Type variance (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Type variance" in English language version.

Last modified: 07:50:26, 9 July 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

129psu.edu

299^th place

159^th place

86doi.org

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32ethz.ch

2,203^rd place

1,928^th place

32cornell.edu

308^th place

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22msdn.com

4,626^th place

3,858^th place

22microsoft.com

263^rd place

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11cmu.edu

2,125^th place

1,347^th place

11lucacardelli.name

low place

11drdobbs.com

low place

11dartlang.org

low place

11semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

11ecma-international.org

low place

8,859^th place

11scala-lang.org

low place

11web.archive.org

1^st place

11parleys.com

low place

11epfl.ch

3,783^rd place

3,769^th place

11artima.com

low place

11oracle.com

2,532^nd place

1,847^th place

11arxiv.org

49^th place

31^st place

11adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Grigore, Radu (2017). "Java generics are turing complete". Proceedings of the 44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL'17). pp. 73–85. arXiv:1605.05274. Bibcode:2016arXiv160505274G. ISBN 9781450346603.

artima.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Venners, Bill; Sommers, Frank (May 18, 2009). "The Purpose of Scala's Type System: A Conversation with Martin Odersky, Part III". Retrieved 16 August 2016.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Grigore, Radu (2017). "Java generics are turing complete". Proceedings of the 44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL'17). pp. 73–85. arXiv:1605.05274. Bibcode:2016arXiv160505274G. ISBN 9781450346603.

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125^th place; English: 1,347^th place)

cs.cmu.edu

Reynolds, John C. (1981). The Essence of Algol. Symposium on Algorithmic Languages. North-Holland.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

cs.cornell.edu

Tate, Ross (2013). "Mixed-Site Variance". FOOL '13: Informal Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.353.4691. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Tate, Ross; Leung, Alan; Lerner, Sorin (2011). "Taming wildcards in Java's type system". Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation (PLDI '11). pp. 614–627. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.739.5439. ISBN 9781450306638. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

dartlang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fixing Common Type Problems". Dart Programming Language.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Cardelli, Luca (1984). A semantics of multiple inheritance (PDF). Semantics of Data Types (International Symposium Sophia-Antipolis, France, June 27–29, 1984). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 173. Springer. pp. 51–67. doi:10.1007/3-540-13346-1_2. ISBN 3-540-13346-1.
Longer version: — (February 1988). "A semantics of multiple inheritance". Information and Computation. 76 (2/3): 138–164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.116.1298. doi:10.1016/0890-5401(88)90007-7. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Castagna, Giuseppe (May 1995). "Covariance and contravariance: conflict without a cause". ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. 17 (3): 431–447. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.5992. doi:10.1145/203095.203096. S2CID 15402223. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Altidor, John; Shan, Huang Shan; Smaragdakis, Yannis (2011). "Taming the wildcards: combining definition- and use-site variance". Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation (PLDI'11). ACM. pp. 602–613. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.225.8265. doi:10.1145/1993316.1993569. ISBN 9781450306638. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Odersky, Martin; Zenger, Matthias (2005). "Scalable component abstractions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications (OOPSLA '05). ACM. pp. 41–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.176.5313. doi:10.1145/1094811.1094815. ISBN 1595930310. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Igarashi, Atsushi; Viroli, Mirko (2002). "On Variance-Based Subtyping for Parametric Types". Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP '02). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2374. pp. 441–469. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.66.450. doi:10.1007/3-540-47993-7_19. ISBN 3-540-47993-7. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Thorup, Kresten Krab; Torgersen, Mads (1999). "Unifying Genericity: Combining the Benefits of Virtual Types and Parameterized Classes". Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP '99). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1628. Springer. pp. 186–204. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.91.9795. doi:10.1007/3-540-48743-3_9. ISBN 3-540-48743-3. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

drdobbs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Allison, Chuck. "What's New in Standard C++?".

ecma-international.org (Global: low place; English: 8,859^th place)

"Section II.9.7". ECMA International Standard ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) (6th ed.). June 2012.

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783^rd place; English: 3,769^th place)

lampwww.epfl.ch

Odersky, Martin; Zenger, Matthias (2005). "Scalable component abstractions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications (OOPSLA '05). ACM. pp. 41–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.176.5313. doi:10.1145/1094811.1094815. ISBN 1595930310. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

ethz.ch (Global: 2,203^rd place; English: 1,928^th place)

se.ethz.ch

Bertrand Meyer (October 1995). "Static Typing" (PDF). OOPSLA 95 (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications), Atlanta, 1995.
Howard, Mark; Bezault, Eric; Meyer, Bertrand; Colnet, Dominique; Stapf, Emmanuel; Arnout, Karine; Keller, Markus (April 2003). "Type-safe covariance: Competent compilers can catch all catcalls" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2013.

lucacardelli.name (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cardelli, Luca (1984). A semantics of multiple inheritance (PDF). Semantics of Data Types (International Symposium Sophia-Antipolis, France, June 27–29, 1984). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 173. Springer. pp. 51–67. doi:10.1007/3-540-13346-1_2. ISBN 3-540-13346-1.
Longer version: — (February 1988). "A semantics of multiple inheritance". Information and Computation. 76 (2/3): 138–164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.116.1298. doi:10.1016/0890-5401(88)90007-7. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

msdn.microsoft.com

Func<T, TResult> Delegate - MSDN Documentation

devblogs.microsoft.com

Torgersen, Mads. "C# 9.0 on the record".

msdn.com (Global: 4,626^th place; English: 3,858^th place)

blogs.msdn.com

Lippert, Eric (3 December 2009). "Exact rules for variance validity". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Lippert, Eric (October 29, 2007). "Covariance and Contravariance in C# Part Seven: Why Do We Need A Syntax At All?". Retrieved 16 August 2016.

oracle.com (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 1,847^th place)

docs.oracle.com

"The Java™ Tutorials, Generics (Updated), Unbounded Wildcards". Retrieved July 17, 2020.

parleys.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bloch, Joshua (November 2007). "The Closures Controversy [video]". Presentation at Javapolis'07. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Cardelli, Luca (1984). A semantics of multiple inheritance (PDF). Semantics of Data Types (International Symposium Sophia-Antipolis, France, June 27–29, 1984). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 173. Springer. pp. 51–67. doi:10.1007/3-540-13346-1_2. ISBN 3-540-13346-1.
Longer version: — (February 1988). "A semantics of multiple inheritance". Information and Computation. 76 (2/3): 138–164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.116.1298. doi:10.1016/0890-5401(88)90007-7. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Franz Weber (1992). "Getting Class Correctness and System Correctness Equivalent - How to Get Covariance Right". TOOLS 8 (8th conference on Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems), Dortmund, 1992. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.52.7872. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Castagna, Giuseppe (May 1995). "Covariance and contravariance: conflict without a cause". ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. 17 (3): 431–447. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.5992. doi:10.1145/203095.203096. S2CID 15402223. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Altidor, John; Shan, Huang Shan; Smaragdakis, Yannis (2011). "Taming the wildcards: combining definition- and use-site variance". Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation (PLDI'11). ACM. pp. 602–613. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.225.8265. doi:10.1145/1993316.1993569. ISBN 9781450306638. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Odersky, Martin; Zenger, Matthias (2005). "Scalable component abstractions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications (OOPSLA '05). ACM. pp. 41–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.176.5313. doi:10.1145/1094811.1094815. ISBN 1595930310. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Tate, Ross (2013). "Mixed-Site Variance". FOOL '13: Informal Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.353.4691. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Igarashi, Atsushi; Viroli, Mirko (2002). "On Variance-Based Subtyping for Parametric Types". Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP '02). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2374. pp. 441–469. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.66.450. doi:10.1007/3-540-47993-7_19. ISBN 3-540-47993-7. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Thorup, Kresten Krab; Torgersen, Mads (1999). "Unifying Genericity: Combining the Benefits of Virtual Types and Parameterized Classes". Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP '99). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1628. Springer. pp. 186–204. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.91.9795. doi:10.1007/3-540-48743-3_9. ISBN 3-540-48743-3. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Tate, Ross; Leung, Alan; Lerner, Sorin (2011). "Taming wildcards in Java's type system". Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation (PLDI '11). pp. 614–627. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.739.5439. ISBN 9781450306638. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

scala-lang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Odersky, Marin; Spoon, Lex (September 7, 2010). "The Scala 2.8 Collections API". Retrieved 16 August 2016.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Castagna, Giuseppe (May 1995). "Covariance and contravariance: conflict without a cause". ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. 17 (3): 431–447. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.5992. doi:10.1145/203095.203096. S2CID 15402223. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Bloch, Joshua (November 2007). "The Closures Controversy [video]". Presentation at Javapolis'07. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

Type variance (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

artima.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125th place; English: 1,347th place)

cs.cmu.edu

cornell.edu (Global: 308th place; English: 253rd place)

cs.cornell.edu

dartlang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

drdobbs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ecma-international.org (Global: low place; English: 8,859th place)

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783rd place; English: 3,769th place)

lampwww.epfl.ch

ethz.ch (Global: 2,203rd place; English: 1,928th place)

se.ethz.ch

lucacardelli.name (Global: low place; English: low place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

msdn.microsoft.com

devblogs.microsoft.com

msdn.com (Global: 4,626th place; English: 3,858th place)

blogs.msdn.com

oracle.com (Global: 2,532nd place; English: 1,847th place)

docs.oracle.com

parleys.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

scala-lang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125^th place; English: 1,347^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ecma-international.org (Global: low place; English: 8,859^th place)

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783^rd place; English: 3,769^th place)

ethz.ch (Global: 2,203^rd place; English: 1,928^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

msdn.com (Global: 4,626^th place; English: 3,858^th place)

oracle.com (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 1,847^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)