Tree line (English Wikipedia)

Körner, Christian (November 1, 2021). "The cold range limit of trees". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 36 (11): 979–989. Bibcode:2021TEcoE..36..979K. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.011. PMID 34272073. S2CID 235999977.
Viereck, L.A. (1979). "Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska". Holarctic Ecology. 2 (4): 228–238. Bibcode:1979Ecogr...2..228V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1979.tb01294.x. JSTOR 3682417.
Viereck, L.A.; Van Cleve, K.; Dyrness, C. T. (1986). "Forest ecosystem distribution in the taiga environment". In Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F.S.; Flanagan, P.W.; Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T. (eds.). Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 22–43. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_3. ISBN 978-1-4612-4902-3.
Maher, CT; Nelson, CR; Larson, AJ (2019). "Winter damage is more important than summer temperature for maintaining the krummholz growth form above alpine treeline". J Ecol. 108 (3): 1074–1087. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13315.
Wang, Xiaoyi; Wang, Tao (2022). "Enhanced habitat loss of the Himalayan endemic flora driven by warming-forced upslope tree expansion". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (7): 890–899. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..890W. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01774-3. PMID 35654898.
Körner, Christian; Paulsen, Jens (May 2004). "A World-Wide Study of High Altitude Treeline Temperatures". J. Biogeogr. 31 (5): 713–732. Bibcode:2004JBiog..31..713K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x. JSTOR 3554841. S2CID 59025355.
Paulsen, Jens; Körner, Christian (2014). "A climate-based model to predict potential treeline position around the globe" (PDF). Alpine Botany. 124 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2014AlBot.124....1P. doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0. S2CID 8752987.
Leuschner, Christoph (April 1996). "Timberline and Alpine Vegetation on the Tropical and Warm-Temperate Oceanic Islands of the World: Elevation, Structure and Floristics". Vegetatio. 123 (2): 193–206. doi:10.1007/BF00118271.
Baker, F.S. (1944). "Mountain climates of the western United States". Ecological Monographs. 14 (2): 223–254. Bibcode:1944EcoM...14..223B. doi:10.2307/1943534. JSTOR 1943534.
Sowell, J.B.; McNulty, S.P.; Schilling, B.K. (1996). "The role of stem recharge in reducing the winter desiccation of Picea engelmannii (Pinaceae) needles at alpine timberline". American Journal of Botany. 83 (10): 1351–1355. doi:10.2307/2446122. JSTOR 2446122.
Timoney, K.P.; La Roi, G.H.; Zoltai, S.C.; Robinson, A.L. (1992). "The high subarctic forest–tundra of northwestern Canada: position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate". Arctic. 45 (1): 1–9. doi:10.14430/arctic1367. JSTOR 40511186.
Löve, Dd (1970). "Subarctic and subalpine: where and what?". Arctic and Alpine Research. 2 (1): 63–73. doi:10.2307/1550141. JSTOR 1550141.
Hare, F. Kenneth; Ritchie, J.C. (1972). "The boreal bioclimates". Geographical Review. 62 (3): 333–365. Bibcode:1972GeoRv..62..333H. doi:10.2307/213287. JSTOR 213287.
R.A., Black; Bliss, L.C. (1978). "Recovery sequence of Picea mariana–Vaccinium uliginosum forests after burning near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada". Canadian Journal of Botany. 56 (6): 2020–2030. Bibcode:1978CaJB...56.2020B. doi:10.1139/b78-243.
Chalupa, V. (1992). "Micropropagation of European Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and Wild Service Tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Cr.]". In Bajaj, Y.P.S. (ed.). High-Tech and Micropropagation II. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 18. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 211–226. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76422-6_11. ISBN 978-3-642-76424-0.
Fajardo, A; Piper, FI; Cavieres, LA (2011). "Distinguishing local from global climate influences in the variation of carbon status with altitude in a tree line species". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 20 (2): 307–318. Bibcode:2011GloEB..20..307F. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00598.x. hdl:10533/134794.
Dickinson, Joshua C. (1969). "The Eucalypt in the Sierra of Southern Peru". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 59 (2): 294–307. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00672.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2561632.
Testolin, Riccardo; Attorre, Fabio; Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja (2020). "Global distribution and bioclimatic characterization of alpine biomes". Ecography. 43 (6): 779–788. Bibcode:2020Ecogr..43..779T. doi:10.1111/ecog.05012. hdl:11585/896830.
Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation". Oecologia. 115 (4): 445–459. Bibcode:1998Oecol.115..445K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.8501. doi:10.1007/s004420050540. PMID 28308263. S2CID 8647814. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Aravena, Juan Carlos; Luckman, Brian H.; Cuq, Emilio (2005). "Spatial and temporal variation in Nothofagus pumilio growth at tree line along its latitudinal range (35°40′–55° S) in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 32 (5): 879–893. Bibcode:2005JBiog..32..879L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01191.x. S2CID 51845387.
Sottile, Gonzalo D.; Echeverría, Marcos E.; Tonello, Marcela S.; Marcos, María A.; Bamonte, Florencia P.; Rayó, Cecilia; Mancini, María V. (2020). "Dinámica de la vegetación andina del lago Argentino (50° S, 72° O) desde el retiro de los glaciares (ca. 12.000 años cal AP)". Andean Geology (in Spanish). 47 (3): 599–627. Bibcode:2020AndGe..47..599S. doi:10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3303. hdl:11336/141218.
Aravena, Juan C.; Lara, Antonio; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Villalba, Ricardo; Cuq, Emilio (2002). "Tree-ring growth patterns and temperature reconstruction from Nothofagus pumilio (Fagaceae) forests at the upper tree line of southern, Chilean Patagonia". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 75 (2): 00008. Bibcode:2002RvCHN..7500008A. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200008. hdl:11336/40918.
Buma, B; Holz, A; Díaz, IA; Rozzi, R (September 2020). "The world's southernmost tree and the climate and windscapes of the southernmost forests". Ecography. 44 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1111/ecog.05075.
Smith, VR; Lewis Smith, RI (1987). "The biota and conservation status of subantarctic islands". Environment International. 13 (1): 95–104. Bibcode:1987EnInt..13...95S. doi:10.1016/0160-4120(87)90047-X.
French, DD; Smith, VR (1985). "A comparison between Northern and Southern Hemisphere tundras and related ecosystems". Polar Biology. 5 (1): 5–21. Bibcode:1985PoBio...5....5F. doi:10.1007/BF00446040.

ecologyasia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Mount Kinabalu National Park". www.ecologyasia.com. Ecology Asia. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.

forest.gov.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

conservation.forest.gov.tw

"台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29.

geobotanica.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Physiogeography of the Russian Far East".

geostat.ge (Global: 1,801^st place; English: 7,453^rd place)

"Georgia's natural resources and conservation" (PDF). geostat.ge (in Georgian). National Statistic Office of Georgia. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Fajardo, A; Piper, FI; Cavieres, LA (2011). "Distinguishing local from global climate influences in the variation of carbon status with altitude in a tree line species". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 20 (2): 307–318. Bibcode:2011GloEB..20..307F. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00598.x. hdl:10533/134794.
Testolin, Riccardo; Attorre, Fabio; Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja (2020). "Global distribution and bioclimatic characterization of alpine biomes". Ecography. 43 (6): 779–788. Bibcode:2020Ecogr..43..779T. doi:10.1111/ecog.05012. hdl:11585/896830.
Sottile, Gonzalo D.; Echeverría, Marcos E.; Tonello, Marcela S.; Marcos, María A.; Bamonte, Florencia P.; Rayó, Cecilia; Mancini, María V. (2020). "Dinámica de la vegetación andina del lago Argentino (50° S, 72° O) desde el retiro de los glaciares (ca. 12.000 años cal AP)". Andean Geology (in Spanish). 47 (3): 599–627. Bibcode:2020AndGe..47..599S. doi:10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3303. hdl:11336/141218.
Aravena, Juan C.; Lara, Antonio; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Villalba, Ricardo; Cuq, Emilio (2002). "Tree-ring growth patterns and temperature reconstruction from Nothofagus pumilio (Fagaceae) forests at the upper tree line of southern, Chilean Patagonia". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 75 (2): 00008. Bibcode:2002RvCHN..7500008A. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200008. hdl:11336/40918.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Viereck, L.A. (1979). "Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska". Holarctic Ecology. 2 (4): 228–238. Bibcode:1979Ecogr...2..228V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1979.tb01294.x. JSTOR 3682417.
Körner, Christian; Paulsen, Jens (May 2004). "A World-Wide Study of High Altitude Treeline Temperatures". J. Biogeogr. 31 (5): 713–732. Bibcode:2004JBiog..31..713K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x. JSTOR 3554841. S2CID 59025355.
Baker, F.S. (1944). "Mountain climates of the western United States". Ecological Monographs. 14 (2): 223–254. Bibcode:1944EcoM...14..223B. doi:10.2307/1943534. JSTOR 1943534.
Sowell, J.B.; McNulty, S.P.; Schilling, B.K. (1996). "The role of stem recharge in reducing the winter desiccation of Picea engelmannii (Pinaceae) needles at alpine timberline". American Journal of Botany. 83 (10): 1351–1355. doi:10.2307/2446122. JSTOR 2446122.
Timoney, K.P.; La Roi, G.H.; Zoltai, S.C.; Robinson, A.L. (1992). "The high subarctic forest–tundra of northwestern Canada: position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate". Arctic. 45 (1): 1–9. doi:10.14430/arctic1367. JSTOR 40511186.
Löve, Dd (1970). "Subarctic and subalpine: where and what?". Arctic and Alpine Research. 2 (1): 63–73. doi:10.2307/1550141. JSTOR 1550141.
Hare, F. Kenneth; Ritchie, J.C. (1972). "The boreal bioclimates". Geographical Review. 62 (3): 333–365. Bibcode:1972GeoRv..62..333H. doi:10.2307/213287. JSTOR 213287.
Dickinson, Joshua C. (1969). "The Eucalypt in the Sierra of Southern Peru". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 59 (2): 294–307. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00672.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2561632.

nhstateparks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Mount Washington State Park". New Hampshire State Parks. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-22. Tree line, the elevation above which trees do not grow, is about 4,400 feet in the White Mountains, nearly 2,000 feet below the summit of Mt. Washington.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Körner, Christian (November 1, 2021). "The cold range limit of trees". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 36 (11): 979–989. Bibcode:2021TEcoE..36..979K. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.011. PMID 34272073. S2CID 235999977.
Wang, Xiaoyi; Wang, Tao (2022). "Enhanced habitat loss of the Himalayan endemic flora driven by warming-forced upslope tree expansion". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (7): 890–899. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..890W. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01774-3. PMID 35654898.
Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation". Oecologia. 115 (4): 445–459. Bibcode:1998Oecol.115..445K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.8501. doi:10.1007/s004420050540. PMID 28308263. S2CID 8647814. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

"Climate Change Resource Brief - North Cascades National Park". U.S. National Park Service. January 30, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
"Alpine Tundra Ecosystem". Rocky Mountain National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2011-05-13.

osara.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Aravena, Juan Carlos; Luckman, Brian H.; Cuq, Emilio (2005). "Spatial and temporal variation in Nothofagus pumilio growth at tree line along its latitudinal range (35°40′–55° S) in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 32 (5): 879–893. Bibcode:2005JBiog..32..879L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01191.x. S2CID 51845387.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation". Oecologia. 115 (4): 445–459. Bibcode:1998Oecol.115..445K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.8501. doi:10.1007/s004420050540. PMID 28308263. S2CID 8647814. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

rero.ch (Global: 3,023^rd place; English: 2,092^nd place)

doc.rero.ch

Paulsen, Jens; Körner, Christian (2014). "A climate-based model to predict potential treeline position around the globe" (PDF). Alpine Botany. 124 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2014AlBot.124....1P. doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0. S2CID 8752987.

scotland.gov.uk (Global: 9,315^th place; English: 6,008^th place)

"Action For Scotland's Biodiversity" (PDF).

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api.semanticscholar.org

Körner, Christian (November 1, 2021). "The cold range limit of trees". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 36 (11): 979–989. Bibcode:2021TEcoE..36..979K. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.011. PMID 34272073. S2CID 235999977.
Körner, Christian; Paulsen, Jens (May 2004). "A World-Wide Study of High Altitude Treeline Temperatures". J. Biogeogr. 31 (5): 713–732. Bibcode:2004JBiog..31..713K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x. JSTOR 3554841. S2CID 59025355.
Paulsen, Jens; Körner, Christian (2014). "A climate-based model to predict potential treeline position around the globe" (PDF). Alpine Botany. 124 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:2014AlBot.124....1P. doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0. S2CID 8752987.
Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation". Oecologia. 115 (4): 445–459. Bibcode:1998Oecol.115..445K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.8501. doi:10.1007/s004420050540. PMID 28308263. S2CID 8647814. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Aravena, Juan Carlos; Luckman, Brian H.; Cuq, Emilio (2005). "Spatial and temporal variation in Nothofagus pumilio growth at tree line along its latitudinal range (35°40′–55° S) in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 32 (5): 879–893. Bibcode:2005JBiog..32..879L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01191.x. S2CID 51845387.

thecanadianencyclopedia.com (Global: 4,770^th place; English: 5,645^th place)

"Treeline". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2011-06-22.

unibas.ch (Global: 9,678^th place; English: low place)

pages.unibas.ch

Körner, Ch. "High Elevation Treeline Research". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-06-14.

utas.edu.au (Global: 7,828^th place; English: 4,558^th place)

figshare.utas.edu.au

Fitzgerald, Nicholas B (2019). Vegetation Change on subantarctic Macquarie Island (Thesis). University of Tasmania.

uzh.ch (Global: 1,380^th place; English: 1,488^th place)

geo.uzh.ch

"Why treelines?".

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Treeline". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
Körner, Ch. "High Elevation Treeline Research". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
"Mount Washington State Park". New Hampshire State Parks. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-22. Tree line, the elevation above which trees do not grow, is about 4,400 feet in the White Mountains, nearly 2,000 feet below the summit of Mt. Washington.
"台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. (1994). Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. OCLC 66824523.
Dickinson, Joshua C. (1969). "The Eucalypt in the Sierra of Southern Peru". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 59 (2): 294–307. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00672.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2561632.

Tree line (English Wikipedia)

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