U.S. Route 31 in Michigan (English Wikipedia)

Lersten, Andrew (September 5, 2013). "Don't Hold Your Breath". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Kloosterman, Stephen (December 8, 2011). "Get Your Kicks ... on the West Michigan Pike". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Michigan State Housing Development Authority. "US 31 (Old)–Pentwater River Bridge". Historic Sites Online. Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.

books.google.com

"Mileage of Dixie Highway in Michigan". Michigan Roads and Forests. Vol. 19, no. 7. June 1, 1921. p. 7. OCLC 10093020 – via Google Books.
"Michigan Leads in Dixie Highway Improvement". Michigan Roads and Forests. Vol. 19, no. 18. June 8, 1922. p. 5. OCLC 10093020 – via Google Books.
Michigan Legislature (1915) [enacted May 13, 1913]. "Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways". In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P. & Broomfield, Archibald (eds.). The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan. Vol. 1. Lansing, Michigan: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp. 1868–72. OCLC 44724558 – via Google Books.
Greenberg, Joel (2004). A Natural History of the Chicago Region. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 302–3. ISBN 978-0-226-30649-0. OCLC 48803715 – via Google Books.

chicagotribune.com

"Bridge OK Could Save a Butterfly". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder. April 24, 1994. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.

dot.gov

fhwa.dot.gov

Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderley, Kevin (June 26, 2013). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2013.

fox17online.com

Westaby, Robb (September 28, 2020). "After Nearly 20 Years, US 31 Freeway Will Get Connected to I-94". Grand Rapids, Michigan: WXMI-TV. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
Brenzing, Bob & Cunningham, Darren (October 30, 2015). "M-231 Is Now Open for Traffic". Grand Rapids, Michigan: WXMI-TV. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

grandhaventribune.com

Council, Elizabeth (November 9, 2006). "MDOT Unveils Early Plans for M-231, the New US 31 Bypass". Grand Haven Tribune. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2006.

heraldpalladium.com

Aiken, Scott (October 20, 2013). "When, Oh When, Will 31 Be Done? MDOT Says Linking the Freeway to I-94 East of Benton Harbor Is Years Away". The Herald-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
Lersten, Andrew (September 5, 2013). "Don't Hold Your Breath". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Matuzak, John (July 6, 2016). "Back from the Dead". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Swidwa, Julie (November 5, 2022). "Final Leg of US 31 Freeway in Berrien County to Open Next Week". The Herald Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved November 9, 2022.

hollandsentinel.com

Kloosterman, Stephen (December 8, 2011). "Get Your Kicks ... on the West Michigan Pike". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

maps.google.com

"Overview Map of US 31 in Michigan" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved February 2, 2023.

measuringworth.com

Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.

michigan.gov

Michigan Department of Transportation (2023). Michigan: Official 2023 Michigan Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ E10–N7.
Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
State of Michigan. "SS City of Milwaukee (Car Ferry)". Michigan Places. State of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
Martin, Julie A. (August 27, 2003). "US 31 in Berrien County Opens Today!" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 1.0 Summary of the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement for the US 31 Freeway in Berrien County" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 1‑1. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 4.0 Affected Environment" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 4‑1, 4‑8. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 3.0 Alternatives Considered" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94 (Report). Michigan Department of Transportation. Figure 3.1, p. 3‑3. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. p. iii. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Project Planning Division (2010). US 31 Holland to Grand Haven Final Environmental Impact Study (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 1‑12–1‑13. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Richard, John (January 4, 2013). "Work Progresses on the New M-231 Route in Ottawa County" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Grand Region (2006). "2007–2011 Five-Year Transportation Program: Expanding the System" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 124–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
Michigan Department of Transportation. "Historic Bridges". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Michigan Department of Transportation. "US 31–Island Lake Outlet". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Michigan Department of Transportation. "US 31–Pentwater River". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.

michiganhighways.org

Ingraham, Lesa (August 5, 2004). "Council Hopes Local Control Will Improve Streets" (PDF). Holland Sentinel. Retrieved November 16, 2013 – via Michigan Highways.

michiganhistorymagazine.com

Shawver, Tom (July–August 2000). "The Inside Story: The Ford Freeway Funnies" (PDF). Michigan History. Vol. 86, no. 4. Lansing: Michigan Department of State. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0026-2196. OCLC 220951644. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2012.

michiganology.org

Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 15, 1936). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ F9, D10. OCLC 12701143, 317396365. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 15, 1937). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ D10, I7, L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1937). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ I7, L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ N7–N8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § D10. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1948). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E9. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1951). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1954). Michigan Water Wonderland: Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E10. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
Michigan State Highway Department (1960). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E10, N7, K8. OCLC 12701120, 81552576. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1960)
Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K7–L8, M7. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M7–L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § K8. OCLC 12701120, 81213707. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1974). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § L8. OCLC 12701177, 83138602. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1975). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ J8, L8. OCLC 12701177, 320798754. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1976). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1979). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ J8, N7. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1981). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177, 606211521. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1987). Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § N7. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1988). Yes Michigan: Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § N7. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1989). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1990). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1991). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1992). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335, 318947496. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.

mlive.com

Haroldson, Tom (September 4, 2013). "MDOT Officials Concerned Funding Issues Can Delay, Kill Needed Projects". Kalamazoo Gazette. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Reimink, Troy (September 19, 2012). "Long-Awaited Bridge Work Begins yet this Year on M-231 near Grand Haven". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.

blog.mlive.com

Lupo, Lee (May 5, 2008). "Return of the Pike". The Muskegon Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
"Will Old US 31 Become a Michigan Heritage Route?". The Muskegon Chronicle. Chronicle News Service. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

mlui.org

Thayer, Kelly & Smith, Ken (August 24, 2001). "Citizens Defeat the Traverse City Bypass: Institute and Partners Plan August 25 Celebration on VASA Trail" (Press release). Michigan Land Use Institute. Retrieved April 2, 2016.

news.google.com

"Michigan to Open 35 More Miles of Freeway". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. November 8, 1960. p. 19. OCLC 12962717 – via Google News.
"Michigan Butterfly Snarls US 31 Traffic". Science Notebook. Milwaukee Journal. March 14, 1993. p. J2. ISSN 1052-4452. OCLC 298956108 – via Google News.

newspapers.com

"Route 31 to Become Route 33". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. November 5, 1960. §2, p. 17. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
"New Numbers Seen for Road". The Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. October 23, 1963. p. 4. ISSN 1050-4044. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved April 12, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
Mackie, John C. (December 26, 1963). "John Mackie Lists Many Achievements During 1963". The Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. p. 22. ISSN 1050-4044. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved May 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Ford Will Miss I-196 Dedication". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 10. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 12, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
Aiken, Scott (August 24, 2003). "Better Late than Never: US 31 Freeway Finally Reaches Twin Cities". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. pp. 1A, 6A. OCLC 34793533. Retrieved July 13, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.

southbendtribune.com

Swiercz, Greg (December 6, 2018). "Funding Secured to Complete US 31 Connection to I-94 in Berrien County". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved December 7, 2018.

state.mi.us

mdotgis.state.mi.us

Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.

mdotcf.state.mi.us

Michigan Department of Transportation. "Fascinating Facts about the Grand Haven Bascule Bridge" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.

mcgi.state.mi.us

Michigan State Housing Development Authority. "US 31 (Old)–Pentwater River Bridge". Historic Sites Online. Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.

stignacenews.com

Ayala, Michael (July 8, 2010). "Dixie Highway Monument Will Soon Be Rebuilt". The St. Ignace News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.

web.archive.org

Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
Ayala, Michael (July 8, 2010). "Dixie Highway Monument Will Soon Be Rebuilt". The St. Ignace News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Shawver, Tom (July–August 2000). "The Inside Story: The Ford Freeway Funnies" (PDF). Michigan History. Vol. 86, no. 4. Lansing: Michigan Department of State. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0026-2196. OCLC 220951644. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Martin, Julie A. (August 27, 2003). "US 31 in Berrien County Opens Today!" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Aiken, Scott (October 20, 2013). "When, Oh When, Will 31 Be Done? MDOT Says Linking the Freeway to I-94 East of Benton Harbor Is Years Away". The Herald-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
"Bridge OK Could Save a Butterfly". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder. April 24, 1994. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Haroldson, Tom (September 4, 2013). "MDOT Officials Concerned Funding Issues Can Delay, Kill Needed Projects". Kalamazoo Gazette. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Council, Elizabeth (November 9, 2006). "MDOT Unveils Early Plans for M-231, the New US 31 Bypass". Grand Haven Tribune. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
Reimink, Troy (September 19, 2012). "Long-Awaited Bridge Work Begins yet this Year on M-231 near Grand Haven". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Richard, John (January 4, 2013). "Work Progresses on the New M-231 Route in Ottawa County" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Grand Region (2006). "2007–2011 Five-Year Transportation Program: Expanding the System" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 124–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
Brenzing, Bob & Cunningham, Darren (October 30, 2015). "M-231 Is Now Open for Traffic". Grand Rapids, Michigan: WXMI-TV. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
Lupo, Lee (May 5, 2008). "Return of the Pike". The Muskegon Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
"Will Old US 31 Become a Michigan Heritage Route?". The Muskegon Chronicle. Chronicle News Service. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Witt, Jeremy (July 22, 2016). "State's Newest Michigan Byway to be Designated on Monday". West Michigan Tourist Association. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.

wikimedia.org

commons.wikimedia.org

Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27. OCLC 8169232. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Wikisource.
Kulsea & Shawver (1980), pp. 30–31.
Kulsea & Shawver (1980), p. 22.

wmta.org

Witt, Jeremy (July 22, 2016). "State's Newest Michigan Byway to be Designated on Monday". West Michigan Tourist Association. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016.

wndu.com

Springgate, Jack (November 9, 2022). "New US 31 Route Opens to Warm Receptions". 16 News Now. South Bend, Indiana: WNDU-TV. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

McNichol, Dan (2006). The Roads that Built America. New York: Sterling. p. 74. ISBN 1-4027-3468-9. OCLC 63377558.
Rand McNally (2013). "Michigan" (Map). The Road Atlas (2013 Walmart ed.). 1:1,267,200. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 50–51. §§ G8–T4. ISBN 0-528-00626-6. OCLC 773666955.
Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways". Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review. Vol. 39, no. 54. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Bureau of Alumni Relations. pp. 59–73. OCLC 698029175.
Mason, Philip P. (1959). Michigan Highways From Indian Trails to Expressways. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield. p. 18. OCLC 23314983.
Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, Michigan: The Priscilla Press. p. 237. ISBN 1-886167-24-9. OCLC 57425393.
"Mileage of Dixie Highway in Michigan". Michigan Roads and Forests. Vol. 19, no. 7. June 1, 1921. p. 7. OCLC 10093020 – via Google Books.
"Michigan Leads in Dixie Highway Improvement". Michigan Roads and Forests. Vol. 19, no. 18. June 8, 1922. p. 5. OCLC 10093020 – via Google Books.
Michigan Legislature (1915) [enacted May 13, 1913]. "Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways". In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P. & Broomfield, Archibald (eds.). The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan. Vol. 1. Lansing, Michigan: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp. 1868–72. OCLC 44724558 – via Google Books.
Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27. OCLC 8169232. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Wikisource.
"Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System". The Grand Rapids Press. September 20, 1919. p. 10. OCLC 9975013.
Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1936). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § F9. OCLC 12701143.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 15, 1937). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ D10, I7, L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1937). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ I7, L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ N7–N8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § D10. OCLC 12701143.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § D10. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1940). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Muskegon inset. OCLC 12701143.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1942). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M8. OCLC 12701143.
Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1945). Official Highway Map of Michigan (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M8. OCLC 554645076.
Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1948). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E9. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1949). Michigan Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E9. OCLC 12701120.
Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1950). Michigan Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120.
Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1951). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1954). Michigan Water Wonderland: Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1954). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120.
"Michigan to Open 35 More Miles of Freeway". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. November 8, 1960. p. 19. OCLC 12962717 – via Google News.
"Route 31 to Become Route 33". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. November 5, 1960. §2, p. 17. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M7–L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
"Would Shift Route Number: Mackie Seeks Int. 96 Designation for Grand Rapids–Muskegon Stretch". The Grand Rapids Press. May 1, 1963. p. 32. OCLC 9975013.
"New Numbers Seen for Road". The Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. October 23, 1963. p. 4. ISSN 1050-4044. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved April 12, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
Mackie, John C. (December 26, 1963). "John Mackie Lists Many Achievements During 1963". The Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. p. 22. ISSN 1050-4044. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved May 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Ford Will Miss I-196 Dedication". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 10. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 12, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1976). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1977). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177.
Shawver, Tom (July–August 2000). "The Inside Story: The Ford Freeway Funnies" (PDF). Michigan History. Vol. 86, no. 4. Lansing: Michigan Department of State. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0026-2196. OCLC 220951644. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1978). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1979). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ J8, N7. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1987). Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § N7. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1988). Yes Michigan: Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § N7. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1989). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1990). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1991). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
"Michigan Butterfly Snarls US 31 Traffic". Science Notebook. Milwaukee Journal. March 14, 1993. p. J2. ISSN 1052-4452. OCLC 298956108 – via Google News.
Aiken, Scott (August 24, 2003). "Better Late than Never: US 31 Freeway Finally Reaches Twin Cities". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. pp. 1A, 6A. OCLC 34793533. Retrieved July 13, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
Greenberg, Joel (2004). A Natural History of the Chicago Region. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 302–3. ISBN 978-0-226-30649-0. OCLC 48803715 – via Google Books.
Reimink, Troy (September 19, 2012). "Long-Awaited Bridge Work Begins yet this Year on M-231 near Grand Haven". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Davis, R. Matt (May 1, 1986). "Signs to Mark Lake Circle Tour". The Daily Mining Gazette. Houghton, Michigan. p. 16. OCLC 9940134.
Hyde, Charles K. (1993). Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-8143-2448-7. OCLC 27011079. Retrieved September 7, 2019 – via Archive.org.

worldcat.org

Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1927). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (January 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Musekgon inset. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (July 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Musekgon inset. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 15, 1936). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ F9, D10. OCLC 12701143, 317396365. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E10. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
Michigan State Highway Department (1960). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E10, N7, K8. OCLC 12701120, 81552576. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1960)
Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K7–L8, M7. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § K8. OCLC 12701120, 81213707. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1974). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § L8. OCLC 12701177, 83138602. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1975). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ J8, L8. OCLC 12701177, 320798754. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1980). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ J8, N7. OCLC 12701177, 606211521.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1981). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177, 606211521. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (1992). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335, 318947496. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
Michigan Department of Transportation (2005). Michigan, One Hundred Years of Michigan Transportation: Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § L8. OCLC 42778335, 71041619.