Transition from Ming to Qing (English Wikipedia)

Antony, Robert J. (June 2014). ""Righteous Yang": Pirate, Rebel, and Hero on the Sino-Vietnamese Water Frontier, 1644– 1684" (PDF). Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review (11): 4–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.

books.google.com

For examples of the factional struggles that weakened the Hongguang court, see Wakeman 1985, pp. 523–543. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
- Crossley 2000, p. 196. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
- Forsyth 1994, p. 214 Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521477710.
- Swope 2014, p. ^{[page needed]}. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
- Parker, E.H. (1899). "The Financial Capacity of China". Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. XXX: 75. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
- Wakeman 1985, pp. 60–61, 196–197, 200, 210, 481, 1016–1030, 1036–1039. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
  - Graff & Higham 2012, p. 116. Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin, eds. (2012). A Military History of China (revised ed.). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3584-7.
  - Fairbank 1978, p. 65. Fairbank, John K. (1978). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11: Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3.
  - Crossley 2002, p. 3. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). The Manchus. Peoples of Asia. Vol. 14 (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23591-0.
  - Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-2855-2867-0.
  - Wakeman 1985, p. 24, note 1. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
    - Wakeman 1975a, p. 83. Wakeman, Frederic (1975a). The Fall of Imperial China. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029336908.
    - Wakeman 1985, p. 43. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
      - Wakeman 1985, p. 39. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 42. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 44. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 37–39. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 51–53. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 55–57. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 58. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Crossley 2002, pp. 62, 64. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). The Manchus. Peoples of Asia. Vol. 14 (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23591-0.
        Hummel 2010, p. 269. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (2010). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period: 1644–1912 (2 vols) (reprint ed.). Global Oriental. ISBN 978-9004218017.
        Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017). A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule. Stanford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1503600683.
        Smith, Norman, ed. (2017). Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria. UBC Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0774832922.
        Crossley 2000, p. 194. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 59–64. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1975a, p. 79. Wakeman, Frederic (1975a). The Fall of Imperial China. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029336908.
        Hummel 1970, p. 597. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (1970). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644–1912. Chʻeng Wen Publishing.
        Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0231511674.
        Crossley 1990, p. 33. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1990). Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00877-6.
        Parker, Geoffrey (2013). Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300189193.
        Swope 2014, p. 16. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
        Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013). Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization (illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500771471.
        Swope 2014, p. 64. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
        Swope 2014, p. 65. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
        Elverskog, Johan (2006). Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, And the State in Late Imperial China (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0824830212.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 860. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 201–203. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 160–167. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 179–180. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 196–197. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Swope 2014, pp. 96–101. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 204–208. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Hummel 2010, p. 2. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (2010). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period: 1644–1912 (2 vols) (reprint ed.). Global Oriental. ISBN 978-9004218017.
        Grossnick, Roy A. (1972). Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 10.
        Hummel 1991, p. 2. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644–1912 (2 vols). Taipei: SMC. ISBN 978-9-5763-8066-2.
        Till, Barry (2004). The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5. ISBN 9780888852168.
        Hummel 2010, p. 598. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (2010). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period: 1644–1912 (2 vols) (reprint ed.). Global Oriental. ISBN 978-9004218017.
        The Augustan, vols 17–20. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
        Hummel 1991, p. 598. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644–1912 (2 vols). Taipei: SMC. ISBN 978-9-5763-8066-2.
        Kim, Sun Joo (2011). The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture. University of Washington Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0295802176.
        Smith 2015, p. 216. Smith, Richard J. (2015). The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442221949.
        Fryslie, Matthew (2001). The historian's castrated slave: the textual eunuch and the creation of historical identity in the Ming history. University of Michigan. p. 219. ISBN 9780493415963.
        Walthall 2008, p. 154. Walthall, Anne, ed. (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2.
        Rawski 1998, p. 72. Rawski, Evelyn S. (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
        Watson & Ebrey 1991, pp. 179–180. Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991). Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07124-7.
        Walthall 2008, p. 148. Walthall, Anne, ed. (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2.
        Walthall 2008, p. 140. Walthall, Anne, ed. (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 478. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Karl August Wittfogel; Chia-shêng Fêng (1946). "History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 36 (Part 1). American Philosophical Society (published 1949): 10. ISBN 9781422377192. {{cite journal}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Another Google entry
        Owen Lattimore (1932). Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict. Macmillan. p. 47.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 1017. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 1018. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Rawski 1998, pp. 66–67. Rawski, Evelyn S. (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 872. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 868. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 60–61, 200. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 210. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Di Cosmo 2007, p. 6. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia. Vol. 3. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135789558.
        Wakeman 2009, p. 99. Wakeman, Frederic (2009). Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25606-4.
        Pamela Kyle Crossley; Helen F. Siu; Donald S. Sutton (January 2006). Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. University of California Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-520-23015-6.
        Di Cosmo 2007, p. 23. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia. Vol. 3. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135789558.
        Graff & Higham 2012, p. 117. Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin, eds. (2012). A Military History of China (revised ed.). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3584-7.
        Cathal J. Nolan (2008). Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-35920-0.
        John Ross (1880). The Manchus: Or The Reigning Dynasty of China; Their Rise and Progress. J. and R. Parlane. p. 198.
        "Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi". Late Imperial China. 10 (1–2). Society for Qing Studies: 70. 1989.
        "Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi". Late Imperial China. 10 (1–2). Society for Qing Studies: 97. 1989.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 194–196. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0300046021.
        Fairbank & Goldman 2006, p. 146. Fairbank, John K.; Goldman, Merle (2006). China: A New History, Second Enlarged Edition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674036659.
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        Rawski 1998, p. 61. Rawski, Evelyn S. (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
        Dunnell et al. 2004, p. 16. Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philip; Millward, James A (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-36222-6.
        Crossley 2000, p. 95. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
        Kimberly Kagan (2010). The Imperial Moment. Harvard University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-674-05409-7.
        Swope 2014, p. 115. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
        Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. Findling (2012). Events that formed the modern world : from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 200. ISBN 978-1598849011.
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        Hummel 1970, p. 217. Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (1970). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644–1912. Chʻeng Wen Publishing.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 892. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
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        Forsyth 1994, p. 213 Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521477710.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 142. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 212. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 215. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 152–155. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 221. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
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        Wakeman 1985, p. 893. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Struve 1988, p. 641. Struve, Lynn (1988). "The Southern Ming". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–725. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
        Mote 1999, p. 809. Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4.
        Wakeman 2009, pp. 302–303. Wakeman, Frederic (2009). Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25606-4.
        Wakeman 2009, pp. 69–70. Wakeman, Frederic (2009). Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25606-4.
        Swope 2014, pp. 198–199. Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134462094.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 261–262. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History: Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0804740449.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 294–295. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 290. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 296. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 304. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 308. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, pp. 310–311. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
        Wakeman, Frederic (1985a). Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-520-23518-2.
        Wakeman 1985, p. 311. Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.. In two volumes.
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