Traffic stop (English Wikipedia)

"RIPA Appendix 2023" (PDF). State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General. 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
"RIPA Board Reports". State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-03.

commercialappeal.com

Burgess, Katherine, and Lucas Finton (2023-04-11). "Memphis passes 'Achieving Driving Equality' ordinance after Tyre Nichols' death". Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 2023-05-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

cornell.edu

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per curiam opinion. "Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106 (1977)". Cornell Law. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Chief Justice William Rehnquist. "Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408 (1997)". Cornell Law. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

doi.org

LaFave, Wayne (August 2004). "The 'routine traffic stop' from start to finish: too much 'routine,' not enough Fourth Amendment". Michigan Law Review. 102 (8): 1843–1906. doi:10.2307/4141969. JSTOR 4141969. Professor LaFave points out that most courts have treated traffic stops like Terry stops, but the U.S. Supreme Court itself has never squarely decided the issue of whether traffic stops require probable cause or the lesser reasonable suspicion standard of Terry.
Sarode, Anuja L.; Ho, Vanessa P.; Chen, Lin; Bachman, Katelynn C.; Linden, Philip A.; Lasinski, Alaina M.; Moorman, Matthew L.; Towe, Christopher W. (2021-07-01). "Traffic stops do not prevent traffic deaths". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 91 (1): 141–147. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003163. ISSN 2163-0763. PMC 8900371. PMID 34144561. S2CID 233704108.

drivinglaws.org

dui.drivinglaws.org

DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test, NOLO Press ("As a general rule (and unlike chemical testing), there is no legal penalty for refusing to take these tests although the arresting officer can typically testify as to your refusal in court.")

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

Rusillo, Tracy. "HIGHWAY SECURITY: FILLING THE VOID" (PDF). www.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

ecnext.com

goliath.ecnext.com

LaFave, Wayne (August 2004). "The 'routine traffic stop' from start to finish: too much 'routine,' not enough Fourth Amendment". Michigan Law Review. 102 (8): 1843–1906. doi:10.2307/4141969. JSTOR 4141969. Professor LaFave points out that most courts have treated traffic stops like Terry stops, but the U.S. Supreme Court itself has never squarely decided the issue of whether traffic stops require probable cause or the lesser reasonable suspicion standard of Terry.

findlaw.com

dui.findlaw.com

Findlaw Can I Refuse to Take Field Sobriety Tests?

inquirer.com

Steele, Allison (2010-06-07). "Police say don't confuse courtesy cards with a free pass". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

jstor.org

LaFave, Wayne (August 2004). "The 'routine traffic stop' from start to finish: too much 'routine,' not enough Fourth Amendment". Michigan Law Review. 102 (8): 1843–1906. doi:10.2307/4141969. JSTOR 4141969. Professor LaFave points out that most courts have treated traffic stops like Terry stops, but the U.S. Supreme Court itself has never squarely decided the issue of whether traffic stops require probable cause or the lesser reasonable suspicion standard of Terry.

kxan.com

"New policing tool could eliminate the need for some traffic stops". KXAN Austin. 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-02-24.

lacity.org

lapdpolicecom.lacity.org

Chief of Police (2022-03-01). "Department Manual Section 1/240.06, Policy - Limitation on Use of Pretextual Stops" (PDF). Los Angeles City Police Commission.

latimes.com

JANY, LIBOR, and BEN POSTON (2022-11-14). "Minor police encounters plummet after LAPD put limits on stopping drivers and pedestrians". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-02-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

mappingpoliceviolence.us

"Mapping Police Violence". Mapping Police Violence. Retrieved 2023-02-24.

metnews.com

Grace, Roger (2015-10-07). "'Courtesy Cards' Shield Bearer From Traffic Tickets". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

minneapolismn.gov

"Minneapolis Police Policy and Procedure Manual, Section 7-604 Traffic" (PDF). Minneapolis City Government. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2023-08-03.

ncjrs.gov

"NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service". Ncjrs.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

newyorker.com

Alexander, Jack (1936-10-03). "Independent Cop, Profile of Police Commissioner Lewis J. Valentine". New Yorker.

nhtsa.gov

one.nhtsa.gov

"Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)". One.nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sarode, Anuja L.; Ho, Vanessa P.; Chen, Lin; Bachman, Katelynn C.; Linden, Philip A.; Lasinski, Alaina M.; Moorman, Matthew L.; Towe, Christopher W. (2021-07-01). "Traffic stops do not prevent traffic deaths". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 91 (1): 141–147. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003163. ISSN 2163-0763. PMC 8900371. PMID 34144561. S2CID 233704108.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sarode, Anuja L.; Ho, Vanessa P.; Chen, Lin; Bachman, Katelynn C.; Linden, Philip A.; Lasinski, Alaina M.; Moorman, Matthew L.; Towe, Christopher W. (2021-07-01). "Traffic stops do not prevent traffic deaths". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 91 (1): 141–147. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003163. ISSN 2163-0763. PMC 8900371. PMID 34144561. S2CID 233704108.

nij.gov

"Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)". Nij.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

nypost.com

Balsamini, Dean (2018-01-21). "Police union slashes number of 'get out of jail free' cards issued". New York Post. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

nytimes.com

McIntire, Mike; Keller, Michael H. (2021-10-31). "The Demand for Money Behind Many Police Traffic Stops". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
Kocieniewski, David (2000-11-29). "New Jersey Argues That the U.S. Wrote the Book on Race Profiling". New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
Kirkpatrick, David D.; Eder, Steve; Barker, Kim (2022-04-15). "Cities Try to Turn the Tide on Police Traffic Stops". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

nytrafficticket.com

Weiss, Matthew (2022-11-22). "What is a PBA Card and Will One Help Me Get Out of a Ticket?". Weiss & Associates, P.C. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

ojp.gov

nij.ojp.gov

"Racial Profiling and Traffic Stops". National Institute of Justice. 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2023-08-03.

oregonlaws.org

Committee, Oregon Legislative Counsel. "ORS 813.136 (2015) – Consequence of refusal or failure to submit to field sobriety tests".

oregonlegislature.gov

olis.oregonlegislature.gov

"SB1510 2022 Regular Session - Oregon Legislative Information System". olis.oregonlegislature.gov. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2023-02-24.

pew.org

Mercer, Marsha (2020-09-03). "Police 'Pretext' Traffic Stops Need to End, Some Lawmakers Say". pew.org. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

police1.com

Green, Sara Jean (2022-01-18). "Seattle Police will no longer enforce some minor traffic violations". Police1 & Seattle Times. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

porac.org

Withrow, Brian L. (2023-01-02). "Racial & Identity Profiling Advisory Board 2022 Annual Report, A Critical Analysis" (PDF). Peace Officers Research Association of California (PORAC).

ppic.org

P. 24: "mailing warnings or citations to the registered owner of the vehicle." Lofstrom, Magnus, Joseph Hayes, Brandon Martin, and Deepak Premkumar (2022-10-05). "Racial Disparities in Traffic Stops". Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved 2023-08-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Table 4.9 on p.123, discussed on pp.30-31. McMahon, Joyce; Joel Garner; Ronald Davis; Amanda Kraus (July 2006). "How to Correctly Collect and Analyze Racial Profiling Data: Your Reputation Depends On It!". Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. Retrieved 2023-08-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

rand.org

Harrison, Bob (2021-06-30). "Stop, Start, or Continue? A National Survey of the Police About Traffic Stops". www.rand.org. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

reason.com

Chapman, Steve (2017-07-20). "Curbing Traffic Stops Would Save Lives". Reason.com. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sarode, Anuja L.; Ho, Vanessa P.; Chen, Lin; Bachman, Katelynn C.; Linden, Philip A.; Lasinski, Alaina M.; Moorman, Matthew L.; Towe, Christopher W. (2021-07-01). "Traffic stops do not prevent traffic deaths". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 91 (1): 141–147. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003163. ISSN 2163-0763. PMC 8900371. PMID 34144561. S2CID 233704108.

sf.gov

San Francisco Police Department (2023-01-11). "CURTAILING THE USE OF PRETEXT STOPS" (PDF). San Francisco.

southcoasttoday.com

Sanok, Ann (2007-07-06). "Recreation struggles to survive". South Coast Today. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

stanford.edu

openpolicing.stanford.edu

"The Stanford Open Policing Project". openpolicing.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

thebaltimorebanner.com

Conarck, Ben (2023-02-08). "Leaked docs: State police use quota-like system to reward arrests". the-baltimore-banner. Retrieved 2023-02-24.

thecharlottepost.com

White, Herbert (2022-10-02). "Mecklenburg County Sheriff's Office ends administrative traffic stops". www.thecharlottepost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

thecrimereport.org

"Why Traffic Stops Don't Stop Crime". The Crime Report. 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

theguardian.com

Livingston, Julie, and Andrew Ross (2023-02-03). "How US police got the deadly power to stop drivers at will". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Helmore, Edward (2023-06-04). "Traffic cop sues city over 'get-out-of-jail-free' cards for NYPD friends and family". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

themarshallproject.org

Lartey, Jamiles (2023-02-11). "How Police Traffic Stops May Change After Tyre Nichols' Death". The Marshall Project. Retrieved 2023-02-24.

thetimesnews.com

Jallow, Ahmed (2022-03-21). "Taking cops out of traffic stops: Would it make a difference? North Carolina examples offer a clue". www.thetimesnews.com. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

traffictickets.com

"Do PBA Cards Really Work? - Rosenblum Law". traffictickets.com. 2021-06-19. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

unm.edu

isr.unm.edu

"Bias-Based Policing: a Literature Review" (PDF). New Mexico Sentencing Commission. September 2007.

usatoday.com

Moreno-Rivera, Finesse (2022-11-30). "Police kill far too many people during traffic stops. We must change why stops are made". USA Today. Retrieved 2023-05-02.

vera.org

Dholakia, Nazish, and Akhi Johnson (2022-02-09). "Low-Level Traffic Stops Too Often Turn Deadly. Some Places Are Trying…". Vera Institute of Justice. Retrieved 2023-02-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

vermont.gov

legislature.vermont.gov

"H.635 (Act 106), An act relating to secondary enforcement of minor traffic offenses" (PDF). Vermont General Assembly. 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2023-08-03.

vice.com

Way, Katie (2020-09-02). "The Little Cards That Tell Police 'Let's Forget This Ever Happened'". Vice. Retrieved 2023-06-05.

virginia.gov

lis.virginia.gov

"Bill Tracking - 2020 session > Legislation, H5068". Virginia Legislative Information System. 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2023-08-04.

vt.gov

legislature.vt.gov

"REPORT TO THE VERMONT LEGISLATURE In Accordance with Act 106 (2022), Relating to Secondary Enforcement of Minor Traffic Offenses" (PDF). Vermont Legislature. 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2023-08-03.

web.archive.org

Rusillo, Tracy. "HIGHWAY SECURITY: FILLING THE VOID" (PDF). www.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Livingston, Julie, and Andrew Ross (2023-02-03). "How US police got the deadly power to stop drivers at will". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
McIntire, Mike; Keller, Michael H. (2021-10-31). "The Demand for Money Behind Many Police Traffic Stops". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
Sarode, Anuja L.; Ho, Vanessa P.; Chen, Lin; Bachman, Katelynn C.; Linden, Philip A.; Lasinski, Alaina M.; Moorman, Matthew L.; Towe, Christopher W. (2021-07-01). "Traffic stops do not prevent traffic deaths". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 91 (1): 141–147. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003163. ISSN 2163-0763. PMC 8900371. PMID 34144561. S2CID 233704108.
Helmore, Edward (2023-06-04). "Traffic cop sues city over 'get-out-of-jail-free' cards for NYPD friends and family". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-05.