-14. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.080754. PMC 1765714. PMID 16291923.
Shen C, Huang Y, Yi S, Fang Z, Li L (November 2015). "Association of Vitamin E Intake with Reduced Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Medical Science Monitor. 21: 3420–6. doi:10.12659/MSM.896018. PMC 4644018. PMID 26547129.
Wang YY, Wang XL, Yu ZJ (2014). "Vitamin C and E intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 7 (11): 4154–64. PMC 4276184. PMID 25550926.
Lotan Y, Goodman PJ, Youssef RF, Svatek RS, Shariat SF, Tangen CM, et al. (June 2012). "Evaluation of vitamin E and selenium supplementation for the prevention of bladder cancer in SWOG coordinated SELECT". The Journal of Urology. 187 (6): 2005–10. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.117. PMC 4294531. PMID 22498220.
Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. (October 2011). "Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)". JAMA. 306 (14): 1549–56. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1437. PMC 4169010. PMID 21990298.
Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xie Z, Wu W, Zhang D (October 2015). "Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis". Public Health Nutrition. 18 (15): 2804–14. doi:10.1017/S1368980014003115. PMC 10271701. PMID 25591715.
Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM (June 2012). "Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD004567. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004567.pub2. PMC 4410744. PMID 22696344.
Kirmizis D, Chatzidimitriou D (2009). "Antiatherogenic effects of vitamin E: the search for the Holy Grail". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 5: 767–74. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s5532. PMC 2747395. PMID 19774218.
Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, et al. (November 2008). "Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 300 (18): 2123–33. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.600. PMC 2586922. PMID 18997197.
Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA (September 2015). "Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD004069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub3. PMC 8406700. PMID 26343254.
Sidgwick GP, McGeorge D, Bayat A (August 2015). "A comprehensive evidence-based review on the role of topicals and dressings in the management of skin scarring". Archives of Dermatological Research. 307 (6): 461–77. doi:10.1007/s00403-015-1572-0. PMC 4506744. PMID 26044054.
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2013). "Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm?". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e74558. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874558B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558. PMC 3765487. PMID 24040282.

ods.od.nih.gov

National Institutes of Health (26 March 2021). "Vitamin E: Facts Sheet for Health Professionals". Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets. Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved 19 May 2021.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wagner KH, Kamal-Eldin A, Elmadfa I (2004). "Gamma-tocopherol--an underestimated vitamin?". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 48 (3): 169–88. doi:10.1159/000079555. PMID 15256801. S2CID 24827255. In North America, the intake of γ-tocopherol has been estimated to exceed that of α-tocopherol by a factor of 2–4 ... due to the fact that soybean oil is the predominant vegetable oil in the American diet (76.4%) followed by corn oil and canola oil (both 7%) ... The supply of dietary fats ... is much more diverse in Europe ... The oils mainly consumed in Europe, i.e. sunflower, olive and canola oil, provide less γ-tocopherol but more α-tocopherol ... [T]he ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol is at least 1:2. Therefore, the average γ-tocopherol intake may be estimated as 4–6 mg/day, which is about 25–35% of the USA intake. In accordance with the lower estimated European intake of γ-tocopherol, the serum levels of γ-tocopherol in European populations are 4–20 times lower than that of α-tocopherol
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Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E (January 2005). "Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality". Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 (1): 37–46. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110. PMID 15537682. S2CID 35030072.
Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745. S2CID 8570146.
Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E (March 2011). "Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 377 (9770): 1019–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9. PMID 21371747. S2CID 20893019.
Dong Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Shu Y, Chen T, Xu L, et al. (February 2018). "Do low-serum vitamin E levels increase the risk of Alzheimer disease in older people? Evidence from a meta-analysis of case-control studies". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33 (2): e257–e263. doi:10.1002/gps.4780. PMID 28833475. S2CID 44859128.
O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, Jones R, Livingston G, McKeith I, et al. (February 2017). "Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: A revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology" (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1177/0269881116680924. PMID 28103749. S2CID 52848530.
Bin Q, Hu X, Cao Y, Gao F (April 2011). "The role of vitamin E (tocopherol) supplementation in the prevention of stroke. A meta-analysis of 13 randomised controlled trials". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 105 (4): 579–85. doi:10.1160/TH10-11-0729. PMID 21264448. S2CID 23237227.
Curtis AJ, Bullen M, Piccenna L, McNeil JJ (December 2014). "Vitamin E supplementation and mortality in healthy people: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 28 (6): 563–73. doi:10.1007/s10557-014-6560-7. PMID 25398301. S2CID 23820017.
Kosari P, Alikhan A, Sockolov M, Feldman SR (2010). "Vitamin E and allergic contact dermatitis". Dermatitis. 21 (3): 148–53. doi:10.2310/6620.2010.09083. PMID 20487657. S2CID 38212099.

soton.ac.uk

eprints.soton.ac.uk

O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, Jones R, Livingston G, McKeith I, et al. (February 2017). "Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: A revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology" (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31 (2): 147–168. doi:10.1177/0269881116680924. PMID 28103749. S2CID 52848530.

umn.edu

ncc.umn.edu

"Vitamins". Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2013-03-26. University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center on Vitamins

usda.gov

ars.usda.gov

Nutrient Data Laboratory (September 2015). Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28 (PDF) (Report) (Slightly revised ed.). Beltsville, MA: Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 20–21. SR28.

web.archive.org

US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on November 8, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
Institute of Medicine (2000). "Vitamin E". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 186–283. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-16
"Vitamins". Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2013-03-26. University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center on Vitamins
"Taken together, these data indicate that of the eight stereoisomers (RRR, RSR, RRS, RSS, SRR, SSR, SRS, SSS) in all-rac-α-tocopherol, only the four 2R-forms (RRR, RSR, RSS, RRS) are recognized by α-TTP and maintained in the plasma. Indeed, the Food and Nutrition Board (Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine, 2000) has defined that only α-tocopherol, specifically the 2R-forms of α-tocopherol, can fulfill the human requirement for vitamin E. Thus, all-rac-α-tocopherol has only half the activity of RRR-α-tocopherol." Taken from the discussion in Lauridsen C, Engel H, Craig AM, Traber MG (March 2002). "Relative bioactivity of dietary RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetates in swine assessed with deuterium-labeled vitamin E" (PDF). Journal of Animal Science. 80 (3): 702–7. doi:10.2527/2002.803702x. PMID 11890405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Evans H. M., Emerson O. H., Emerson G. A. (1 February 1936). "The isolation from wheat germ oil of an alcohol, a-tocopherol, having the properties of vitamin E". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 113 (1): 319–332. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74918-1. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.

wiley.com

efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin E and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 160, 162, 1947),... maintenance of normal cardiac function (ID 166),... maintenance of normal blood circulation (ID 216)... pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 European Food Safety Authority EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1816.
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