References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Treaty of the Triple Alliance" in the English version

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By a geographical quirk, Brazil had no practical access to its Mato Grosso province – a land as big as Germany – except by the Paraná-Paraguay river route: Williams 1979, p. 158. There was no railway link until the 1910s (Doratioto 2008, p. 26). The overland journey from coastal Brazil ran through bad country and would have taken 3 months by horse-drawn cart: Thompson 1869, p. 39. It was far quicker to steam down the Atlantic, up the River Plate, and up the Paraná-Paraguay: Doratioto 2008, p. 26; Burton 1870, p. 295. Williams, John Hoyt (1979). The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870. Austin: Institute of Latin American Studies; University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77017-1. Doratioto, Francisco (2008). Maldita guerra: Nueva historia de la Guerra del Paraguay (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores. ISBN 978-950-04-2574-2. Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019. Doratioto, Francisco (2008). Maldita guerra: Nueva historia de la Guerra del Paraguay (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores. ISBN 978-950-04-2574-2. Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1870). Letters from the Battle-Fields of Paraguay. London: Tinsley Brothers. Retrieved 30 November 2019.

Lynch 2001, pp. 137–142. Lynch, John (2001). Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas. London: SR Books. ISBN 978-0-8420-28981.

Thompson 1869, p. 16. Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Washburn 1871, pp. 563–564. Washburn, Charles (1871). The History of Paraguay: With Notes of Personal Observations, and Reminiscences of Diplomacy Under Difficulties. Vol. I. Boston: Lee and Shephard. Retrieved 21 November 2019.

Du Graty 1865, pp. 268–269. Du Graty, Alfred M. (1865). La République du Paraguay (in French) (2nd ed.). Brussels, Leipzig, Ghent, London: C. Muquardt, Trubner. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

It was so intensive that, according to George Thompson (who became a lieutenant colonel in the Paraguayan army), 6,000 men died on these manoeuvres: Thompson 1869, p. 17 Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Thompson 1869, p. 17: 92,000 men in various training camps Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Schneider 1902, pp. Appendix 101-4: or see External links Schneider, Louis (1902). A Guerra da Tríplice Aliança contra o Governo da Republica do Paraguay (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Rio de Janeiro: Garnier. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

The order in which the signatures appear is explained as follows. There were three original copies of the Treaty, one being retained by Brazil, one by Argentina, and one by Uruguay. According to diplomatic usage each copy would name its own country first. This corroborates the fact that the copy leaked to the British government − the one published in most learned writings – came from de Castro, the Uruguayan representative. Schneider 1902, p. 151, note 1 by Paranhos. Schneider, Louis (1902). A Guerra da Tríplice Aliança contra o Governo da Republica do Paraguay (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Rio de Janeiro: Garnier. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Schneider 1902, p. 150. Schneider, Louis (1902). A Guerra da Tríplice Aliança contra o Governo da Republica do Paraguay (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Rio de Janeiro: Garnier. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Schneider 1902, p. 153. Schneider, Louis (1902). A Guerra da Tríplice Aliança contra o Governo da Republica do Paraguay (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Rio de Janeiro: Garnier. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Palleja 1960a. Palleja, León de (1960a). Diario de la campaña de las fuerzas aliadas contra el Paraguay (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Montevideo: Biblioteca Artigas. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Palleja 1960b. Palleja, León de (1960b). Diario de la campaña de las fuerzas aliadas contra el Paraguay (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Montevideo: Biblioteca Artigas. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Warren & Warren 1985, pp. 137–141. Warren, Harris Gaylord; Warren, Katherine F. (1985). Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878–1904. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3507-4.

War indemnities (claimed by Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, but never paid, and eventually cancelled) should be distinguished from claims by private citizens for damages suffered by them personally during the War. The latter were adjudicated by the Paraguayan-Argentine Mixed Commission and the Paraguayan-Brazilian Mixed Claims Commission, which awarded damages totalling approximately 10 million Swiss francs for Argentine and Brazilian citizens, respectively. Paraguay liquidated these claims by delivering polizas (Paraguayan government bonds) but it is not clear whether these bonds were ever paid: Warren & Warren 1985, pp. 138–9. Warren, Harris Gaylord; Warren, Katherine F. (1985). Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878–1904. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3507-4.

Warren & Warren 1985, p. 140. Warren, Harris Gaylord; Warren, Katherine F. (1985). Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878–1904. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3507-4.

Warren & Warren 1985, pp. 147–164. Warren, Harris Gaylord; Warren, Katherine F. (1985). Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878–1904. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3507-4.

Hutchinson 1868, p. 303. Hutchinson, Thomas J. (1868). The Paraná; With Incidents of the Paraguayan War and South American Recollections From 1861 to 1868. London: Edward Stanford. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

Thompson 1869, p. 51. Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Thompson 1869, pp. 168–9. Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Thompson 1869, p. vi. Thompson, George (1869). The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War. London: Longman’s, Green and Co. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

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Lettsom to Earl Russell 1866, pp. 79–83: or see External links at the end of this article Lettsom to Earl Russell (1866). "Treaty of Alliance against Paraguay". Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons: Thirty-Nine Volumes: Session 1 February – 10 August 1866. Vol. 76. House of Commons. pp. 79–83. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

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Chesterton & Whigham 2014, which contains a useful bibliography. Chesterton, Bridget; Whigham, Thomas (2014). "Paraguayan War (War of the Triple Alliance)". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0159. Retrieved 27 November 2019.

But note: in 1872, the precocious Zeballos was only 18 years old: Brezzo 2006, pp. 4–5 Brezzo, Liliana M. (1 February 2006). "La guerra del Paraguay a través de la memoria de sus actores: el proyecto historiográfico de Estanislao Zeballos". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos (en ligne) (in Spanish). doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.1677. hdl:11336/133459. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

Strauss 1978, p. 23–24. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 24. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 25. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 26. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 27. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, pp. 28–29. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 29. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 30. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 31. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 32. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Strauss 1978, p. 33. Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6". Journal of Latin American Studies. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00019726. JSTOR 155846.

Cote 2013, pp. 743, 747–750. Cote, Stephen (2013). "A War for Oil in the Chaco, 1932–1935". Environmental History. 18 (4). Oxford University Press on behalf of Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History: 783–758. doi:10.1093/envhis/emt066. JSTOR 24690460.

Cote 2013, pp. 751–752. Cote, Stephen (2013). "A War for Oil in the Chaco, 1932–1935". Environmental History. 18 (4). Oxford University Press on behalf of Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History: 783–758. doi:10.1093/envhis/emt066. JSTOR 24690460.

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Even in 1929 there were almost no paved or hard-surfaced roads in Argentina, outside of towns; nearly all were dirt roads, originally created by oxcarts, impassable to motor vehicles after a single downpour: Tewksbury 1929, pp. iii, 7–8. Tewksbury, Howard H. (1929). The Automotive Market in Argentina. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 18 November 2019.

Wheaton 1866, pp. 716–717. Wheaton, Henry (1866). Dana, Richard Henry Jr (ed.). Elements of International Law (8 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown. Retrieved 21 November 2019.

República Argentina 1884, pp. 209–211: or see External links República Argentina (1884). Rejistro nacional: que comprende los documentos espedidos desde 1810 hasta 1873 (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Buenos Aires: Imprenta "La República". Retrieved 28 November 2019.

Schneider 1872, pp. Appendix 43-46. Schneider, Louis (1872). Der Krieg der Triple-Allianz (Kaiserthum Brasilien, Argentinische Conföderation und Republik Banda Oriental del Uruguay) gegen die Regierung der Republik Paraguay (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: B. Behr's Buchhandlung (E. Bock). Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Schneider 1872, p. 117. Schneider, Louis (1872). Der Krieg der Triple-Allianz (Kaiserthum Brasilien, Argentinische Conföderation und Republik Banda Oriental del Uruguay) gegen die Regierung der Republik Paraguay (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: B. Behr's Buchhandlung (E. Bock). Retrieved 23 November 2019.

Zeballos 1872, pp. 41, 43, 39. Zeballos, Estanislao (1872). El Tratado de Alianza: Exposición Hecha en la Universidad de Buenos Aires el 30 de Agosto de 1872 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Jorge E. Cook. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

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Mondain 1976, pp. 386–387. Mondain, Pierre (1976). "Un conflit oublié : la guerre du Paraguay contre la Triple Alliance (1864–1870)". Revue Historique (in French). 256 (2). Presses Universitaires de France: 385–418. JSTOR 40952519.

Mondain 1976, p. 388. Mondain, Pierre (1976). "Un conflit oublié : la guerre du Paraguay contre la Triple Alliance (1864–1870)". Revue Historique (in French). 256 (2). Presses Universitaires de France: 385–418. JSTOR 40952519.

Lindsay 1935, p. 431. In 1935, noted Lindsay, 1,000 ton ships of 4 to 6 feet draft steamed from Buenos Aires to Corumbá. Lindsay, J. W. (1935). "The War over the Chaco: A Personal Account". International Affairs. 14 (2). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs: 231–340. JSTOR 2602089.

As late as 1960 Paraguay depended "almost completely on the Paraguay-Paraná rivers for the transport of freight" and its international trade: Gordon East 1960, p. 20. Gordon East, W. (1960). "The Geography of Land-Locked States: Presidential Address". Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). 28 (28). Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): 1–22. JSTOR 621111.

Chandler 1992, p. 435. Chandler, D.S. (1992). "The Politics of River Trade: Tradition and Development in the Upper Plata, 1780–1870 by Thomas Whigham". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 23 (2). The MIT Press: 435–436. JSTOR 205349.

Williams 1977, p. 234. Williams, John Hoyt (1977). "Foreign Tecnicos and the Modernization of Paraguay, 1840–1870". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 19 (2). Cambridge University Press: 233–257. JSTOR 174705.

Williams 1980, pp. 17–40. Williams, John Hoyt (1980). "The Undrawn Line: Three Centuries of Strife on the Paraguayan-Mato Grosso Frontier". Luso-Brazilian Review. 17 (1). University of Wisconsin Press: 17–40. JSTOR 3513374.

Ynsfran 1954, pp. 315, 318–321. Ynsfran, Pablo Max (1954). "Sam Ward's Bargain with President López of Paraguay". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 34 (3). Duke University Press: 313–331. JSTOR 2508877.

Pla 1970. Pla, Josefina (1970). "Los Britanicos en el Paraguay (1850–1870)". Revista de Historia de América (in Spanish). 70. Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 339–391. JSTOR 20138938.

Williams 1977, p. 256. Williams, John Hoyt (1977). "Foreign Tecnicos and the Modernization of Paraguay, 1840–1870". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 19 (2). Cambridge University Press: 233–257. JSTOR 174705.

"Though unique in many respects, the government's industrialization program was strictly limited to military concerns and could do little to create the infrastructure necessary for 'a new Paraguay'": Whigham 1981, p. 549 Whigham, Thomas Lyle (1981). "Review: The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870 by John Hoyt Williams". The Americas. 37 (4): 549–550. JSTOR 980849.

Pla 1970, pp. 388–390. Pla, Josefina (1970). "Los Britanicos en el Paraguay (1850–1870)". Revista de Historia de América (in Spanish). 70. Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 339–391. JSTOR 20138938.

Stewart 1889, p. 175. Stewart, Dr. (William) (1889). "On the Inhabitants of Paraguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 18. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 174–176. JSTOR 2842414.

Williams 1977, p. 252. Williams, John Hoyt (1977). "Foreign Tecnicos and the Modernization of Paraguay, 1840–1870". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 19 (2). Cambridge University Press: 233–257. JSTOR 174705.

Ganson 1990, pp. 346–349. Ganson, Barbara J. (1990). "Following Their Children into Battle: Women at War in Paraguay, 1864–1870". The Americas. 46 (3). Cambridge University Press: 335–371. JSTOR 1007017.

"While Brazil had a huge national guard, that force was poorly equipped, untrained, and effectively useless – when the war began, the government created a new army rather than rely on the guard – and the standing army was a small, ill-trained force that consisted largely of press-ganged vagrants: Weisiger 2013, p. 9. In 1864 the Argentine army was not even strong enough to protect frontier communities from Indian raids: Lynch 1998, p. 16 Weisiger, Alex (2013). "War to the Death in Paraguay". Logics of War: Explanations for Limited and Unlimited Conflicts. Cornell University Press. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1xx5pk.7. Retrieved 4 February 2023. Lynch, John (1998). Massacre in the Pampas, 1872: Britain and Argentina in the age of migration. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3018-0.

Correspondence between the Brazilian and Argentine governments 1872, pp. 11, 27 Ministério das Relaćōes Exteriores (Brazil) (1872). "Correspondence between the Brazilian and Argentine governments respecting the treaties concluded between Brazil and the Republic of Paraguay and the withdrawal of troops from the Island of Atajo". Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection. The University of Manchester, John Rylands Library. JSTOR 60235190.

McLynn 1984, pp. 88–9, 96–7. McLynn, F.J. (1984). "Consequences for Argentina of the War of Triple Alliance 1865–1870". The Americas. 41 (1): 81–98. JSTOR 1006949.

Mondain 1976, p. 401. Mondain, Pierre (1976). "Un conflit oublié : la guerre du Paraguay contre la Triple Alliance (1864–1870)". Revue Historique (in French). 256 (2). Presses Universitaires de France: 385–418. JSTOR 40952519.

Weisiger 2013, pp. 101, 102. Weisiger, Alex (2013). "War to the Death in Paraguay". Logics of War: Explanations for Limited and Unlimited Conflicts. Cornell University Press. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1xx5pk.7. Retrieved 4 February 2023.

Hudson 1925, pp. 273–292. Hudson, Manley O. (1925). "The Registration and Publication of Treaties". The American Journal of International Law. 19 (2). The American Society of International Law: 273–292. JSTOR 2189254.

Kleinpenning 2002, pp. 141–142. Kleinpenning, Jan M.G. (2002). "Strong Reservations about 'New Insights into the Demographics of the Paraguayan War'". Latin American Research Review. 37 (3). Latin American Studies Association: 137–142. JSTOR 1512517.

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Bethell 1996, p. 3. Bethell, Leslie (1996). "The Paraguayan War (1864–1870)" (PDF). London: Institute of Latin American Studies. ISBN 1-900039-08-7. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

Bethell 1996, p. 6: 28,000–57,000 men plus reserves of 20,000–28,000 – "that is to say, virtually the entire adult male population was under arms" Bethell, Leslie (1996). "The Paraguayan War (1864–1870)" (PDF). London: Institute of Latin American Studies. ISBN 1-900039-08-7. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

Before the war Brazil's population was about 10 million; Argentina's, about 1.5 million; Paraguay's, possibly 300–400,000: Bethell 1996, p. 66 Bethell, Leslie (1996). "The Paraguayan War (1864–1870)" (PDF). London: Institute of Latin American Studies. ISBN 1-900039-08-7. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

Bethell 1996, p. 9. Bethell, Leslie (1996). "The Paraguayan War (1864–1870)" (PDF). London: Institute of Latin American Studies. ISBN 1-900039-08-7. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

Treaty of the Triple Alliance (English Wikipedia)

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