Two-round system (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Two-round system" in English language version.

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  • Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (2005-09-15). "The American Electoral System". The Politics of Electoral Systems. OUP Oxford. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-153151-4. American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.

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  • Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (2023-10-16). "Toward a Different Kind of Party Government". Protect Democracy. Archived from the original on 2024-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-16. Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the United Kingdom and Canada (where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. Georgia) hold runoffs or use the alternative vote (e.g. Maine). Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and California).

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  • Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF). Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  • Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF). Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

web.archive.org

  • Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF). Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  • "El ballotage, con raíces históricas en Francia". El Día. 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2023-10-23. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  • Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (2023-10-16). "Toward a Different Kind of Party Government". Protect Democracy. Archived from the original on 2024-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-16. Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the United Kingdom and Canada (where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. Georgia) hold runoffs or use the alternative vote (e.g. Maine). Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and California).
  • Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF). Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  • Bhutanese National Assembly electoral system Archived 2018-10-17 at the Wayback Machine IPU
  • "Proportional Representation Voting Systems of Australia's Parliaments". ECANZ. Archived from the original on 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
  • Messner; et al. (2002-11-01). "Robust Political Equilibria under Plurality and Runoff Rule" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  • Macaraeg, Sarah. "Instant runoff voting: What Shelby County data and real-world examples show". Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  • "Togo changes law to let president stand for two more terms". Al Jazeera. 2019-05-09. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  • Buonomo, Giampiero (2000). "Al candidato sindaco non eletto spetta sempre almeno un seggio". Diritto & Giustizia Edizione Online. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-20. [The usefulness of the link between different political forces in the second ballot is (...) a convergence of interests:]
  • "Basic Law – The Government (1992)". Knesset of Israel. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2020-07-24.

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  • Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF). Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  • Martinelli, César (2002-10-01). "Simple plurality versus plurality runoff with privately informed voters". Social Choice and Welfare. 19 (4): 901–919. doi:10.1007/s003550200167. ISSN 1432-217X.
  • Merrill, Samuel (1984). "A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems". American Journal of Political Science. 28 (1): 23–48. doi:10.2307/2110786. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 2110786. However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare.
  • Merrill, Samuel (1985). "A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions". Public Choice. 47 (2): 389–403. doi:10.1007/bf00127534. ISSN 0048-5829. the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to winning
  • Balinski, Michel; Laraki, Rida (2020-03-01). "Majority judgment vs. majority rule". Social Choice and Welfare. 54 (2): 429–461. doi:10.1007/s00355-019-01200-x. ISSN 1432-217X.
  • Sabsay, Daniel Alberto (1995). "El sistema de doble vuelta o ballotage" (PDF). Lecciones y Ensayos (62). Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 0024-0079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  • Fiva, Jon H.; Hix, Simon (2020). "Electoral Reform and Strategic Coordination". British Journal of Political Science. 51 (4): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0007123419000747. hdl:11250/2983501. ISSN 0007-1234.
  • Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2017-11-02). "Norwegian parliamentary elections, 1906–2013: representation and turnout across four electoral systems". West European Politics. 40 (6): 1373–1391. doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1298016. hdl:11250/2588036. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 157213679.