References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Umbanda" in the English version

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Brown & Bick 1987, p. 74; Hayes 2007, p. 307; Capone 2010, p. 103; Engler 2012, p. 16. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Hayes, Kelly E. (2007). "Black Magic and the Academy: Macumba and Afro-Brazilian "Orthodoxies"". History of Religions. 46 (4): 283–31. doi:10.1086/518811. JSTOR 10.1086/518811. Capone, Stefania (2010). Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4636-4. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Brown 1986, pp. 1, 191; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 79; Engler 2009, p. 555; Engler 2020, p. 23. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Hale 2009, p. xiv; Engler 2012, p. 16. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Brown 1986, p. 1; Engler 2012, p. 18. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Engler 2009, p. 560; Brown 1986, p. 1. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6.

Engler 2009, p. 560; Hale 2009, p. 156. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Engler 2009, p. 557. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084.

Engler 2012, p. 20. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Engler 2012, p. 16; Engler 2020, p. 8. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2012, p. 16. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Engler 2009, p. 561. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084.

Brown 1986, pp. 103, 235; Hale 2009, p. 45; Engler 2012, p. 18. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Hayes 2007, p. 307; Capone 2010, p. 103; Engler 2012, p. 16. Hayes, Kelly E. (2007). "Black Magic and the Academy: Macumba and Afro-Brazilian "Orthodoxies"". History of Religions. 46 (4): 283–31. doi:10.1086/518811. JSTOR 10.1086/518811. Capone, Stefania (2010). Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4636-4. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Engler 2012, p. 17. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Capone 2010, pp. 105–106; Engler 2012, p. 19. Capone, Stefania (2010). Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4636-4. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Engler 2012, pp. 19–20. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Brown 1986, pp. 220–221; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 81; Engler 2009, p. 563. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084.

Engler 2009, p. 556; Engler 2012, p. 19. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Brown & Bick 1987, p. 73; Hale 2009, p. 37; Engler 2012, p. 14. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Engler 2009, p. 563; Dawson 2012, p. 61; Engler 2020, p. 25. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084. Dawson, Andrew (2012). "Spirit Possession in a New Religious Context: The Umbandization of Santo Daime". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 60–84. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.60. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.60. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2009, p. 563; Engler 2020, p. 25. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

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Brown 1986, p. 1; Hale 2009, p. x; Engler 2020, p. 2. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2020, p. 2. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Brown 1986, p. 1; Engler 2020, pp. 8–9. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2020, pp. 22, 25. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Brown & Bick 1987, p. 77; Engler 2020, p. 25. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2020, p. 8. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Brown 1986, p. 37; Hale 2009, p. xv; Engler 2020, p. 21. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Brown 1986, p. 37; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 77. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Gidal 2013, p. 233. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Hale 2009, p. 55; Engler 2020, p. 6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Brown & Bick 1987, p. 79; Hale 2009, p. ix. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Brown 1986, p. 6; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 77. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Hayes 2007, p. 286. Hayes, Kelly E. (2007). "Black Magic and the Academy: Macumba and Afro-Brazilian "Orthodoxies"". History of Religions. 46 (4): 283–31. doi:10.1086/518811. JSTOR 10.1086/518811.

Hess 1992, pp. 138–139. Hess, David J. (1992). "Umbanda and Quimbanda Magic in Brazil: Rethinking Aspects of Bastide's Work". Archives de sciences sociales des religions (79): 135–153. doi:10.3406/assr.1992.1552.

Hess 1992, p. 136. Hess, David J. (1992). "Umbanda and Quimbanda Magic in Brazil: Rethinking Aspects of Bastide's Work". Archives de sciences sociales des religions (79): 135–153. doi:10.3406/assr.1992.1552.

Brown 1986, pp. 43, 50; Hale 2009, pp. 64–65; Engler 2020, p. 12. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Dann 1979, p. 209. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 209; Hale 2009, p. 112. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Dann 1979, p. 210. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Brown & Bick 1987, p. 77. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Engler 2020, p. 21. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Hale 2009, p. 125; Engler 2020, p. 21. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Dann 1979, p. 209; Hale 2009, p. 115. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Dann 1979, p. 210; Hale 2009, p. 116. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Dann 1979, p. 209; Brown 1986, p. 55; Hale 2009, p. 113. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Engler 2009, p. 557. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084.

Brown 1986, p. 64; Engler 2020, p. 8. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Dann 1979, p. 211. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Engler 2012, p. 20. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Dann 1979, p. 211; Brown 1986, p. 65; Hale 2009, p. 7. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Brown 1986, p. 74; Gidal 2013, p. 238. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Gidal 2013, p. 242. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Dann 1979, p. 212. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Engler 2012, p. 16. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Dann 1979, p. 209; Hale 2009, p. 16. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Dann 1979, p. 212; Brown 1986, pp. 44, 84; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 79; Hale 2009, pp. 10, 45. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Brown 1986, p. 21; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 79; Gidal 2013, p. 237. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Engler 2009, p. 561. Engler, Steven (2009). "Umbanda and Hybridity". Numen. 56 (5): 545–577. doi:10.1163/002959709X12469430260084.

Dann 1979, p. 216. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Brown 1986, p. 3; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 77. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Dann 1979, p. 215; Brown 1986, pp. 3, 79, 89. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6.

Engler 2020, p. 18. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Dann 1979, p. 215. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 216; Hale 2009, p. 45. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Brown 1986, p. 196; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 78; Hale 2009, p. 76. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Brown 1986, p. 100; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 78. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Dann 1979, p. 217. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 217; Brown 1986, p. 64; Gidal 2013, p. 239. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Gidal 2013, p. 239. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Brown 1986, p. 73; Gidal 2013, p. 239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Brown 1986, p. 81; Gidal 2013, p. 239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Brown 1986, p. 65; Hale 2009, p. 141; Gidal 2013, p. 239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Hale 2009, p. 158; Engler 2020, p. 20. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Gidal 2013, p. 235. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Dann 1979, p. 211; Brown 1986, p. 104; Hale 2009, p. 129. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Brown 1986, p. 89; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 79. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Engler 2020, p. 23. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2012, p. 17. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Brown 1986, p. 39; Engler 2020, p. 12. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Brown 1986, pp. 41–42, 148; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 80. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Gidal 2013, p. 248. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Brown 1986, pp. 163–164; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 83; Capone 2010, p. 105. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Capone, Stefania (2010). Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4636-4.

Brown 1986, pp. 3, 164; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 80; Capone 2010, p. 105. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050. Capone, Stefania (2010). Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4636-4.

Engler 2020, p. 16. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

Engler 2012, pp. 19–20. Engler, Steven (2012). "Umbanda and Africa". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. doi:10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13.

Dann 1979, p. 208. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Brown 1986, pp. 2–3; Brown & Bick 1987, p. 74. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). "Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda". American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. doi:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050.

Brown 1986, p. 21; Gidal 2013, p. 244. Brown, Diana DeG. (1986). Umbanda: Religion and Politics in Urban Brazil. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1556-6. Gidal, Marc Meistrich (2013). "Musical and Spiritual Innovation, Participation and Control in Brazil's Umbanda and Quimbanda Religions". Ethnomusicology Forum. 22 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1080/17411912.2013.812458. S2CID 145470978.

Engler 2020, p. 9. Engler, Steven (2020). "Umbanda: Africana or Esoteric?". Open Library of Humanities. 6 (1): 1–36. doi:10.16995/olh.469.

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"Diversidade Sexual e Umbanda". domtotal.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 1 December 2022.

jstor.org

Dann 1979, p. 209. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 210. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 211. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Pinto 1991, p. 76. Pinto, Tiago de Oliveira (1991). ""Making Ritual Drama:" Dance, Music, and Representation in Brazilian "Candomblé" and "Umbanda"". The World of Music. 33 (1): 70–88. JSTOR 43562778.

Pinto 1991, pp. 82–84; Hale 2009, p. 8. Pinto, Tiago de Oliveira (1991). ""Making Ritual Drama:" Dance, Music, and Representation in Brazilian "Candomblé" and "Umbanda"". The World of Music. 33 (1): 70–88. JSTOR 43562778. Hale, Lindsay (2009). Hearing the Mermaid's Song: The Umbanda Religion in Rio De Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4733-6.

Dann 1979, p. 212. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 216. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 215. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 217. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

Dann 1979, p. 208. Dann, Graham M. S. (1979). "Religion and Cultural Identity: The Case of Umbanda". Sociological Analysis. 40 (3): 208–225. doi:10.2307/3710239. JSTOR 3710239.

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Umbanda (English Wikipedia)