Tree (English Wikipedia)

Laird, Sarah (1999). "Trees, forests and sacred groves". The Overstory. 93. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

alaskabirchsyrup.com

"About birch syrup". Alaska Wild Harvest. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

american.edu

gurukul.ucc.american.edu

Jacobson, Douglas (1997). "Amber Trade and the Environment in the Kaliningrad Oblast". The Mandala Projects. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

anl.gov

newton.dep.anl.gov

Tokuhisa, Jim. "Tree definition". Newton Ask a Scientist. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

appalachianwood.org

"Wood utilization". Appalachian Hardwood Manufacturers. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

archive.org

Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine (2003). The World Encyclopedia of Trees. Lorenz Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-7548-1292-0.
Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine (2003). The World Encyclopedia of Trees. Lorenz Books. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-7548-1292-0.
Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine (2003). The World Encyclopedia of Trees. Lorenz Books. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-7548-1292-0.
Russell, Tony; Cutler, Catherine (2003). The World Encyclopedia of Trees. Lorenz Books. pp. 16, 27. ISBN 978-0-7548-1292-0.
Simmons, Marie (2008). Things Cooks Love. Andrews McMeel. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-7407-6976-4.
Gustafson, Herbert L. (1995). Miniature Bonsai. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-8069-0982-X.
Owen, Gordon (1990). The Bonsai Identifier. Quintet Publishing Ltd. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-88665-833-5.
Goodman, Jordan; Walsh, Vivien (2001). The Story of Taxol: Nature and Politics in the Pursuit of an Anti-Cancer Drug. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-56123-5.

atlantic-cable.com

Burns, Bill (15 February 2010). "The Gutta Percha Company". History of the Atlantic Cable and Undersea Communications. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

azom.com

"Cork Flooring is Environmentally Sustainable". AZoM.com. 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Baker, C (1997). "Natural rubber: History and Developments in the Natural Rubber Industry". Materials World. AZoM.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

bbc.co.uk

Amos, Jonathan (3 September 2015). "Earth's trees number 'three trillion'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
"Walnuts are the healthiest nut, say scientists". BBC News: Health. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

bbc.com

Kinver, Mark (5 April 2017). "World is home to '60,000 tree species'". BBC Science and Environment News. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

berkeley.edu

ucmp.berkeley.edu

"The forest biome: Boreal forest". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Arens, Nan C. (1998). "Ginkgo". Lab IX; Ginkgo, Cordaites and the Conifers. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

books.google.com

Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008). Trees: A Visual Guide. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-520-25650-7. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Lowman, V.; Rinker, H. Bruce (2004). Forest Canopies. Academic Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-08-049134-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Hawthorne, William; Lawrence, Anna (2012). Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management. Routledge. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84407-079-4. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Hodson, Martin J.; Bryant, John A. (2012). Functional Biology of Plants. John Wiley. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1-119-96887-0. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano (2009). Signaling in Plants. Springer. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-3-540-89227-4. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Thomas, Peter (2000). Trees: Their Natural History. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-521-45963-1. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Pessarakli, Mohammad (2005). Handbook of Photosynthesis. CRC Press. pp. 717–739. ISBN 978-0-8247-5839-4. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Starr, Cecie; Evers, Christine; Starr, Lisa (2010). Biology: Concepts and Applications. Cengage Learning. p. 734. ISBN 978-1-4390-4673-9. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Walker, Laurence C. (1997). Forests: A Naturalist's Guide to Woodland Trees. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-292-79112-1. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2004). Biology of Plants. Macmillan. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. (2001). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier. pp. 121, 260. ISBN 978-0-12-080263-0. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Barbour, Michael G.; Billings, William Dwight (1999). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Cambridge University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-521-55986-7. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Levey, Douglas J.; Silva, Wesley R.; Galetti, Mauro (2002). Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CABI. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-85199-525-0. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International. p. 371. ISBN 978-81-224-0792-1. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Zotz, Gerhard (2016). Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-39237-0. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Squire, David (2004). The Bonsai Specialist. New Holland Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84330-543-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Squire, David (2004). The Bonsai Specialist. New Holland Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84330-543-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Dwell, LLC (February 2007). Dwell. Dwell, LLC. p. 96. ISSN 1530-5309. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.

britannica.com

Yatskievych, George. "Tree fern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
"Grass savanna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

colostate.edu

extension.colostate.edu

Newman, S. E.; O'Connor, A. Stoven (November 2009). "Edible flowers". Colorado State University Extension. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

conifers.org

Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Sequoia sempervirens". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Sequoiadendron giganteum". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Pinus longaeva". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Taxodium mucronatum". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.

cronodon.com

"Transport in plants". BioTech. Cronodon Museum. 28 January 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
"Wood, tree trunks and branches". BioTech. Cronodon Museum. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
"Xylem and wood". BioTech. Cronodon Museum. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2012.

doi.org

Ehrenberg, Rachel (30 March 2018). "What makes a tree a tree?". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-033018-032602. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
Gschwantner, Thomas; et al. (2009). "Common tree definitions for national forest inventories in Europe". Silva Fennica. 43 (2): 303–321. doi:10.14214/sf.463.
Gyde, Lund H. (1999). "A forest by any other name …". Environmental Science & Policy. 2 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1016/s1462-9011(98)00046-x.
Jura-Morawiec, Joanna (2015). "Formation of amphivasal vascular bundles in Dracaena draco stem in relation to rate of cambial activity". Trees. 29 (5): 1493–1499. Bibcode:2015Trees..29.1493J. doi:10.1007/s00468-015-1230-3. ISSN 0931-1890.
Petit, Rémy J.; Hampe, Arndt (2006). "Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37: 187–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110215. hdl:10261/64097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height" (PDF). Letters to Nature. 428 (6985). Nature Publishing Group: 851–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Ehrenberg, Rachel (2015). "Global count reaches 3 trillion trees". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18287. S2CID 189415504. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Heijden, Marcel G. A. van der (15 April 2016). "Underground networking". Science. 352 (6283): 290–291. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..290H. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4694. PMID 27081054. S2CID 133399719.
Brundrett, Mark C. (2002). "Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants". New Phytologist. 154 (2): 275–304. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x. PMID 33873429.
Crook, M. J.; Ennos, A. R.; Banks, J. R. (1997). "The function of buttress roots: a comparative study of the anchorage systems of buttressed (Aglaia and Nephelium ramboutan species) and non-buttressed (Mallotus wrayi) tropical trees". Journal of Experimental Botany. 48 (9): 1703–1716. doi:10.1093/jxb/48.9.1703.
King, David A. (1990). "The Adaptive Significance of Tree Height". The American Naturalist. 135 (6): 809–828. doi:10.1086/285075. S2CID 85160969. competition for light is the primary factor responsible for the evolution and maintenance of the arboreal life form. The resulting evolutionarily stable growth pattern maximizes the competitive ability of the individual
Junikka, Leo (1994). "Survey of English Macroscopic Bark Terminology". IAWA Journal. 15 (1): 3–45. doi:10.1163/22941932-90001338. phellem|a secondarily formed protective tissue in stems and roots consisting of dead cells with chiefly suberised walls: developed outward from the phellogen and forming a part of periderm
Lalonde, S.; Wipf, D.; Frommer, W. B. (2004). "Transport mechanisms for organic forms of carbon and nitrogen between source and sink". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 341–372. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141758. PMID 15377224.
Battey, N. H. (August 2003). "August-learning about summer". Journal of Experimental Botany. 54 (389): 1797–1799. doi:10.1093/jxb/erg225. PMID 12869517.
Bullock, Stephen H.; Solis-Magallanes, J. Arturo (March 1990). "Phenology of canopy trees of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico". Biotropica. 22 (1): 22–35. Bibcode:1990Biotr..22...22B. doi:10.2307/2388716. JSTOR 2388716.
Nathan, Ran; Seidler, Tristram G.; Plotkin, Joshua B. (2006). "Seed Dispersal and Spatial Pattern in Tropical Trees". PLOS Biology. 4 (11): e344. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040344. PMC 1609130. PMID 17048988.
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Schaefer, H. Martin (2012). "The conservation physiology of seed dispersal". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 367 (1596): 1708–1718. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0001. PMC 3350653. PMID 22566677.
Beck, Charles B. (1960). "The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon". Brittonia. 12 (4): 351–368. Bibcode:1960Britt..12..351B. doi:10.2307/2805124. JSTOR 2805124. S2CID 27887887.
Jiao, Y.; Wickett, N. J.; Ayyampalayam, S.; et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature. 473 (7345): 97–100. Bibcode:2011Natur.473...97J. doi:10.1038/nature09916. PMID 21478875. S2CID 4313258.
Gnaedinger, Silvia (2012). "Ginkgoalean woods from the Jurassic of Argentina: Taxonomic considerations and palaeogeographical distribution". Geobios. 45 (2): 187–198. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..187G. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.01.007. hdl:11336/25674.
Jactel, Hervé; Moreira, Xoaquín; Castagneyrol, Bastien (7 January 2021). "Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects". Annual Review of Entomology. 66 (1). Annual Reviews: 277–296. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234. PMID 32903046. S2CID 221621050.
Sneader, W. (2000). "The discovery of aspirin: A reappraisal". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 321 (7276): 1591–1594. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591. PMC 1119266. PMID 11124191.
Turner-Skoff, J.; Cavender, N. (2019). "The Benefits of Trees for Livable and Sustainable Communities". Plants, People, Planet. 1 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1002/ppp3.39.
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (22 April 2004). "The limits to tree height". Nature. 428 (6985): 851–854. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291.

ecologicalevolution.org

Petit, Rémy J.; Hampe, Arndt (2006). "Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37: 187–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110215. hdl:10261/64097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014.

enviropol.com

"The structure of a forest". Enviropol. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

eoearth.org

"Climax Community". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

epa.gov

"Burn Wise". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

fao.org

"Community forestry rapid appraisal of tree and land tenure". Food and Agriculture Organisation. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Bellefontaine, R.; Petit, S.; Pain-Orcet, M.; Deleporte, P.; Bertault, J-G (2002). "Trees outside forests". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Campbell, B. (1993). "Monetary valuation of tree-based resources in Zimbabwe". FAO: Forestry Department. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
Scharai-Rad, Mohammad; Welling, Johannes (2002). "Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
"3. Tanneries, Description of the Tanning Process". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
"Chapter 5: Eucalyptus oil". Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
"The cultural and symbolic importance of forest resources". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2012.

forestry.gov.uk

Webber, Joan. "Dutch elm disease in Britain". Forest Research. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
"Street trees". Greenspace initiative. Forestry Commission. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2014.

gianttrees.com.au

"Tassies Tallest Trees". Tasmanian Giant Trees Consultative Committee. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015. Height (m): 99.8; Species: E. regnans; Tree identification: TT443; Name: Centurion; Location: south of Hobart

gov.jm

nepa.gov.jm

"Mangroves and coastal wetlands protection". University of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Petit, Rémy J.; Hampe, Arndt (2006). "Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37: 187–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110215. hdl:10261/64097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014.
Gnaedinger, Silvia (2012). "Ginkgoalean woods from the Jurassic of Argentina: Taxonomic considerations and palaeogeographical distribution". Geobios. 45 (2): 187–198. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..187G. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.01.007. hdl:11336/25674.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Jura-Morawiec, Joanna (2015). "Formation of amphivasal vascular bundles in Dracaena draco stem in relation to rate of cambial activity". Trees. 29 (5): 1493–1499. Bibcode:2015Trees..29.1493J. doi:10.1007/s00468-015-1230-3. ISSN 0931-1890.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height" (PDF). Letters to Nature. 428 (6985). Nature Publishing Group: 851–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Heijden, Marcel G. A. van der (15 April 2016). "Underground networking". Science. 352 (6283): 290–291. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..290H. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4694. PMID 27081054. S2CID 133399719.
Bullock, Stephen H.; Solis-Magallanes, J. Arturo (March 1990). "Phenology of canopy trees of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico". Biotropica. 22 (1): 22–35. Bibcode:1990Biotr..22...22B. doi:10.2307/2388716. JSTOR 2388716.
Beck, Charles B. (1960). "The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon". Brittonia. 12 (4): 351–368. Bibcode:1960Britt..12..351B. doi:10.2307/2805124. JSTOR 2805124. S2CID 27887887.
Jiao, Y.; Wickett, N. J.; Ayyampalayam, S.; et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature. 473 (7345): 97–100. Bibcode:2011Natur.473...97J. doi:10.1038/nature09916. PMID 21478875. S2CID 4313258.
Gnaedinger, Silvia (2012). "Ginkgoalean woods from the Jurassic of Argentina: Taxonomic considerations and palaeogeographical distribution". Geobios. 45 (2): 187–198. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..187G. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.01.007. hdl:11336/25674.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (22 April 2004). "The limits to tree height". Nature. 428 (6985): 851–854. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291.

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Dehejia, Harsha V. (21 December 2011). "The sacred tree". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2012.

ingentaconnect.com

Hough, Walter A. (1 June 1965). "Root extension of Individual trees in surface soils of a Natural Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Stand". Forest Science. 11 (2): 223–242. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013.

jstor.org

Bullock, Stephen H.; Solis-Magallanes, J. Arturo (March 1990). "Phenology of canopy trees of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico". Biotropica. 22 (1): 22–35. Bibcode:1990Biotr..22...22B. doi:10.2307/2388716. JSTOR 2388716.
Beck, Charles B. (1960). "The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon". Brittonia. 12 (4): 351–368. Bibcode:1960Britt..12..351B. doi:10.2307/2805124. JSTOR 2805124. S2CID 27887887.

khandro.net

"Cosmic Tree". Khandro.net. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.

knowablemagazine.org

Ehrenberg, Rachel (30 March 2018). "What makes a tree a tree?". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-033018-032602. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

london.gov.uk

"The RE:LEAF Partnership". Greening London. Mayor of London. 10 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2014.

luke.fi

Helama, Samuel; Jalkanen, Risto. "Annual growth rings of trees". Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE). Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

macaulay.ac.uk

"Physical Environments Biosphere Vegetation Succession Moorlands" (PDF). Macaulay Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

marietta.edu

"The tropical rain forest". Biomes of the World. Marietta College. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

mentalfloss.com

Cellania, Miss (28 February 2012). "10 Artists Who Work in Trees". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.

merriam-webster.com

"timber | trees that are grown in order to produce wood". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.

miami.edu

as.miami.edu

"What is a tree?". Smartphone tour. University of Miami: John C. Gifford Arboretum. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.

bio.miami.edu

"Monocot stems". The stem. University of Miami. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

multimania.co.uk

members.multimania.co.uk

Binggeli, Pierre. "The conservation value of sycamore" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

nativetech.org

Prindle, Tara (1994). "Uses for birch bark". NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

nature.com

Ehrenberg, Rachel (2015). "Global count reaches 3 trillion trees". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18287. S2CID 189415504. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.

naturefoundationsxm.org

van der Neut, Marcus. "The White Mangrove". naturefoundationsxm.org. Nature Foundation, St. Maarten. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height" (PDF). Letters to Nature. 428 (6985). Nature Publishing Group: 851–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Heijden, Marcel G. A. van der (15 April 2016). "Underground networking". Science. 352 (6283): 290–291. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..290H. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4694. PMID 27081054. S2CID 133399719.
Brundrett, Mark C. (2002). "Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants". New Phytologist. 154 (2): 275–304. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x. PMID 33873429.
Lalonde, S.; Wipf, D.; Frommer, W. B. (2004). "Transport mechanisms for organic forms of carbon and nitrogen between source and sink". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 341–372. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141758. PMID 15377224.
Battey, N. H. (August 2003). "August-learning about summer". Journal of Experimental Botany. 54 (389): 1797–1799. doi:10.1093/jxb/erg225. PMID 12869517.
Nathan, Ran; Seidler, Tristram G.; Plotkin, Joshua B. (2006). "Seed Dispersal and Spatial Pattern in Tropical Trees". PLOS Biology. 4 (11): e344. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040344. PMC 1609130. PMID 17048988.
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Schaefer, H. Martin (2012). "The conservation physiology of seed dispersal". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 367 (1596): 1708–1718. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0001. PMC 3350653. PMID 22566677.
Jiao, Y.; Wickett, N. J.; Ayyampalayam, S.; et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature. 473 (7345): 97–100. Bibcode:2011Natur.473...97J. doi:10.1038/nature09916. PMID 21478875. S2CID 4313258.
Jactel, Hervé; Moreira, Xoaquín; Castagneyrol, Bastien (7 January 2021). "Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects". Annual Review of Entomology. 66 (1). Annual Reviews: 277–296. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234. PMID 32903046. S2CID 221621050.
Sneader, W. (2000). "The discovery of aspirin: A reappraisal". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 321 (7276): 1591–1594. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591. PMC 1119266. PMID 11124191.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (22 April 2004). "The limits to tree height". Nature. 428 (6985): 851–854. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nathan, Ran; Seidler, Tristram G.; Plotkin, Joshua B. (2006). "Seed Dispersal and Spatial Pattern in Tropical Trees". PLOS Biology. 4 (11): e344. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040344. PMC 1609130. PMID 17048988.
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Schaefer, H. Martin (2012). "The conservation physiology of seed dispersal". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 367 (1596): 1708–1718. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0001. PMC 3350653. PMID 22566677.
Sneader, W. (2000). "The discovery of aspirin: A reappraisal". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 321 (7276): 1591–1594. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591. PMC 1119266. PMID 11124191.

npr.org

Greenfieldboyce, Nell (2 September 2015). "Tree Counter Is Astonished By How Many Trees There Are". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

nus.edu.sg

mangrove.nus.edu.sg

Ng, Peter K. L.; Sivasothi, N., eds. (2001). "How plants cope in the mangroves". Mangroves of Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

oldknobbley.com

"English oak". Old Knobbley. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

orchid-growing-secrets.com

Johnson, Aidan (25 January 2011). "Choosing the right potting media for your orchid". Orchid growing secrets. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

outreachecology.com

Bar-Ness, Yoav Daniel (2004). "Tiny animals, titan trees" (PDF). ICE: Canopy Invertebrate Fauna of Tasmanian Eucalyptus obliqua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

palomar.edu

waynesword.palomar.edu

Armstrong, Wayne P. (1 June 2012). "Allspice, Bay Rum, Bay Leaves, Capers, Cloves, Cinnamon, Camphor, Witch Hazel & Nutmeg". Wayne's Word. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

panda.org

wwf.panda.org

"Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions". WWF. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
"Eastern Australia Temperate Forest". WWF. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.

picturesw.com

"The natural root bridges of Cherrapunji, India". Pictures World. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.

planta.cn

Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height" (PDF). Letters to Nature. 428 (6985). Nature Publishing Group: 851–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

rainforest-database.com

Taylor, Leslie (13 October 2000). "Plant Based Drugs and Medicines". The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

rfs.org.uk

"Tree evolution". Tree Biology. Royal Forestry Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

scientificamerican.com

Pappas, Stephanie (May 2022). "Thousands of Tree Species Remain Unknown to Science". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height" (PDF). Letters to Nature. 428 (6985). Nature Publishing Group: 851–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Ehrenberg, Rachel (2015). "Global count reaches 3 trillion trees". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18287. S2CID 189415504. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Heijden, Marcel G. A. van der (15 April 2016). "Underground networking". Science. 352 (6283): 290–291. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..290H. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4694. PMID 27081054. S2CID 133399719.
King, David A. (1990). "The Adaptive Significance of Tree Height". The American Naturalist. 135 (6): 809–828. doi:10.1086/285075. S2CID 85160969. competition for light is the primary factor responsible for the evolution and maintenance of the arboreal life form. The resulting evolutionarily stable growth pattern maximizes the competitive ability of the individual
Beck, Charles B. (1960). "The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon". Brittonia. 12 (4): 351–368. Bibcode:1960Britt..12..351B. doi:10.2307/2805124. JSTOR 2805124. S2CID 27887887.
Jiao, Y.; Wickett, N. J.; Ayyampalayam, S.; et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature. 473 (7345): 97–100. Bibcode:2011Natur.473...97J. doi:10.1038/nature09916. PMID 21478875. S2CID 4313258.
Jactel, Hervé; Moreira, Xoaquín; Castagneyrol, Bastien (7 January 2021). "Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects". Annual Review of Entomology. 66 (1). Annual Reviews: 277–296. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234. PMID 32903046. S2CID 221621050.
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (22 April 2004). "The limits to tree height". Nature. 428 (6985): 851–854. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291.

sfgate.com

Martin, Glen (26 September 2006). "Humboldt County: World's tallest tree, a redwood, confirmed". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

smmflowers.org

"Detailed Scientific Descriptions, from A Naturalist's Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, California". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022. herbaceous monocotyledons lack cambial secondary growth but may have tough leaves and hard, fibrous stems (e.g., palms and Hesperoyucca whipplei)

state.md.us

dnr.state.md.us

Pywell, Nancy (7 October 2003). "Glossary of Forestry Terms". Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

tamu.edu

texasforestservice.tamu.edu

"Texas drought". Texas A&M Forest Service. Texas A&M University System. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.

thaifoodandtravel.com

Loha-unchit, Kasma. "Kaffir Lime: Magrood". Thai Food and Travel. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

thefreedictionary.com

"Evergreen". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Deciduous". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Crown". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Canopy". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Sapling". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2012.

theguardian.com

Mackenzie, Sophie (30 January 2012). "The rise and rise of smoking food". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

theplantlist.org

"The Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies)". The Plant List. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

thewildclassroom.com

Nelson, Rob. "The Taiga". Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2014.

time.com

"These are 11 of the Oldest Things in the World". Time. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

treedictionary.com

Keslick, John A. (2004). "Tree Biology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

treehugger.com

Merchant, Brian (28 September 2010). "Living Bridges in India Have Grown for 500 Years". Treehugger. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.

treesforlife.org.uk

Puplett, Dan. "Mycorrhizas". Trees for Life. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
"Pollination". Trees for Life. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

tropicalforest.com

"Honey". Tropical Forest. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

uconn.edu

web.uconn.edu

Benson, David. "Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants". University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

uga.edu

warnell.forestry.uga.edu

Coder, Kim D. (August 1999). "Secondary Growth Anatomy and Tree Rings". Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Coder, Kim D. (1 August 1999). "Secondary Growth Anatomy and Tree Rings". Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.

uidaho.edu

webpages.uidaho.edu

Yang, Suann. "Seed Dispersal by Animals: Behavior Matters". BEHAVE: Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation and Ecosystem Management. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Sager, Kim. "Whitebark Pine Seeds, Red Squirrels, and Grizzly Bears: An Interconnected Relationship". BEHAVE: Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation and Ecosystem Management. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.

umass.edu

people.umass.edu

Martin, Franklin; Sherman, Scott (2007). "Agroforestry principles" (PDF). Echo technical notes. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

un.org

"Women watch: International Day of Rural Women". United Nations Inter-agency Network on Women and Gender Equality. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

uni-goettingen.de

resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de

Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.

unibas.ch

plantecology.unibas.ch

Körner, Christian. "High elevation treeline research". University of Basel: Institute of Botany. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

unlv.edu

faculty.unlv.edu

"Gymnosperms". unlv.edu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.

unu.edu

ocw.unu.edu

Kathiresan, K. "Importance of Mangrove Ecosystem" (PDF). Annamalai University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

upasitearesearch.org

"Tea cultivation and practices". Upasi Tea Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.

usatoday.com

usatoday30.usatoday.com

Hajela, Deepti (2 May 2008). "Scientists to capture DNA of trees worldwide for database". USA Today. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

uwec.edu

people.uwec.edu

Calheiros e Meneses; J. L. "The cork industry in Portugal". University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

vt.edu

dendro.cnre.vt.edu

"Northern Coniferous Forest Biome". The Forest Community. FORSite. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. The diversity of tree species in the boreal forest is quite low, with black spruce (Picea mariana), larch or tamarack (Larix laricina), and white spruce (P. glauca) the most common species. The former two species generally occupy wet sites with poorly drained mineral or organic soils, while white spruce is the climatic climax species on sites that are drier and higher in nutrient content. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is a dominant tree species in the eastern half of the biome.

vtaide.com

Meng, Alan; Meng, Hui. "How seeds are dispersed". Interactive Assessment Worksheets. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.

waldwissen.net

Egli, S.; Brunner, I. (2011). "Mycorrhiza – a fascinating symbiosis in the forest". Forestknowledge. Swiss Federal Research Institute. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

web.archive.org

Ehrenberg, Rachel (30 March 2018). "What makes a tree a tree?". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-033018-032602. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
"What is a tree?". Smartphone tour. University of Miami: John C. Gifford Arboretum. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Tokuhisa, Jim. "Tree definition". Newton Ask a Scientist. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Keslick, John A. (2004). "Tree Biology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Martin, Franklin; Sherman, Scott (2007). "Agroforestry principles" (PDF). Echo technical notes. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Coder, Kim D. (August 1999). "Secondary Growth Anatomy and Tree Rings". Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
"Diversity and evolution of monocots" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008). Trees: A Visual Guide. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-520-25650-7. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
"Monocot stems". The stem. University of Miami. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
"Community forestry rapid appraisal of tree and land tenure". Food and Agriculture Organisation. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Lowman, V.; Rinker, H. Bruce (2004). Forest Canopies. Academic Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-08-049134-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Petit, Rémy J.; Hampe, Arndt (2006). "Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37: 187–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110215. hdl:10261/64097. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014.
Koch, George W.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Davis, Stephen D. (2004). "The limits to tree height" (PDF). Letters to Nature. 428 (6985). Nature Publishing Group: 851–4. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..851K. doi:10.1038/nature02417. PMID 15103376. S2CID 11846291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
"These are 11 of the Oldest Things in the World". Time. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Hawthorne, William; Lawrence, Anna (2012). Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management. Routledge. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84407-079-4. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Hajela, Deepti (2 May 2008). "Scientists to capture DNA of trees worldwide for database". USA Today. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Kinver, Mark (5 April 2017). "World is home to '60,000 tree species'". BBC Science and Environment News. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
"The Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies)". The Plant List. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Hodson, Martin J.; Bryant, John A. (2012). Functional Biology of Plants. John Wiley. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1-119-96887-0. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
"Transport in plants". BioTech. Cronodon Museum. 28 January 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Coder, Kim D. (1 August 1999). "Secondary Growth Anatomy and Tree Rings". Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
"Evergreen". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Deciduous". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Crown". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Canopy". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Sapling". TheFreeDictionary. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
"Detailed Scientific Descriptions, from A Naturalist's Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, California". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022. herbaceous monocotyledons lack cambial secondary growth but may have tough leaves and hard, fibrous stems (e.g., palms and Hesperoyucca whipplei)
Yatskievych, George. "Tree fern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Greenfieldboyce, Nell (2 September 2015). "Tree Counter Is Astonished By How Many Trees There Are". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Amos, Jonathan (3 September 2015). "Earth's trees number 'three trillion'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Ehrenberg, Rachel (2015). "Global count reaches 3 trillion trees". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18287. S2CID 189415504. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Pappas, Stephanie (May 2022). "Thousands of Tree Species Remain Unknown to Science". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
"Climax Community". Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
"Physical Environments Biosphere Vegetation Succession Moorlands" (PDF). Macaulay Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Nelson, Rob. "The Taiga". Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
"Northern Coniferous Forest Biome". The Forest Community. FORSite. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. The diversity of tree species in the boreal forest is quite low, with black spruce (Picea mariana), larch or tamarack (Larix laricina), and white spruce (P. glauca) the most common species. The former two species generally occupy wet sites with poorly drained mineral or organic soils, while white spruce is the climatic climax species on sites that are drier and higher in nutrient content. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is a dominant tree species in the eastern half of the biome.
"Taiga Biological Station: FAQ". Taiga Biological Station. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
"The forest biome: Boreal forest". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Körner, Christian. "High elevation treeline research". University of Basel: Institute of Botany. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
"Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions". WWF. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
"Eastern Australia Temperate Forest". WWF. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
"The tropical rain forest". Biomes of the World. Marietta College. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
"Grass savanna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Egli, S.; Brunner, I. (2011). "Mycorrhiza – a fascinating symbiosis in the forest". Forestknowledge. Swiss Federal Research Institute. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Puplett, Dan. "Mycorrhizas". Trees for Life. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Benson, David. "Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants". University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano (2009). Signaling in Plants. Springer. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-3-540-89227-4. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Hough, Walter A. (1 June 1965). "Root extension of Individual trees in surface soils of a Natural Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Stand". Forest Science. 11 (2): 223–242. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013.
Ng, Peter K. L.; Sivasothi, N., eds. (2001). "How plants cope in the mangroves". Mangroves of Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Thomas, Peter (2000). Trees: Their Natural History. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-521-45963-1. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Webber, Joan. "Dutch elm disease in Britain". Forest Research. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
"Wood, tree trunks and branches". BioTech. Cronodon Museum. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
"The anatomy of a tree trunk – the wood 2". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Helama, Samuel; Jalkanen, Risto. "Annual growth rings of trees". Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE). Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
"Xylem and wood". BioTech. Cronodon Museum. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
Pessarakli, Mohammad (2005). Handbook of Photosynthesis. CRC Press. pp. 717–739. ISBN 978-0-8247-5839-4. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Starr, Cecie; Evers, Christine; Starr, Lisa (2010). Biology: Concepts and Applications. Cengage Learning. p. 734. ISBN 978-1-4390-4673-9. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
"Pollination". Trees for Life. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Walker, Laurence C. (1997). Forests: A Naturalist's Guide to Woodland Trees. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-292-79112-1. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Meng, Alan; Meng, Hui. "How seeds are dispersed". Interactive Assessment Worksheets. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2004). Biology of Plants. Macmillan. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Parkin, Dave; Parkin, Marilyn. "Fire". How do the seeds disperse to form new plants?. Zephyrus. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. (2001). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier. pp. 121, 260. ISBN 978-0-12-080263-0. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Barbour, Michael G.; Billings, William Dwight (1999). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Cambridge University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-521-55986-7. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
van der Neut, Marcus. "The White Mangrove". naturefoundationsxm.org. Nature Foundation, St. Maarten. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.
Yang, Suann. "Seed Dispersal by Animals: Behavior Matters". BEHAVE: Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation and Ecosystem Management. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Levey, Douglas J.; Silva, Wesley R.; Galetti, Mauro (2002). Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CABI. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-85199-525-0. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Sager, Kim. "Whitebark Pine Seeds, Red Squirrels, and Grizzly Bears: An Interconnected Relationship". BEHAVE: Behavioral Education for Human, Animal, Vegetation and Ecosystem Management. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
"Gymnosperms". unlv.edu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International. p. 371. ISBN 978-81-224-0792-1. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Arens, Nan C. (1998). "Ginkgo". Lab IX; Ginkgo, Cordaites and the Conifers. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
"Tree evolution". Tree Biology. Royal Forestry Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Zotz, Gerhard (2016). Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-39237-0. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
"The structure of a forest". Enviropol. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
"Forest Layers, Stories, And Stratification". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Bellefontaine, R.; Petit, S.; Pain-Orcet, M.; Deleporte, P.; Bertault, J-G (2002). "Trees outside forests". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
"English oak". Old Knobbley. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Bar-Ness, Yoav Daniel (2004). "Tiny animals, titan trees" (PDF). ICE: Canopy Invertebrate Fauna of Tasmanian Eucalyptus obliqua. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Binggeli, Pierre. "The conservation value of sycamore" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Kathiresan, K. "Importance of Mangrove Ecosystem" (PDF). Annamalai University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
"Mangroves and coastal wetlands protection". University of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Campbell, B. (1993). "Monetary valuation of tree-based resources in Zimbabwe". FAO: Forestry Department. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
"Walnuts are the healthiest nut, say scientists". BBC News: Health. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
"About birch syrup". Alaska Wild Harvest. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Armstrong, Wayne P. (1 June 2012). "Allspice, Bay Rum, Bay Leaves, Capers, Cloves, Cinnamon, Camphor, Witch Hazel & Nutmeg". Wayne's Word. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
"Honey". Tropical Forest. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Newman, S. E.; O'Connor, A. Stoven (November 2009). "Edible flowers". Colorado State University Extension. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Loha-unchit, Kasma. "Kaffir Lime: Magrood". Thai Food and Travel. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
"Tea cultivation and practices". Upasi Tea Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
Mackenzie, Sophie (30 January 2012). "The rise and rise of smoking food". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
"Women watch: International Day of Rural Women". United Nations Inter-agency Network on Women and Gender Equality. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
"Burn Wise". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
"How do you make charcoal?". Woodlands.co.uk. Woodland Investment Management. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
"timber | trees that are grown in order to produce wood". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Scharai-Rad, Mohammad; Welling, Johannes (2002). "Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
"Wood utilization". Appalachian Hardwood Manufacturers. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Pywell, Nancy (7 October 2003). "Glossary of Forestry Terms". Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Cellania, Miss (28 February 2012). "10 Artists Who Work in Trees". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
Squire, David (2004). The Bonsai Specialist. New Holland Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84330-543-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Squire, David (2004). The Bonsai Specialist. New Holland Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84330-543-9. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Dwell, LLC (February 2007). Dwell. Dwell, LLC. p. 96. ISSN 1530-5309. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
"The natural root bridges of Cherrapunji, India". Pictures World. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
Merchant, Brian (28 September 2010). "Living Bridges in India Have Grown for 500 Years". Treehugger. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
"Cork Flooring is Environmentally Sustainable". AZoM.com. 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Calheiros e Meneses; J. L. "The cork industry in Portugal". University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
"3. Tanneries, Description of the Tanning Process". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Taylor, Leslie (13 October 2000). "Plant Based Drugs and Medicines". The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Prindle, Tara (1994). "Uses for birch bark". NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Johnson, Aidan (25 January 2011). "Choosing the right potting media for your orchid". Orchid growing secrets. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
"Street trees". Greenspace initiative. Forestry Commission. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
"The RE:LEAF Partnership". Greening London. Mayor of London. 10 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
Baker, C (1997). "Natural rubber: History and Developments in the Natural Rubber Industry". Materials World. AZoM.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Burns, Bill (15 February 2010). "The Gutta Percha Company". History of the Atlantic Cable and Undersea Communications. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Jacobson, Douglas (1997). "Amber Trade and the Environment in the Kaliningrad Oblast". The Mandala Projects. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
"Chapter 5: Eucalyptus oil". Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
"Texas drought". Texas A&M Forest Service. Texas A&M University System. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
Collins (ed.). "Sacred Celtic Trees and Woods". The Celtic Connection. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
"The cultural and symbolic importance of forest resources". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Dehejia, Harsha V. (21 December 2011). "The sacred tree". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
"The Tree of Peace". American Indian Student Academic Services. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
"Hebrew/Christian Creation Myth: Genesis 2, v.8". The Bible. New International Version. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Laird, Sarah (1999). "Trees, forests and sacred groves". The Overstory. 93. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
"Cosmic Tree". Khandro.net. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Sequoia sempervirens". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Martin, Glen (26 September 2006). "Humboldt County: World's tallest tree, a redwood, confirmed". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
"Tassies Tallest Trees". Tasmanian Giant Trees Consultative Committee. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015. Height (m): 99.8; Species: E. regnans; Tree identification: TT443; Name: Centurion; Location: south of Hobart
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Sequoiadendron giganteum". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Pinus longaeva". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017). "Taxodium mucronatum". The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.

who.int

apps.who.int

"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

wicca.com

Collins (ed.). "Sacred Celtic Trees and Woods". The Celtic Connection. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.

wilds.mb.ca

"Taiga Biological Station: FAQ". Taiga Biological Station. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2011.

williams.edu

cs.williams.edu

"Hebrew/Christian Creation Myth: Genesis 2, v.8". The Bible. New International Version. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.

wisc.edu

botany.wisc.edu

"Diversity and evolution of monocots" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

cae.ls.wisc.edu

"The Tree of Peace". American Indian Student Academic Services. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2012.

woodlands.co.uk

"How do you make charcoal?". Woodlands.co.uk. Woodland Investment Management. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

worldatlas.com

"Forest Layers, Stories, And Stratification". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

worldcat.org

Jura-Morawiec, Joanna (2015). "Formation of amphivasal vascular bundles in Dracaena draco stem in relation to rate of cambial activity". Trees. 29 (5): 1493–1499. Bibcode:2015Trees..29.1493J. doi:10.1007/s00468-015-1230-3. ISSN 0931-1890.
Crowther, T. W.; Glick, H. B.; Covey, K. R.; Bettigole, C.; Maynard, D. S.; Thomas, S. M.; Smith, J. R.; Hintler, G.; Duguid, M. C. (2 September 2015). "Mapping tree density at a global scale". Nature. advance online publication (7568): 201–205. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..201C. doi:10.1038/nature14967. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26331545. S2CID 4464317. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Lowman, M D (2009). "Canopy research in the twenty-first century: a review of arboreal ecology". Tropical Ecology. 50: 125–136. ISSN 0564-3295.
Dwell, LLC (February 2007). Dwell. Dwell, LLC. p. 96. ISSN 1530-5309. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.

zephyrus.co.uk

Parkin, Dave; Parkin, Marilyn. "Fire". How do the seeds disperse to form new plants?. Zephyrus. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.