Umar (English Wikipedia)

Pellat 2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.

britannica.com

"Umar I | Muslim caliph". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

doi.org

Imbert, Frédéric (2019). "Espaces de liberté et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du début de l'islam". Savants, amants, poètes et fous : Séances offertes à Katia Zakharia. Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161–174. doi:10.4000/books.ifpo.13413. ISBN 9782351595503. S2CID 213324606.

history-science-technology.com

"History Of Science And Technology In Islam". History-science-technology.com. Retrieved 29 January 2019.

iis.ac.uk

Dr Paul E Walker. "Institute of Ismaili Studies". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

iranicaonline.org

Pellat (2011). Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Pellat 2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
Pellat 2011. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Pellat 2011; cf. Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 64. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press.
Other sources speak of three dirhams a month; see Pellat 2011. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Pellat 2011; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000. As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a kharāj tax on his master al-Mughira. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7.
Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000; Pellat 2011. Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000; Pellat 2011. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.

islamansiklopedisi.org.tr

Fayda & Koçak 2007, p. 46. Fayda, Mustafa; Koçak, Muhşin (2007). ÖMER b. el-Hattâb – An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 34. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 44–53. ISBN 978-97-53-89456-2.

jewishvirtuallibrary.org

"Umar ibn al-Khattab". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

lscollege.ac.in

"Life and Works of 2nd Caliph Umar Al Khattab" (PDF). Langat Singh College, MUZAFFARPUR, India.

macmillan.com

us.macmillan.com

"Wilfred Madelung". macmillan.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

openedition.org

books.openedition.org

Imbert, Frédéric (2019). "Espaces de liberté et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du début de l'islam". Savants, amants, poètes et fous : Séances offertes à Katia Zakharia. Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161–174. doi:10.4000/books.ifpo.13413. ISBN 9782351595503. S2CID 213324606.

scribd.com

"Madinah Peace Treaty" – via Scribd.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Imbert, Frédéric (2019). "Espaces de liberté et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du début de l'islam". Savants, amants, poètes et fous : Séances offertes à Katia Zakharia. Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161–174. doi:10.4000/books.ifpo.13413. ISBN 9782351595503. S2CID 213324606.

shayeaat.ir

"شایعات – کلیپ رد هجوم به منزل حضرت زهرا(س)، توسط آیت الله سید حسین فضل الله ! / شایعه 0717". shayeaat.ir. 11 March 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

sunnah.com

web.archive.org

Dr Paul E Walker. "Institute of Ismaili Studies". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
"Wilfred Madelung". macmillan.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

worldatlas.com

"Shia Islam's Holiest Sites". 25 April 2017.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Al-Fasi, D. (1936). Solomon L. Skoss (ed.). The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, Known as 'Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ' (Agron) (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. xxxix – xl (Introduction). OCLC 745093227.
Pellat 2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. Pellat, Charles (2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0. Cf. El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. See also Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, p. 216. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680.
Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press.

yaqeeninstitute.org

"Omar Ibn Al Khattab (ra) - The Convert Who Changed The World | The Firsts". Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved 15 November 2024.