Umar (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Umar" in English language version.

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  • Album, Stephen; Bates, Michael L.; Floor, Willem (30 December 2012) [15 December 1992]. "COINS AND COINAGE". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VI/1. New York: Columbia University. pp. 14–41. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_7783. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2022. As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian emperors, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins. [...] In the year 79/698 reformed Islamic dirhams with inscriptions and no images replaced the Sasanian types at nearly all mints. During this transitional period in the 690s specifically Muslim inscriptions appeared on the coins for the first time; previously Allāh (God) had been mentioned but not the prophet Moḥammad, and there had been no reference to any Islamic doctrines. Owing to civil unrest (e.g., the revolt of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Ašʿaṯ, q.v., against Ḥajjāj in 81/701), coins of Sasanian type continued to be issued at certain mints in Fārs, Kermān, and Sīstān, but by 84/703 these mints had either been closed down or converted to production of the new dirhams. The latest known Arab-Sasanian coin, an extraordinary issue, is dated 85/704-05, though some mints in the east, still outside Muslim control, continued producing imitation Arab-Sasanian types for perhaps another century.
  • Dr Paul E Walker. "Institute of Ismaili Studies". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  • "Wilfred Madelung". us.macmillan.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  • "شایعات – کلیپ رد هجوم به منزل حضرت زهرا(س)، توسط آیت الله سید حسین فضل الله ! / شایعه 0717". shayeaat.ir. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.

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