Turku (English Wikipedia)

Hjelm, Titus; Maude, George (15 August 2021). "Turku (Swedish: Åbo)". Historical Dictionary of Finland. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. p. 346. ISBN 978-1-5381-1154-3.
Johan, Callmer; Ingrid, Gustin; Mats, Mats, eds. (5 January 2017). Identity Formation and Diversity in the Early Medieval Baltic and Beyond: Communicators and Communication. BRILL. p. 125. ISBN 978-90-04-32847-1. The idea arose because the Finnish parallel name to Swedish Åbo, Turku, was thought to be of Russian origin...
Spicer, Andrew (2012). Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7546-6583-0. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Per, Count Brahe, the Younger". Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Häkkinen, Kaisa (2024). "Virolaiset lainat Mikael Agricolan teosten sanastossa". In Björklöf, Sofia (ed.). Itämeren kieliapajilta Volgan verkoille. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 272. doi:10.33341/sus.965. ISBN 978-952-7262-46-7.

doria.fi (Global: 5,349^th place; English: low place)

"Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940" (PDF) (in Finnish). Tilastollinen päätoimisto. 1941. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

"Fredrika Bremer" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IV (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 256–257.

everwas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kennedy, Ian (2 July 2010). "Finnish Town Rivalries". everwas. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

finlandportrait.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of Finland". Finland Portrait. 25 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

foli.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Joukkoliikennetietoa" (in Finnish). Turun kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennelautakunta. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

gofinland.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turku Castle". Gofinland.fi. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,384^th place; English: 2,463^rd place)

museo.helsinki.fi

"Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

helda.helsinki.fi

"Suomen maakuntien ilmasto" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.

helsinkitimes.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Lobbying for Helsinki 200 years ago". Helsinki Times. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.

ilmatieteenlaitos.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

ilmatieteenlaitos.fi

"Normal period 1991–2020". Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2025.

en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi

"Finnish Meteorological Institute's open data". Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.

infofinland.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Information about Turku". InfoFinland. City of Helsinki. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.

is.fi (Global: 792^nd place; English: 2,317^th place)

"Turku saa pormestarin 100 vuoden tauon jälkeen". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.

joulukaupunkiturku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Declaration of Christmas Peace". City of Turku. Retrieved 17 October 2023.^{[permanent dead link]}

kansallisbiografia.fi (Global: 2,126^th place; English: 4,373^rd place)

Lilius, Henrik (24 August 2020). "Engel, Carl Ludvig (1778–1840)". Kansallisbiografia (in Finnish). SKS. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.

kilotavu.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"FMI open data". FMI. Retrieved 21 May 2025.

kissmyturku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

Turun Vierasvenesatama – Kiss My Turku Archived 12 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)

kotus.fi (Global: 4,131^st place; English: low place)

kaino.kotus.fi

"turku". Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish etymological dictionary] (in Finnish). Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 13 June 2025.^{[dead link]}

kotus.fi

"Tori ja Turku" (in Finnish). Kotimaisten kielten keskus. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2025.

lexico.com (Global: 2,946^th place; English: 2,042^nd place)

"Turku" Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "Turku". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Turku". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

museot.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turku on monipuolinen museokaupunki – Museokortilla pääsee 15 kohteeseen". Museot.fi (in Finnish). Suomen Museoliitto – The Finnish Museums Association. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

ogimet.com (Global: low place; English: 9,363^rd place)

"02972: Turku (Finland)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 5 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689^th place; English: 1,562^nd place)

en.oxforddictionaries.com

"Turku" Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "Turku". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

Everett-Heath, John (22 October 2020). "Turku". Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-190563-6.

paulig.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

Varför Paris, vi har ju Åbo! – Paulig Archived 12 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)

riksarkivet.se (Global: 911^th place; English: 2,411^th place)

sok.riksarkivet.se

Tarkiainen, Kari. "Isaac Rothovius". Swedish biographical dictionary. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

sls.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

bebyggelsenamn.sls.fi

Huldén, Lars. "Åbo". Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2025.

stat.fi (Global: 1,222^nd place; English: 2,489^th place)

stat.fi

"Population growth slowed down in 2025". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 1 April 2026. ISSN 2243-3627. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
"Population growth slowed down in 2025". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 1 April 2026. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
"Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 4 April 2025. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
"Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons". Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
"Population growth slowed down in 2025". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 1 April 2026. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
"Persons with foreign background". Statistics Finland. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
"Yliopisto-opiskelijoita 163 700 vuonna 2022". www.stat.fi (in Finnish). 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.

pxnet2.stat.fi

"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.

pxdata.stat.fi

Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023^{[dead link]} Statistics Finland

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

Wood, Jessica (10 February 2018). "11 Places in Finland Perfect for Food Lovers". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.

thefoodellers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turku, the Food Capital of Finland". thefoodellers.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

"10 smaller European Capitals of Culture you may not have heard of". The Guardian. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.

timeout.com (Global: 883^rd place; English: 496^th place)

"14 of the World's Most Underrated Travel Destinations". Time Out. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.

ts.fi (Global: 3,468^th place; English: low place)

"Putin on vanha Turun-kävijä". TS.fi (in Finnish). Turun Sanomat. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

turku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turku.fi

Suomen historian merkkipaaluja: Ensimmäisenä Turussa Archived 30 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
"Christmas City » Turku, the Finnish Christmas City". www.turku.fi. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
"Statistical yearbook of Turku" (in Finnish). 17 July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
"Kustaan kaksi vierailua Suomeen" (in Finnish). City of Turku. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Kirjastosilta avattiin tulen ja valon juhlassa". www.turku.fi. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
"Kaupunginosat". City of Turku (in Finnish). 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Business Life". City of Turku. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Turun tapahtumavuosi 2023" (in Finnish). City of Turku. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"History of the Qwensel House". City of Turku. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Teatteri" (in Finnish). City of Turku. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Musiikki" (in Finnish). City of Turku. 3 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Minna Arve elected as the new Mayor of Turku". turku.fi. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"Turun pormestarit". turku.fi (in Finnish). 18 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"Turku Tramway". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Funicular". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Opiskelijakaupunki Turku -info". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Twin Cities of Turku". turku.fi. Turku. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
ipendoli (28 February 2022). "City of Turku suspends its twin city operations with City of St. Petersburg". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

www05.turku.fi

"Turku Suomen pääkaupunkina" (in Finnish). City of Turku. 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

turkuamk.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turun ammattikorkeakoulu". Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Salo IoT Campus". Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Tutkinnot". Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.

turkubusinessregion.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Networking with impact" (PDF). Turku Region Business. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

turkulainen.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kumpi parempi: Täl pual vai tois pual?". Turkulainen (in Finnish). 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Vanha ja historiallinen imago Turulle vain etu". Turkulainen (in Finnish). 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
"Etusivu". Turkulainen (in Finnish). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.

turkuseura.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Etusivu". Turkuseura.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

turkutitans.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turku Titans history". Turku Titans. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2010.

turunsanomat.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kun Turku hukkui liekkeihin". Turun Sanomat (in Finnish). 1 September 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2023.^{[permanent dead link]}
"Turun Sanomat". Turunsanomat.fi. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

turuntuomiokirkko.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"1800-luku – tulipalosta jälleenrakennukseen" (in Finnish). Turun Tuomiokirkko - Turku Cathedral. Retrieved 22 October 2023.^{[permanent dead link]}

tut.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

students.tut.fi

"Data" (PDF). www.students.tut.fi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

utu.fi (Global: 9,553^rd place; English: low place)

sites.utu.fi

"Finland's former capital Turku is now the culinary capital | Baltic Rim Economies". sites.utu.fi. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

opal.utu.fi

Peltonen, Kirsi. "Turku Hansa-ajalla" (in Finnish). University of Turku. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2023.

utu.fi

"Opiskelijamäärien tilastot". www.utu.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.

tnk.utu.fi

"Turku International School". University of Turku. 15 January 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.

vaalit.fi (Global: 4,952^nd place; English: low place)

tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi

"Turku: Results by party and by joint list". Ministry of Justice. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

visitfinland.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Destinations in Finland – Official Travel and Tourism Guide". Visitfinland.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.

visitturku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.visitturku.fi

"The Aura Riverside – Turku's Living Room". Visit Turku. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Varför Paris, vi har ju Åbo! – Paulig Archived 12 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
Turun Vierasvenesatama – Kiss My Turku Archived 12 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
Suomen historian merkkipaaluja: Ensimmäisenä Turussa Archived 30 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
Rosvall, Minna (23 January 2019). "Suomen vanhin kaupunki täyttää 790 vuotta ja valkoinen risti seisoo Turun syntymämerkkinä Koroisilla – katso video". Yle (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
"Bicentennial of Helsinki as Finnish capital". Yle News. 8 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
"Lobbying for Helsinki 200 years ago". Helsinki Times. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
"Turku" Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "Turku". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
"History of Finland". Finland Portrait. 25 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
"Christmas City » Turku, the Finnish Christmas City". www.turku.fi. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
"Turku, the Food Capital of Finland". thefoodellers.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
"Finland's former capital Turku is now the culinary capital | Baltic Rim Economies". sites.utu.fi. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
Wood, Jessica (10 February 2018). "11 Places in Finland Perfect for Food Lovers". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
"Statistical yearbook of Turku" (in Finnish). 17 July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
"Destinations in Finland – Official Travel and Tourism Guide". Visitfinland.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
Spicer, Andrew (2012). Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7546-6583-0. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Peltonen, Kirsi. "Turku Hansa-ajalla" (in Finnish). University of Turku. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Kustaan kaksi vierailua Suomeen" (in Finnish). City of Turku. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Turku Castle". Gofinland.fi. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Per, Count Brahe, the Younger". Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
Tarkiainen, Kari. "Isaac Rothovius". Swedish biographical dictionary. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Information about Turku". InfoFinland. City of Helsinki. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
Lilius, Henrik (24 August 2020). "Engel, Carl Ludvig (1778–1840)". Kansallisbiografia (in Finnish). SKS. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"About Åbo Akademi University". Åbo Akademi University. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
"Putin on vanha Turun-kävijä". TS.fi (in Finnish). Turun Sanomat. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
"Kumpi parempi: Täl pual vai tois pual?". Turkulainen (in Finnish). 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
"Kirjastosilta avattiin tulen ja valon juhlassa". www.turku.fi. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
"Kaupunginosat". City of Turku (in Finnish). 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Suomen maakuntien ilmasto" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
"Normal period 1991–2020". Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
"Finnish Meteorological Institute's open data". Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
"Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons". Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
"Persons with foreign background". Statistics Finland. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
"Networking with impact" (PDF). Turku Region Business. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Business Life". City of Turku. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Turun tapahtumavuosi 2023" (in Finnish). City of Turku. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"10 smaller European Capitals of Culture you may not have heard of". The Guardian. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
Trötsckes, Rita (21 February 2013). "Keskiaikainen Turku" (in Finnish). YLE. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"History of the Qwensel House". City of Turku. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Turku on monipuolinen museokaupunki – Museokortilla pääsee 15 kohteeseen". Museot.fi (in Finnish). Suomen Museoliitto – The Finnish Museums Association. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Teatteri" (in Finnish). City of Turku. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Musiikki" (in Finnish). City of Turku. 3 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
"Vanha ja historiallinen imago Turulle vain etu". Turkulainen (in Finnish). 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
"Etusivu". Turkuseura.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
YLE: Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? Testaa tietosi ikuisista tappelupukareista Archived 8 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
"Data" (PDF). www.students.tut.fi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Kennedy, Ian (2 July 2010). "Finnish Town Rivalries". everwas. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
"Turku Titans history". Turku Titans. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
"2012 World Lacrosse". FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
"Minna Arve elected as the new Mayor of Turku". turku.fi. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"Turun pormestarit". turku.fi (in Finnish). 18 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"Turku saa pormestarin 100 vuoden tauon jälkeen". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"Turku: Results by party and by joint list". Ministry of Justice. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
"Joukkoliikennetietoa" (in Finnish). Turun kaupunkiseudun joukkoliikennelautakunta. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
"Turku Tramway". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Funicular". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Opiskelijakaupunki Turku -info". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Yliopisto-opiskelijoita 163 700 vuonna 2022". www.stat.fi (in Finnish). 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Opiskelijamäärien tilastot". www.utu.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Turun ammattikorkeakoulu". Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Salo IoT Campus". Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Tutkinnot". Turun Ammattikorkeakoulu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Turku International School". University of Turku. 15 January 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
"Etusivu". Turkulainen (in Finnish). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
"Twin Cities of Turku". turku.fi. Turku. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
ipendoli (28 February 2022). "City of Turku suspends its twin city operations with City of St. Petersburg". Turku.fi. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

"Population growth slowed down in 2025". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 1 April 2026. ISSN 2243-3627. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
"Population growth slowed down in 2025". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 1 April 2026. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
"Turku". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
"Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 4 April 2025. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
"Population growth slowed down in 2025". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 1 April 2026. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 1 April 2026.

yle.fi (Global: 197^th place; English: 710^th place)

Rosvall, Minna (23 January 2019). "Suomen vanhin kaupunki täyttää 790 vuotta ja valkoinen risti seisoo Turun syntymämerkkinä Koroisilla – katso video". Yle (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
"Bicentennial of Helsinki as Finnish capital". Yle News. 8 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
Trötsckes, Rita (21 February 2013). "Keskiaikainen Turku" (in Finnish). YLE. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
Leppänen, Päivi (4 September 2022). "Turku paloi poroksi päivälleen 195 vuotta sitten – syyllinen ei ollut mikään piika, vaan paloturvallisuudesta piittaamaton byrokratia" (in Finnish). YLE. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
YLE: Kumpi on kovempi, Turku vai Tampere? Testaa tietosi ikuisista tappelupukareista Archived 8 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)

Turku (English Wikipedia)

2012worldlacrosse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

abo.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

doria.fi (Global: 5,349th place; English: low place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

everwas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

finlandportrait.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

foli.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

gofinland.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,384th place; English: 2,463rd place)

museo.helsinki.fi

helda.helsinki.fi

helsinkitimes.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

ilmatieteenlaitos.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

ilmatieteenlaitos.fi

en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi

infofinland.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

is.fi (Global: 792nd place; English: 2,317th place)

joulukaupunkiturku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

kansallisbiografia.fi (Global: 2,126th place; English: 4,373rd place)

kilotavu.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

kissmyturku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

kotus.fi (Global: 4,131st place; English: low place)

kaino.kotus.fi

kotus.fi

lexico.com (Global: 2,946th place; English: 2,042nd place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425th place; English: 373rd place)

museot.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

ogimet.com (Global: low place; English: 9,363rd place)

oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689th place; English: 1,562nd place)

en.oxforddictionaries.com

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809th place; English: 542nd place)

paulig.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

riksarkivet.se (Global: 911th place; English: 2,411th place)

sok.riksarkivet.se

sls.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

bebyggelsenamn.sls.fi

stat.fi (Global: 1,222nd place; English: 2,489th place)

stat.fi

pxnet2.stat.fi

pxdata.stat.fi

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243rd place; English: 3,023rd place)

thefoodellers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

timeout.com (Global: 883rd place; English: 496th place)

ts.fi (Global: 3,468th place; English: low place)

turku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turku.fi

www05.turku.fi

turkuamk.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turkubusinessregion.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

turkulainen.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turkuseura.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turkutitans.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turunsanomat.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

turuntuomiokirkko.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

tut.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

students.tut.fi

utu.fi (Global: 9,553rd place; English: low place)

sites.utu.fi

opal.utu.fi

utu.fi

tnk.utu.fi

vaalit.fi (Global: 4,952nd place; English: low place)

tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi

visitfinland.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

visitturku.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.visitturku.fi

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

yle.fi (Global: 197th place; English: 710th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doria.fi (Global: 5,349^th place; English: low place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,384^th place; English: 2,463^rd place)

is.fi (Global: 792^nd place; English: 2,317^th place)

kansallisbiografia.fi (Global: 2,126^th place; English: 4,373^rd place)

kotus.fi (Global: 4,131^st place; English: low place)

lexico.com (Global: 2,946^th place; English: 2,042^nd place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

ogimet.com (Global: low place; English: 9,363^rd place)

oxforddictionaries.com (Global: 1,689^th place; English: 1,562^nd place)

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

riksarkivet.se (Global: 911^th place; English: 2,411^th place)

stat.fi (Global: 1,222^nd place; English: 2,489^th place)

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

timeout.com (Global: 883^rd place; English: 496^th place)

ts.fi (Global: 3,468^th place; English: low place)

utu.fi (Global: 9,553^rd place; English: low place)

vaalit.fi (Global: 4,952^nd place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

yle.fi (Global: 197^th place; English: 710^th place)