Transbay Tube (English Wikipedia)

Bechtel Infrastructure Corporation; Howard, Needles, Tammen & Bergendorff (2002). BART Seismic Vulnerability Study (Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Retrieved September 7, 2016.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

asme.org

"Bay Area Rapid Transit System". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. July 24, 1997. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

bart.gov

"A History of BART: The Project Begins | bart.gov". www.bart.gov. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
Bay Area Rapid Transit District (n.d.). "History of the Tube". Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013.
"Transbay Tube Earthquake retrofit keeps farmers market in place". Bay Area Rapid Transit (Press release). October 16, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
"BART awards first major construction contract to earthquake strengthen the Transbay Tube". Bay Area Rapid Transit (Press release). October 16, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
"Earthquake Safety Program Technical Information". Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jordan, Melissa (March 20, 2013). "Late-night work over next 14 months will strengthen Transbay Tube against a quake". Bay Area Rapid Transit (Press release). Retrieved September 6, 2016.
"Next stage of Transbay Tube retrofit set to launch". Bay Area Rapid Transit (Press release). January 26, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
"Transbay Tube Retrofit Work Wraps Up Early Ending Late Night Single Tracking" (Press release). Bay Area Rapid Transit District. December 2, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
"BART to participate in statewide earthquake drill Thursday" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. October 14, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jordan, Melissa (2014). "Behind the Scenes of BART's Role as Lifeline for the Bay Area". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Retrieved September 7, 2016. Donna "Lulu" Wilkinson, an experienced train operator, was barreling through the Transbay Tube at 80 miles per hour in the cab of a 10-car train when the quake hit.
"I didn't even feel it," she recalled. She was about halfway through to San Francisco when she got the order to stop and hold her position.
It was routine procedure (and remains so) to do a short hold after any earthquake, even smaller ones, and passengers were familiar with that routine. "They didn't panic," she said. "I got on the intercom and told them we were holding for a quake and would be moving shortly."
The design and strength of the tube, an engineering marvel sunk into mud on the bottom of the bay, had insulated the train and its passengers from feeling the earth's movements.
"Riders notice a quieter ride following first of two tube shutdowns". www.bart.gov. August 13, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2016.

bayareaeconomy.org

"The Case for a Second Transbay Transit Crossing" (PDF). Bay Area Council Economic Institute. February 2016. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2016.

bethlehemshipyardmuseum.org

"Bethlehem built section of the BART Tubes at Pier 70". Bethlehem Shipyard Museum. 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2016.

books.google.com

"San Francisco Bay Bridge Project Revived by New Plans". Engineering News-Record. 87 (1): 16–17. July 7, 1921. Retrieved September 8, 2016. Howe & Peters, consulting engineers of San Francisco, have been working for nearly two years as Pacific Coast representatives of George W. Goethals, in getting together data on the construction of a subway for both vehicular and rail traffic, which would connect the foot of Market St. with Oakland Mole. Tentative plans on this project, made public some months ago, call for a shield-driven concrete tube, similar to the type General Goethals recommended for the New York-New Jersey tube under the Hudson River.
Provision would be made for two decks, the upper for use of motor vehicles and the lower for electric trains. [...] The gradient would be kept below 3 per cent so freight could be handled easily. The depth of water along the route the tube would follow does not exceed 65 ft. and soundings taken at various points indicate that its entire length would be in blue mud. Not only would mud facilitate driving by the shield method, it is pointed out, but it would constitute a cushion to safeguard the tube from possible disalignment due to earthquake shocks.
[...]If the results of such a survey confirm the rough estimates, it is suggested that the construction of the entire 3.5-mi. concrete tube would be between $40,000,000 and $50,000,000.
"Features of San Francisco Bay Bridge Report". Engineering News-Record. 87 (7): 268–269. August 18, 1921. Retrieved September 8, 2016. Any high bridge between Yerba Buena Island and San Francisco would naturally land on Telegragh Hill [sic]. It would not only involve very long and costly spans, even if piers were permitted in the channel, but would land the traffic in a section of the city already quite congested, and from which a proper distribution would be impracticable. Any tunnel on this location would have to be constructed at great depth in an unknown rock formation, as the water depth is too great for tunneling under air pressure, and the length would consequently be so great as to involve an extremely difficult problem in ventilation for vehicular traffic. We there fore consider this plan as impracticable. Any continuous tunnel across the bay, on any location, while practicable for purely electrically operated railroad traffic, would involve most serious ventilation problems for vehicular traffic, and enormous expense if constructed for all classes of traffic.
"Thirteen Projects Submitted for San Francisco Bay Bridge". Engineering News-Record. 87 (18): 739. November 3, 1921. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Scott, Mel (1985). "ELEVEN: Seeds of Metropolitan Regionalism". The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Second ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-520-05510-1. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Aisiks, E. G.; Tarshansky, I. W. (June 23–28, 1968). "Soil Studies for Seismic Design of San Francisco Transbay Tube". Vibration Effects of Earthquakes on Soils and Foundations (ASTM STP 450). Seventy-first Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials. San Francisco, California: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 138–166. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Frobenius, P.K.; Robinson, W.S. (1996). "3: Tunnel Surveys and Alignment Control". In Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. (eds.). Tunnel Engineering Handbook (Second ed.). Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4613-8053-5. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Walker, Mark (May 1971). "BART—The Way to Go for the '70s". Popular Science. 198 (5). New York, New York: Popular Science Publishing Company: 50–53, 134–135. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Gerwick Jr, Ben C. (2007). "5: Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment". Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures (Third ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-8493-3052-0. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Housner, George W. (May 1990). Competing Against Time: The Governor's Board of Inquiry on the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake (Report). State of California, Office of Planning and Research. pp. 19, 25, 36–37, 39. The impacts of the earthquake were much more than the loss of life and direct damage. The Bay Bridge is the principal transportation link between San Francisco and the East Bay. It was out of service for a [sic] over a month and caused substantial hardship as individuals and businesses accommodated themselves to its loss. [...] The most tragic impact of the earthquake was the life loss caused by the collapse of the Cypress Viaduct, while the most disruption was caused by the closure of the Bay Bridge for a month while it was repaired, leading to costly commute alternatives and probable economic losses. [...] On the other hand, the Board received reports of only very minor damage to the Golden Gate Bridge, which is founded on rock, and the BART Trans-bay Tube, which was specially engineered in the early 1960s to withstand earthquakes. [...] Two facts stand out: the importance of the Oakland–San Francisco link, and the volume of traffic borne by the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge—approximately double that of the Golden Gate Bridge, and almost equal to the combined traffic carried by all four other bridges. For automobile traffic, the Golden Gate and Bay bridges are essentially nonredundant systems, with alternative routes via the other bridges being time consuming to a level that seriously impacts commercial and institutional productivity. [...] The critical role played by the BART Trans-bay Tube in cross-bay transportation is clear, as is the fact that the South Bay bridges (San Mateo and Dumbarton) accommodated most of the redistribution of vehicular traffic. [...] Engineering studies should be instigated of the Golden Gate and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridges, of the BART system, and of other important transportation structures throughout the State that are sufficiently detailed to reveal any possible weak links in their seimic resisting systems that could result in collapse or prolonged closure.
"3: Case Studies". Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. 2006. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-0-309-09871-7. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

ca.gov

resilience.abag.ca.gov

Annex to 2010 Association of Bay Area Governments Local Hazard Mitigation Plan "Taming Natural Disasters" (PDF) (Report). Association of Bay Area Governments. 2010. p. 8. Retrieved September 7, 2016. BART's success in maintaining continuous service directly after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake reconfirmed the system's importance as a transportation "lifeline." While the earthquake caused transient movements in the Tube there was no significant permanent movement and BART service was uninterrupted except for a short inspection period immediately following the quake. With the closure of the Bay Bridge and the Cypress Street Viaduct along the Nimitz Freeway, BART became the primary passenger transportation link between San Francisco and East Bay communities. Its average daily transport of 218,000 passengers before the earthquake increased to an average of 308,000 passengers per day during the first full business week following the earthquake.

cbslocal.com

sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com

"Man Walking In Transbay Tube Prompts Temporary BART Shutdown". CBS SFBayArea. October 15, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

cdlib.org

publishing.cdlib.org

Chisholm, Daniel (1992). "5—The Fruits of Informal Coordination". Coordination Without Hierarchy: Informal Structures in Multiorganizational Systems. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08037-9. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

doi.org

Chou, J.C.; Kutter, B.L.; Travasarou, T.; Chacko, J.M. (August 2011). "Centrifuge Modeling of Seismically Induced Uplift for the BART Transbay Tube". Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 137 (8). American Society of Civil Engineers: 754–765. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000489.

emperornortontrust.org

Bridge Proclamations, The Emperor Norton Trust.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US granted 3517515, Warshaw, Robert, "Tunnel construction sliding assembly", published June 30, 1970, issued July 17, 1968, assigned to Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

hathitrust.org

catalog.hathitrust.org

Parsons Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (1960). Trans-bay tube: engineering report (Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Retrieved September 7, 2016.

legistar.com

bart.legistar.com

"New Transbay Rail Crossing Program Overview + Project Contracting Plan" (PDF). BART. November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.

measuringworth.com

Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.

mercurynews.com

Bender, Kristin J.; Alund, Natalie Neysa (January 31, 2014). "BART: No damage after container ship's anchor drops near Transbay Tube". The Mercury News. San Jose, California. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
Alund, Natalie Neysa (August 11, 2013). "BART trains back on track after man found walking in Transbay Tube". Oakland Tribune. Retrieved August 18, 2016.

metro.net

libraryarchives.metro.net

Parsons Brinckerhoff-Tudor-Bechtel (June 1961). Engineering Report to the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. p. 21. Retrieved September 7, 2016. Use of a precast concrete tube with metal shell for the underwater crossing between shore points is recommended.

news.google.com

"BART Tube Link Opens". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. AP. September 17, 1974. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Strand, Robert (September 14, 1974). "San Francisco gets its space age underwater trains". The Dispatch. UPI. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Minton, Torri (September 17, 1984). "BART: It's not the system it set out to be". Spokane Chronicle. AP. Retrieved August 20, 2016. Hitting speeds close to 80 mph only in the 3.6-mile tube under the bay, the trains average 36 mph for safety reasons, [BART spokesman Sy] Mouber said.
"Final Section Of Transit Tube Lowered Into San Francisco Bay". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. April 4, 1969. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
"BART Tunnel Completion Moves Near". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. March 31, 1969. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
"BART Tube Is Opened For Sunday Visitors". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. November 10, 1969. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Leavitt, Carrick (September 16, 1974). "After three year wait BART goes down the tube". Ellensburg Daily Record. UPI. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
"Bay Area Rapid Transit System to Open Last Link". The Times-News. AP. August 27, 1974. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
"Bay tube run made by BART". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. August 11, 1973. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
"Bay Tube is quake proof". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. January 12, 1978. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
"Transit system safety studied". Lawrence Journal-World. AP. January 23, 1975. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
"Mayors open Transbay Tube". Lawrence Journal-World. AP. September 20, 1969. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
"Bay Tube Gets Longer". Reading Eagle. UPI. December 16, 1968. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
"Exclusive Club 120 Feet Deep Offshore In San Francisco Bay". Ellensburg Daily Record. UPI. March 12, 1969. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
"BART train burns in tunnel; one killed". Eugene Register-Guard. AP. January 18, 1979. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
"Fire shuts down BART 'tube'". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. January 19, 1979. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
"BART cancels request to reopen bay tube". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. February 12, 1979. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
"BART resumes tube service for first time since fatal fire". Eugene Register-Guard. AP. April 5, 1979. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

newspapers.com

Glover, Malcolm (October 16, 1980). "Ferry commuters set their sights on a motion picture's mirage". San Francisco Examiner. p. D2 – via Newspapers.com.

ntsb.gov

Railroad Accident Report: Bay Area Rapid Transit District fire on train No. 117 and evacuation of passengers while in the Transbay Tube (PDF) (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. July 19, 1979. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

oaklandnet.com

wbcapp.oaklandnet.com

Sanders, Anthony (March 1, 2021). Oakland Fire Department Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Manual (PDF). pp. 34–35. Retrieved January 6, 2023. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

originalsoundversion.com

Veca, Don (audio director); Napolitano, Jayson (interviewer) (October 7, 2008). "Dead Space sound design: In space no one can hear interns scream. They are dead" (Interview). Original Sound Version. Retrieved August 18, 2016. {{cite interview}}: |author2= has generic name (help)

pier70sf.org

Wilson, Ralph (2016). "History of Potrero Point Shipyards and Industry". Pier 70 San Francisco. Retrieved August 20, 2016.

scsolutions.com

"BART Transbay Tube & Transition Structure | SC Solutions". www.scsolutions.com. Retrieved November 15, 2021.

sfchronicle.com

Hernández, Lauren (November 14, 2018). "A second transbay tube for BART? It could happen". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
Cano, Ricardo (February 28, 2023). "BART's second Transbay Tube could get quashed as planners scale back megaproject". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.

sfexaminer.com

archives.sfexaminer.com

Reisman, Will (May 12, 2013). "BART working to protect Transbay Tube from elements, ships". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved September 9, 2016.

sfexaminer.com

"Close eye being kept on sunken barge atop BART's Transbay Tube". San Francisco Examiner. Bay City News. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.

sfgate.com

Mallett, Zakhary (September 7, 2014). "2nd Transbay Tube needed to help keep BART on track". San Francisco Chronicle.
Cabanatuan, Michael (April 17, 2004). "SAN FRANCISCO – OAKLAND / BART warns of possible leaks in Transbay Tube in big quake". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Cabanatuan, Michael (April 17, 2004). "SAN FRANCISCO – OAKLAND / BART warns of possible leaks in Transbay Tube in big quake". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Cabanatuan, Michael (December 2, 2013). "Transbay Tube retrofit, and late-night delays, end". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Cabanatuan, Michael (December 1, 2016). "Commuters beware: BART has 2-year plan to strengthen Transbay Tube". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Bodley, Michael (December 30, 2016). "Man who sparked BART delays by running into Transbay Tube IDd". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Cabanatuan, Michael; Veklerov, Kimberly; Ravani, Sarah (January 6, 2017). "BART systemwide meltdown after train gets stuck in West Oakland". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Lee, Henry K. (March 17, 2010). "BART train splits in two in Transbay Tube". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Kane, Will; Huet, Ellen; Lee, Henry K. (September 3, 2014). "BART reopens Transbay Tube track". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Williams, Kale (January 7, 2015). "BART delays again after train gets stuck in Transbay Tube". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Veklerov, Kimberly (December 20, 2016). "Train stuck in Transbay Tube causes major BART delays". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Bodley, Michael (April 12, 2017). "BART back up after major service delays". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Cabanatuan, Michael (September 7, 2010). "Noise on BART: How bad is it and is it harmful?". SFGate. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Williams, Kale; Ho, Vivian (February 1, 2014). "BART tube reopened after anchor scare". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
Cabanatuan, Michael (June 22, 2007). "BART's New Vision: More, Bigger, Faster". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
Dowd, Katie (March 10, 2016). "MTV show uses BART's Transbay Tube as the key to saving the world". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
SFGATE, Katie Dowd (January 13, 2019). "'The worst sound in the history of man': How BART trains turned terror in 'Dead Space'". SFGATE. Retrieved October 8, 2021.

sfist.com

Kukura, Joe (September 22, 2022). "Check 'Em Out! We Have Our First Renderings of the Second Transbay Tube". SFiST.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2023.

sonic.net

Rogers, J. David; Peck, Ralph B. (2000). "Engineering Geology of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System, 1964–75". Geolith. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

tunneltalk.com

"Seismic retrofit for BART's Transbay tube". TunnelTalk. March 2004. Retrieved August 19, 2016.

ucr.edu

cdnc.ucr.edu

Norton I (June 15, 1872). "Proclamation". The Pacific Appeal. p. 1 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. Believing Oakland Point to be the proper and only point of communication from this side of the Bay to San Francisco, we, Norton I, Dei gratia Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, do hereby command the cities of Oakland and San Francisco to make an appropriation for paying the expense of a survey to determine the practicability of a tunnel under water; and if found practicable, that said tunnel be forthwith built for a railroad communication. Norton I. Given at Brooklyn the 12th day of May, 1872.
Norton I (September 21, 1872). "Proclamation". The Pacific Appeal. p. 1 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. Whereas, we issued our decree, ordering the citizens of San Francisco and Oakland to appropriate funds for the survey of a suspension bridge from Oakland Point via Goat Island; also for a tunnel; and to ascertain which is the best project; and whereas, the said citizens have hitherto neglected to notice our said decree; and whereas, we are determined our authority shall be fully respected; now, therefore, we do hereby command the arrest, by the army, of both the Boards of City Fathers, if they persist in neglecting our decrees. Given under our royal hand and seal, at San Francisco, this 17th day of September, 1872. NORTON 1.

web.archive.org

"The Case for a Second Transbay Transit Crossing" (PDF). Bay Area Council Economic Institute. February 2016. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2016.
Bay Area Rapid Transit District (n.d.). "History of the Tube". Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013.
Kukura, Joe (September 22, 2022). "Check 'Em Out! We Have Our First Renderings of the Second Transbay Tube". SFiST.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
Cano, Ricardo (February 28, 2023). "BART's second Transbay Tube could get quashed as planners scale back megaproject". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.

youtube.com

Dead Space Dev Diary #3 -- Audio on YouTube (starts at 4:30)