Tuareg people (English Wikipedia)

Harry T. Norris (1976). The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. ISBN 978-0-85668-362-6. OCLC 750606862.; For an abstract, ASC Leiden Catalogue; For a review of Norris' book: Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.

africamission-mafr.org

"Charles de Foucauld – Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005". Archived from the original on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
"Charles de Foucauld – Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005". Archived from the original on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

antislavery.org

Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed. Niger: Slavery in Historical, Legal and Contemporary Perspectives Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. March 2004

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Hilary Andersson, "Born to be a slave in Niger", BBC Africa, Niger;
"Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More", National Geographic.;
"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger". ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain". Irinnews.org. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo", Christian Science Monitor

books.google.com

Shoup III, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 295. ISBN 978-1598843637. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
Harry T. Norris (1976). The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. ISBN 978-0-85668-362-6. OCLC 750606862.; For an abstract, ASC Leiden Catalogue; For a review of Norris' book: Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.
Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 16, 17–22, 38–44. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Wright, John (3 April 2007). The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-134-17987-9.
James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
Pascal James Imperato, Gavin H. Imperato (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali, fourth Edition. Published by Historical Dictionary of Africa No. 107. Scarecrow Press. Inc.
Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. (2015). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-61069-553-4.
Brett, Michael; Elizabeth Fentress M1 The Berbers Wiley Blackwell 1997 ISBN 978-0631207672 p. 208
Wolfgang Weissleder (1978). The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-11-081023-3., Quote: "The religion of the Tuareg is Maliki Sunni Islam"
Susan Rasmussen (2013). Neighbors, Strangers, Witches, and Culture-Heroes: Ritual Powers of Smith/Artisans in Tuareg Society and Beyond. University Press of America. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7618-6149-2., Quote: "Historically, Tuareg and other Berber (Amazigh) peoples initially resisted Islam in their mountain and desert fortresses"
Bruce S. Hall (2011). A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-139-49908-8., Quote: "We remind ourselves that the Tuareg carries this name for having long resisted and refused Islamization."
John O. Hunwick (2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613. BRILL Academic. pp. 29 with footnote 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4.
John Glover (2007). Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order. University of Rochester Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-1-58046-268-6.
Kevin Shillington (2012). History of Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-137-00333-1.
Johannes Nicolaisen (1963). Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg. New York: Thames and Hudson; Copenhagen: Rhodos. pp. 411–412. OCLC 67475747.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 20–21. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Joseph Rudolph Jr. (2015). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. pp. 380–381. ISBN 978-1-61069-553-4., Quote: "The Tuareg are seminomadic people of Berber origin. There are various Tuareg clans and confederation of clans. Historically, Tuareg groups are composed of hierarchical caste systems within clans, including noble warriores, religious leaders, craftsmen, and those who are unfree".
Jeffrey Heath (2005). A Grammar of Tamashek, Tuareg of Mali. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-3-11-090958-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 16–17. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, p. 16. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, p. 20. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, p. 17. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 17–18. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Heath, Jeffrey (2005). A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110909586. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, p. 18. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). Status and Identity in West Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 67–74. ISBN 978-0-253-11264-4.
Ruth M. Stone (2010). The Garland Handbook of African Music. Routledge. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-1-135-90001-4., Quote: "In Mali, Niger and southern Algeria, Tuareg griots of the artisanal caste practice a related tradition. Known to the Tuareg as agguta, they typically entertain at weddings (...)"
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 19–20. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Bruce S. Hall (2011). A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5, 7–8, 220. ISBN 978-1-139-49908-8.
Gaston, Tony (15 October 2019). African Journey: A Voyage on the Sea of Humanity. FriesenPress. ISBN 978-1-5255-4981-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 18, 50–54. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Nicolaisen, Johannes (1963). Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg: With Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr. National Museum of Copenhagen. p. 16. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
Hsain Ilahiane (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Scarecrow. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-8108-6490-0., Quote: "IKLAN. This term refers to all former black slaves and domestic serfs of traditional Tuareg society. The term iklan is plural form for'slave'."
Gregory Mann (2014). From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–111 with footnote 73. ISBN 978-1-107-01654-5.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, p. 19. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Martin A. Klein (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-521-59678-7.
Martin A. Klein (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. xviii, 138–139. ISBN 978-0-521-59678-7.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 49–54. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 50–51. Karl G. Prasse (1995). The Tuaregs: The Blue People. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-313-6.
Martin A. Klein (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-521-59678-7.
Kohl, Ines; Fischer, Anja (31 October 2010). Tuareg Society within a Globalized World. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857719249. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Susan McIntosh (2001). Christopher R. DeCorse (ed.). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
Adda Bruemmer Bozeman (2015). Conflict in Africa: Concepts and Realities. Princeton University Press. pp. 280–282 with footnotes. ISBN 978-1-4008-6742-4.
David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). Status and Identity in West Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 75–77, 79–81. ISBN 978-0-253-11264-4.
Susan McIntosh (2001). Christopher R. DeCorse (ed.). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–21. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 481. ISBN 978-0810879195. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Deycard, Frédéric (2011). "Political Cultures and Tuareg mobilizations: Rebels of Niger, from Kaocen to the Mouvement des Nigériens pour la Justice". In Guichaoua, Yvan (ed.). Understanding Collective Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–64. ISBN 9780230285460.
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4.

bradshawfoundation.com

"The Tuareg the Nomadic inhabitants of North Africa". Bradshaw Foundation. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

carnegieendowment.org

Hibbs, Mark. "Uranium in Saharan Sands". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

cia.gov

"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016., Niger: 11% of 23.6 million
"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021., Mali: 1.7% of 20.1 million
"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 October 2021., Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million
Mali, CIA Factbook, Accessed on 7 November 2016

conceptoradio.net

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Denise Youngblood Coleman (June 2013). "Niger". Country Watch. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.

csmonitor.com

Hilary Andersson, "Born to be a slave in Niger", BBC Africa, Niger;
"Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More", National Geographic.;
"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger". ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain". Irinnews.org. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo", Christian Science Monitor

doi.org

Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). "Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs". eLS: 1–7. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485. ISBN 9780470016176.
Harry T. Norris (1976). The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. ISBN 978-0-85668-362-6. OCLC 750606862.; For an abstract, ASC Leiden Catalogue; For a review of Norris' book: Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.
Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2): 221–222, 228–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. S2CID 162509491.
Ottoni, Claudio; Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Primativo, Giuseppina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Decorte, Ronny; Rickards, Olga (1 May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 118–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 21312181.
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
Schlichte, Klaus (1 March 1994). "Is ethnicity a cause of war?". Peace Review. 6 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1080/10402659408425775. ISSN 1040-2659.
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Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.
Starratt, Priscilla Ellen (1981). "Tuareg slavery and slave trade". Slavery & Abolition. 2 (2): 83–113. doi:10.1080/01440398108574825.
Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2): 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. S2CID 162509491.
Dieterlen, Germaine; Ligers, Ziedonis (1972). "Contribution à l'étude des bijoux touareg". Journal des Africanistes. 42 (1): 29–53. doi:10.3406/jafr.1972.1697.
Rasmussen, Susan (1996). "The Tent as Cultural Symbol and Field Site: Social and Symbolic Space, "Topos", and Authority in a Tuareg Community". Anthropological Quarterly. 69 (1): 14–26. doi:10.2307/3317136. JSTOR 3317136.
Rasmussen, Susan J. (1998). "Within the Tent and at the Crossroads: Travel and Gender Identity among the Tuareg of Niger". Ethos. 26 (2): 164. doi:10.1525/eth.1998.26.2.153.
Ottoni, C; Larmuseau, MH; Vanderheyden, N; Martínez-Labarga, C; Primativo, G; Biondi, G; Decorte, R; Rickards, O (May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". Am J Phys Anthropol. 145 (1): 118–24. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. PMID 21312181.
Pereira; et al. (2010). "Y chromosomes and mtDNA of Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
Cruciani, Fulvio; Fratta, Roberta La; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Boriana Zaharova; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1014–22. doi:10.1086/386294. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". Am J Hum Genet. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
Ottoni (2010). "Mitochondria Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13378. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513378O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.350.6514. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013378. PMC 2958834. PMID 20975840.
Luísa Pereira; Viktor Černý; María Cerezo; Nuno M Silva; Martin Hájek; Alžběta Vašíková; Martina Kujanová; Radim Brdička; Antonio Salas (17 March 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
Ottoni, Claudio; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Pennarun, Erwan; Achilli, Alessandro; De Angelis, Flavio; Trucchi, Emiliano; Contini, Irene; Biondi, Gianfranco; Rickards, Olga (20 May 2009). "First genetic insight into Libyan Tuaregs: a maternal perspective". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 4): 438–448. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00526.x. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 19476452. S2CID 31919422.
Pereira, Luisa; et al. (2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). "Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs". eLS: 1–7. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485. ISBN 9780470016176.

ethnologue.com

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foreignaffairs.com

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fotw.info

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gebrueder-beetz.de

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go.com

abcnews.go.com

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"Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More", National Geographic.;
"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger". ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain". Irinnews.org. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo", Christian Science Monitor
"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger", ABC News

hal.science

amu.hal.science

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harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ottoni (2010). "Mitochondria Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13378. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513378O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.350.6514. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013378. PMC 2958834. PMID 20975840.

huffpostmaghreb.com

Abada, Latifa (10 September 2016). "La fête Touareg "Sebiba" célébrée en octobre à Djanet". Al Huffington Post (in French).

imdb.com

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irinnews.org

Hilary Andersson, "Born to be a slave in Niger", BBC Africa, Niger;
"Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More", National Geographic.;
"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger". ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain". Irinnews.org. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.;
"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo", Christian Science Monitor

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jstor.org

Harry T. Norris (1976). The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. ISBN 978-0-85668-362-6. OCLC 750606862.; For an abstract, ASC Leiden Catalogue; For a review of Norris' book: Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
John Hunwick (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk". Sudanic Africa. 14. Brill Academic: 13–20. JSTOR 25653392.
Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.
Susan Rasmussen (1996), Matters of Taste: Food, Eating, and Reflections on "The Body Politic" in Tuareg Society, Journal of Anthropological Research, University of Chicago Press, Volume 52, Number 1 (Spring, 1996), page 61, Quote: "'Nobles are like rice, smiths are like millet, and slaves are like corn', said Hado, a smith from the Kel Ewey conferdation of Tuareg near Moun Bagzan in northeastern Niger. He was explaining to me the reasons for endogamy."
Rasmussen, Susan (1996). "The Tent as Cultural Symbol and Field Site: Social and Symbolic Space, "Topos", and Authority in a Tuareg Community". Anthropological Quarterly. 69 (1): 14–26. doi:10.2307/3317136. JSTOR 3317136.

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ottoni, Claudio; Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Primativo, Giuseppina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Decorte, Ronny; Rickards, Olga (1 May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 118–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 21312181.
Ottoni, C; Larmuseau, MH; Vanderheyden, N; Martínez-Labarga, C; Primativo, G; Biondi, G; Decorte, R; Rickards, O (May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". Am J Phys Anthropol. 145 (1): 118–24. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. PMID 21312181.
Pereira; et al. (2010). "Y chromosomes and mtDNA of Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
Cruciani, Fulvio; Fratta, Roberta La; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Boriana Zaharova; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1014–22. doi:10.1086/386294. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". Am J Hum Genet. 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
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