Unethical human experimentation in the United States (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Unethical human experimentation in the United States" in English language version.

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Church Committee; p. 390 "MKULTRA was approved by the DCI [Director of Central Intelligence] on April 13, 1953"

abcnews.com

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Brian Ross (May 23, 2007). "Test of Controversial Artificial Blood Product a Failure". ABC News, "The Blotter".

ahrp.org

"Theory improved treatment and understanding of stuttering:" Ethics concerns led researchers to conceal the experiment Decades later, the experiment's victims struggle to make sense of their past Archived July 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Jim Dyer, San Jose Mercury News, Monday, June 11, 2001 (Retrieved February 17, 2010)

annals.org

Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War, Annals of Internal Medicine, American College of Physicians, July 15, 1995, vol. 123 no. 2 159

apa.org

"Statement of APA Board of Directors: Outside Counsel to Conduct Independent Review of Allegations of Support for Torture". American Psychological Association. November 12, 2014.

archive.org

[2], Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, 1985
Welsome, Eileen (1999). The Plutonium Files:America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War. Dial Press. ISBN 978-0-385-31402-2. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Eileen Welsome (1999). The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War. New York: Dial Press. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-385-31402-2.
Exposure of the American people to Iodine-131 from Nevada nuclear-bomb tests: review of the National Cancer Institute report and public health implications. National Academies Press. 1999. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-309-06175-9. – deaths taken from 90% survival rate, applied to # of cases
Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey St. Clair (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. New York: Verso. pp. 157–159. ISBN 978-1-85984-258-4. heller oregon testicles.
Naomi Klein (2007). "1". The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7983-8.
"Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate: together with additional, supplemental, and separate views". 1976. Retrieved December 16, 2012.

baltimorechronicle.com

Cherbonnier, Alice (October 1, 1997) "Nasal Radium Irradiation of Children Has Health Fallout", Baltimore Chronicle and Sentinel (Retrieved February 19, 2010)

baltimoresun.com

Ex-sergeant compensated for LSD experiments Tests by Army, CIA done at Edgewood, March 7, 1996, Baltimore Sun

bbc.co.uk

"US sorry over deliberate sex infections in Guatemala". BBC News. October 1, 2010.

bmj.com

Meyerowitz-Katz, Gideon; Wieten, Sarah; Arellano, María de Jesús Medina; Yamey, Gavin (April 14, 2022). "Unethical studies of ivermectin for covid-19". BMJ. 377: o917. doi:10.1136/bmj.o917. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 35422425.

books.google.com

Lederer, 1997: pp. 7–8
Grodin & Glantz, 1994: pp. 7–11
Hornblum, 1998: p. 79
Lederer, 1997: p. 3
Shamoo & Resnick, 2009: pp. 238–239
Cina & Perper, 2010: p. 89
Hornblum, 1998: pp. 76–77
Roger Cooter (1992). In the Name of the Child. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-203-41223-7.
Halpern, 2006: p. 199
Grodin & Glantz, 1994: p. 14
Brody, 1998: p. 120
Cina & Perper, 2010: p. 94
George Annas & Michael Grodin, 1995: p. 267
Hornblum, 1999: p. 76
Rothman, 1992: p.36
Moreno, 2001: pp. 233–234
Blum, William (2006). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. Zed Books. pp. 147–149. ISBN 978-1-84277-827-2.
Howard Gordon Wilshire; Jane E. Nielson; Richard W. Hazlett (2008). The American West at Risk: Science, Myths, and Politics of Land Abuse and Recovery. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-514205-1.
Cole, 1996: p. 17
Melnick, Alan L. (2008). Biological, Chemical, and Radiological Terrorism: Emergency Preparedness and Response for the Primary Care Physician. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-47231-7.
Hornblum, 1998: p. 91
Frederick Adolf Paola; Robert Walker; Lois Lacivita Nixon, eds. (2009). Medical Ethics and Humanities. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-7637-6063-2.
Offit, Paul A. (2007). The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-300-12605-1.
Blum, William (2006). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. Zed Books. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-1-84277-827-2.
Michael Parenti, The Sword and the Dollar: Imperialism, Revolution, and the Arms Race, St. Martins Press, 1989, pp.74–81, Excerpt available online at:[1] (Retrieved February 18, 2010)
Loue, 2000: pp. 26–29
Blum, William (2006). Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower. Zed Books. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-1-84277-827-2.
Moreno, 2001: p. 234
Cina & Perper, 2010: p. 95
Wheelis, Mark; Rózsa, Lajos; Dando, Malcolm (2006). Deadly cultures: biological weapons since 1945. Harvard University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-674-01699-6.
Loue, 2000: pp. 19–23
Moreno, 2001: p. 132
LeBaron, Wayne D. (1998). America's nuclear legacy. Nova Publishers. pp. 109–111. ISBN 978-1-56072-556-5.
LeBaron, Wayne D. (1998). America's nuclear legacy. Nova Publishers. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-1-56072-556-5.
Eckart, 2006: p. 263
Danielle Gordon (January 1996). "The Verdict: No harm, no foul". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 52 (1): 32–40. Bibcode:1996BuAtS..52a..32G. doi:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456587.
Stewart A. Farber (March 12, 1996). "Nasal Radium Irradiation: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, Bad Ethics". Testimony to U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs (ACHRE hearings). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7881-4869-9.
LeBaron, Wayne D. (1998). America's nuclear legacy. Nova Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-56072-556-5.
LeBaron, Wayne D. (1998). America's nuclear legacy. Nova Publishers. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-56072-556-5.
Moreno, 2001: pp. 40–43
Freeman, Karen (December 1991). "The Unfought Chemical War". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 47 (10): 30–39. Bibcode:1991BuAtS..47j..30F. doi:10.1080/00963402.1991.11460053.
Pechura, Constance M.; Rall, David P., eds. (1993). Veterans at Risk: the health effects of mustard gas and Lewisite. National Academies Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-309-04832-3.
Cina & Perper, 2010: p. 96
Mangold, Tom; Goldberg, Jeff (2000). Plague wars: a true story of biological warfare. Macmillan. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-312-20353-5.
Pechura, Constance M. and Rall, David P. Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite, (Google Books), U.S. Institute of Medicine: Committee to Survey the Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite, National Academies Press, 1993, p. 379–80, (ISBN 0-309-04832-X)
Moreno, Jonathan D. Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans, (Google Books), Routledge, 2001, pp. 179–80, (ISBN 0-415-92835-4)
Hornblum, 1998: p. 216
Cina & Perper, 2010: pp. 92–93
Harriet A. Washington, 2006: Medical Apartheid (pp. 249–262)
Hornblum, 1998: p. 320
Otterman, 2007: p. 23
Otterman, 2007: pp. 21–22
John S. Friedman, ed. (2005). The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths that Challenged the Past and Changed the World. Macmillan. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-312-42517-3.
Cole, 1996: pp. 31–32
McCoy, 2006: pp. 28–30
Goliszek, 2003: p. 155
Otterman, 2007: pp. 24–25
Otterman, 2007: pp. 45–47
Naomi Klein (2007). "1". The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7983-8.
Otterman, 2007: p. 27
McCoy, 2006: pp. 50–53
Mohr, Clarence L.; Joseph E. Gordon (2001). Tulane: the emergence of a modern university, 1945–1980. LSU Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8071-2553-3.
Dischereit, Gabriel (March 2014). The Stanford Prison Experiment: A Psychological Experiment about the Exploration of Human Behavior Under Imprisonment. Bod Third Party Titles. ISBN 978-3-656-61393-0.
Loue, 2000: p. 30
Washington, 2008: pp. 60–63
Savitt, Todd Lee (2002). Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia. University of Illinois Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-252-00874-0.
Shamoo & Resnick, 2009: p. 239
Cina & Perper, 2010: p. 92
Levine, Robert J. "Ethics and regulation of clinical research, 2nd ed". Yale University Press, 1986, p.71-72. ISBN 0-8067-1112-4
Henry N. Pontell; Gilbert Geis, eds. (2007). International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime. Springer. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-387-34110-1.

cbc.ca

"U.S. sorry for Guatemala syphilis experiment". CBC News. October 1, 2010.

cbslocal.com

baltimore.cbslocal.com

"Johns Hopkins Univ. Faces $1 Billion Lawsuit Over STD Study". CBS Baltimore. April 1, 2015.

cbsnews.com

Rebecca Leung. "A Dark Chapter In Medical History". CBS News, February 11, 2009.
"America's Deep, Dark Secret". CBS News. April 29, 2004. Retrieved February 18, 2010.

cdc.gov

"Tuskegee Study – Timeline". NCHHSTP. CDC. June 25, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
"Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation (NRI): Home | CDC RSB". www.cdc.gov. February 11, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2024.

defense.gov

archive.defense.gov

"Report on Search for Human Radiation Experiment Records" (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. June 1997.

democracynow.org

"How the U.S. Government Exposed Thousands of Americans to Lethal Bacteria to Test Biological Warfare", Democracy Now!, July 13, 2005
"How the U.S. Government Exposed Thousands of Americans to Lethal Bacteria to Test Biological Warfare". Democracynow.org. July 13, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
"Plutonium Files: How the U.S. Secretly Fed Radioactivity to Thousands of Americans", Democracy Now!, May 5, 2004
Experiments in Torture: Medical Group Accuses CIA of Carrying Out Illegal Human Experimentation, Democracy Now!, June 8, 2010
"California Jail to Test Ray Gun on Prisoners". Democracy Now!. August 23, 2010.

doe.gov

eh.doe.gov

"Final report of ACHRE". Eh.doe.gov. Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2012.

doi.org

Miteu, Goshen D. (May 2024). "Ethics in scientific research: a lens into its importance, history, and future". Annals of Medicine & Surgery. 86 (5): 2395–2398. doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000001959. ISSN 2049-0801. PMC 11060189. PMID 38694399.
Meyerowitz-Katz, Gideon; Wieten, Sarah; Arellano, María de Jesús Medina; Yamey, Gavin (April 14, 2022). "Unethical studies of ivermectin for covid-19". BMJ. 377: o917. doi:10.1136/bmj.o917. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 35422425.
Kenny, Stephen C. (July 7, 2007). "'I can do the child no good': Dr Sims and the Enslaved Infants of Montgomery, Alabama". Social History of Medicine. 20 (2): 223–241. doi:10.1093/shm/hkm036. ISSN 1477-4666. PMID 18605326.
Blue Ethan (2009). "The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913–1951". Pacific Historical Review. 78 (2): 210–241. doi:10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210.
Knowles, Frank Crazier (1909). "Molluscum contagiosum: report of an institutional epidemic of fiftynine cases". Journal of the American Medical Association. 53: 671–3. doi:10.1001/jama.1909.92550090002002a.
Black WC (February 1942). "The etiology of acute infectious gingivostomatitis (Vincent's stomatitis)". The Journal of Pediatrics. 20 (2): 145–60. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(42)80125-0.
Danielle Gordon (January 1996). "The Verdict: No harm, no foul". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 52 (1): 32–40. Bibcode:1996BuAtS..52a..32G. doi:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456587.
Freeman, Karen (December 1991). "The Unfought Chemical War". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 47 (10): 30–39. Bibcode:1991BuAtS..47j..30F. doi:10.1080/00963402.1991.11460053.
Baumeister, Alan A. (2000). "The Tulane Electrical Brain Stimulation Program. A historical Case Study in Medical Ethics". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (3): 262–278. doi:10.1076/jhin.9.3.262.1787. PMID 11232368. S2CID 38336466.
Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Gadaleta D, Brenner R, Lesser MS, Kinon B (1984). "Methylphenidate challenge as a predictor of relapse in schizophrenia". Am J Psychiatry. 141 (5): 633–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.5.633. PMID 6143506.
Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Sarantakos S, Gadaleta D, Woerner M, Alvir J, Ramos-Lorenzi J (1987). "Prediction of relapse in schizophrenia". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44 (7): 597–603. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190013002. PMID 2886110.
Robinson D, Mayerhoff D, Alvir J, Cooper T, Lieberman J (1991). "Mood responses of remitted schizophrenics to methylphenidate infusion". Psychopharmacology. 105 (2): 247–52. doi:10.1007/bf02244317. PMID 1796130. S2CID 21625597.
Lieberman JA, Alvir J, Geisler S, Ramos-Lorenzi J, Woerner M, Novacenko H, Cooper T, Kane JM (1994). "Methylphenidate response, psychopathology and tardive dyskinesia as predictors of relapse in schizophrenia". Neuropsychopharmacology. 11 (2): 107–18. doi:10.1038/npp.1994.40. PMID 7840862.
Koreen AR, Lieberman JA, Alvir J, Chakos M (1997). "The behavioral effect of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and methylphenidate in first-episode schizophrenia and normal controls". Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (1): 61–8. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(96)00160-1. PMID 8981389.
Goldzieher JW, Moses LE, Averkin E, Scheel C, Taber BZ (September 1971). "A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover investigation of the side effects attributed to oral contraceptives". Fertil Steril. 22 (9): 609–23. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38469-2. PMID 4105854.
Veatch RM (1971). "Experimental pregnancy: the ethical complexities of experimentation with oral contraceptives". Hastings Cent. Rep. (1): 2–3. doi:10.2307/3561863. JSTOR 3561863. PMID 4137658.

druglibrary.org

APPENDIX C: Documents Referring To Subprojects – 1977 Senate MKULTRA Hearing (Retrieved February 18, 2010)
Marks, John D., Chapter 8, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate
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energy.gov

hss.energy.gov

ACHRE Report:New Ethical Questions for Medical Researchers Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
"In 1949, the AEC undertook Project GABRIEL, a secret effort to study the question of whether the tests could threaten the viability of life on earth. In 1953, Gabriel led to Project Sunshine..."
U.S. Department of Energy, "Report on Project Gabriel", July 1954

ehss.energy.gov

"DOE Openness: Human Radiation Experiments: Roadmap to the Project: Experiments List". Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security (EHSS). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2024.

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Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995). "The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. Radiation Protection and the Human Radiation Experiments (23): 177–223. Retrieved December 6, 2013.

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Conahan, Frank (September 28, 1994). "Human Experimentation An Overview of Cold War Experimentation Programs" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office.

go.com

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Ed Edelson (April 28, 2008). "Experimental Blood Substitutes Unsafe, Study Finds". ABC News.

gwu.edu

Atomic Energy Commission's Declassification Review of Reports on Human Experiments and the Public Relations and Legal Liability Consequences Archived June 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, presented as evidence during the 1994 ACHRE hearings.
"Transcript – February 15, 1995" Archived October 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Eleventh Meeting, February 19–20, 1995 – Washington D.C., Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (Retrieved February 19, 2010) – see testimony of Honicker
Michael Evans. "Science, Technology and the CIA". Gwu.edu. George Washington University. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
Science, Technology, and the CIA, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, Jeffrey T. Richelson, editor, September 10, 2001 (Retrieved February 18, 2010)

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"REPORT ON PROJECT GABRIEL". U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Division of Biology and Medicine. Retrieved September 26, 2013.

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Danielle Gordon (January 1996). "The Verdict: No harm, no foul". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 52 (1): 32–40. Bibcode:1996BuAtS..52a..32G. doi:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456587.
Freeman, Karen (December 1991). "The Unfought Chemical War". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 47 (10): 30–39. Bibcode:1991BuAtS..47j..30F. doi:10.1080/00963402.1991.11460053.

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Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power of the US House Committee on Energy and Commerce (1986), American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on U.S. Citizens: report, Washington, D.C.: US Government Publishing Office (GPO) – via HathiTrust

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"Shady Grove (revised)". Defense Health Agency. United States Department of Defense. December 2003.

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Hornblum Allen M.; Newman Judith Lynn; Dober Gregory J. (2013). Against Their Will: The Secret History of Medical Experimentation on Children in Cold War America. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34171-5.

jstor.org

Blue Ethan (2009). "The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913–1951". Pacific Historical Review. 78 (2): 210–241. doi:10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210.
Veatch RM (1971). "Experimental pregnancy: the ethical complexities of experimentation with oral contraceptives". Hastings Cent. Rep. (1): 2–3. doi:10.2307/3561863. JSTOR 3561863. PMID 4137658.

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"The deadly corruption of clinical trials. One patient's tragic, and telling, story". Mother Jones. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
"The deadly corruption of clinical trials. One patient's tragic, and telling, story".

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Stobbe, Mike (February 27, 2011). "Ugly past of U.S. human experiments uncovered". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2018.

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"J. Marion Sims". Sumter County Whig. March 22, 1854. p. 2. Retrieved June 28, 2024.

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Miteu, Goshen D. (May 2024). "Ethics in scientific research: a lens into its importance, history, and future". Annals of Medicine & Surgery. 86 (5): 2395–2398. doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000001959. ISSN 2049-0801. PMC 11060189. PMID 38694399.
Meyerowitz-Katz, Gideon; Wieten, Sarah; Arellano, María de Jesús Medina; Yamey, Gavin (April 14, 2022). "Unethical studies of ivermectin for covid-19". BMJ. 377: o917. doi:10.1136/bmj.o917. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 35422425.
Kenny, Stephen C. (July 7, 2007). "'I can do the child no good': Dr Sims and the Enslaved Infants of Montgomery, Alabama". Social History of Medicine. 20 (2): 223–241. doi:10.1093/shm/hkm036. ISSN 1477-4666. PMID 18605326.
Baumeister, Alan A. (2000). "The Tulane Electrical Brain Stimulation Program. A historical Case Study in Medical Ethics". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 9 (3): 262–278. doi:10.1076/jhin.9.3.262.1787. PMID 11232368. S2CID 38336466.
Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Gadaleta D, Brenner R, Lesser MS, Kinon B (1984). "Methylphenidate challenge as a predictor of relapse in schizophrenia". Am J Psychiatry. 141 (5): 633–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.5.633. PMID 6143506.
Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Sarantakos S, Gadaleta D, Woerner M, Alvir J, Ramos-Lorenzi J (1987). "Prediction of relapse in schizophrenia". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44 (7): 597–603. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190013002. PMID 2886110.
Jody D, Lieberman JA, Geisler S, Szymanski S, Alvir JM (1990). "Behavioral response to methylphenidate and treatment outcome in first episode schizophrenia". Psychopharmacol Bull. 26 (2): 224–30. PMID 2236460.
Robinson D, Mayerhoff D, Alvir J, Cooper T, Lieberman J (1991). "Mood responses of remitted schizophrenics to methylphenidate infusion". Psychopharmacology. 105 (2): 247–52. doi:10.1007/bf02244317. PMID 1796130. S2CID 21625597.
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See also:
*Related Publications
*Outside Academic Experts Respond to Experiments in Torture
*Complaint to Office of Human Research Protections Regarding Evidence of CIA Violations of Common Rule
*Experiments in Torture (video)

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See also:
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*Outside Academic Experts Respond to Experiments in Torture
*Complaint to Office of Human Research Protections Regarding Evidence of CIA Violations of Common Rule
*Experiments in Torture (video)
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