Upper-atmospheric lightning (English Wikipedia)

Earle R. Williams (November 2001) "Sprites, elves, and glow discharge tubes," Physics Today, 54 (11) : 41–47. Available on-line at: Physics Today Archived May 27, 2012, at archive.today.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; Gérard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J. (2020-10-26). "Possible Transient Luminous Events observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11) e06659. arXiv:2010.13740. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506659G. doi:10.1029/2020JE006659. S2CID 225075904.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

From page 128 of: John Friedman, Out of the Blue: A History of Lightning (New York, New York: Random House, Inc., 2008):
"Dr. Davis Sentman of the University of Alaska, one of the few scientists studying these luminous, ghostlike phenomena [i.e., sprites], named the eerie flashes of colored lights after Shakespeare's mischievous spirits of the air — Ariel in The Tempest and Puck in "A Midsummer Night's Dream."

confex.com (Global: 6,094^th place; English: 4,186^th place)

ams.confex.com

Walter A. Lyons and Michey D. Schmidt (2003). P1.39 The Discovery of Red Sprites as an Opportunity For Informal Science Education. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on February 18, 2009.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; Gérard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J. (2020-10-26). "Possible Transient Luminous Events observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11) e06659. arXiv:2010.13740. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506659G. doi:10.1029/2020JE006659. S2CID 225075904.
Franz, R. C.; Nemzek, R. J.; Winckler, J. R. (1990-07-06). "Television Image of a Large Upward Electrical Discharge Above a Thunderstorm System". Science. 249 (4964). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 48–51. Bibcode:1990Sci...249...48F. doi:10.1126/science.249.4964.48. PMID 17787625.
Vaughan Jr., O. H.; Vonnegut, B. (1989). "Recent observations of lightning discharges from the top of a thundercloud into the clear air above". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 94 (D11): 13179–13182. Bibcode:1989JGR....9413179V. doi:10.1029/JD094iD11p13179. ISSN 2156-2202.
Lyons, Walter A. (1994). "Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video". Geophysical Research Letters. 21 (10): 875–878. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..875L. doi:10.1029/94GL00560. ISSN 1944-8007.
Boccippio, D. J.; Williams, E. R.; Heckman, S. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Baker, I. T.; Boldi, R. (August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes". Science. 269 (5227): 1088–1091. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1088B. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088. PMID 17755531. S2CID 8840716.
Siingh, Devendraa; Singh, R.P.; Kumar, Sarvan; Dharmaraj, T.; Singh, Abhay K.; Singh, Ashok K.; Patil, M.N.; Singh, Shubha (November 2015). "Lightning and middle atmospheric discharges in the atmosphere". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 134: 78–101. Bibcode:2015JASTP.134...78S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.001.
Boeck, W. L.; et al. (May 1998). "The Role of the Space Shuttle Videotapes in the Discovery of Sprites, Jets, and Elves". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 60 (7–9): 669–677. Bibcode:1998JASTP..60..669B. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00025-X.
Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003). "Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere". Nature. 423 (6943): 974–976. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..974S. doi:10.1038/nature01759. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12827198. S2CID 4401869. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Boggs, Levi D.; Liu, Ningyu; Riousset, Jeremy A.; Shi, Feng; Lazarus, Steven; Splitt, Michael; K. Rassoul, Hamid (2018-12-27). "Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18085. Bibcode:2018NatSR...818085B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36309-z. PMC 6308230. PMID 30591709.
Surkov, Vadim V.; Hayakawa, Masashi (September 2020). "Progress in the Study of Transient Luminous and Atmospheric Events: A Review". Surveys in Geophysics. 41 (5): 1101–1142. Bibcode:2020SGeo...41.1101S. doi:10.1007/s10712-020-09597-2. S2CID 219157013. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Pasko, Victor P.; Stanley, Mark A.; Mathews, John D.; Inan, Umran S.; Wood, Troy G. (2002). "Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere". Nature. 416 (6877): 152–154. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..152P. doi:10.1038/416152a. PMID 11894087. S2CID 1933570.
Yang, Jing; Feng, Guili (2012). "Chinese Science Bulletin 2012, Vol. 57 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3". Chinese Science Bulletin. 57 (36): 4791. Bibcode:2012ChSBu..57.4791Y. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3.
Unan, U.; Barrington-Leigh, C.; Hansen, S.; Glukhov, V. S.; Bell, T.F.; Rairden, R. (1997). "Rapid lateral expansion of optical luminosity in lightning-induced ionospheric flashes referred to as 'elves'". Geophysical Research Letters. 24 (5): 583–586. Bibcode:1997GeoRL..24..583I. doi:10.1029/97GL00404.
Huang, Xin; Lu, Gaopeng; Liu, Feifan; Cheng, Zhengwei; Lucena, Frankie; Liu, Yu; Xue, Xianghui; Wang, Yongping; Cohen, Morris B.; Ashcraft, Thomas; Smith, Paul; Schyma, Hank (2024-10-28). "Enhancement of Green Ghosts Due To Recurrence of Sprite Element". Geophysical Research Letters. 51 (20) e2024GL108397. Bibcode:2024GeoRL..5108397H. doi:10.1029/2024GL108397. ISSN 0094-8276.
Passas-Varo, María; Van der Velde, Oscar; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; Gómez-Martín, Juan Carlos; Sánchez, Justo; Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén; García-Comas, Maya; Montanyà, Joan (2023-12-12). "Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7810. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7810P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10716262. PMID 38086836.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

"Gigantic Jet Lightning Near Hawaii". youtube.com. 2017-07-25. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
Schyma, Hank (2019-05-25). "Red sprites and blue jets explained - New discovery!". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; Gérard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J. (2020-10-26). "Possible Transient Luminous Events observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11) e06659. arXiv:2010.13740. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506659G. doi:10.1029/2020JE006659. S2CID 225075904.
Franz, R. C.; Nemzek, R. J.; Winckler, J. R. (1990-07-06). "Television Image of a Large Upward Electrical Discharge Above a Thunderstorm System". Science. 249 (4964). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 48–51. Bibcode:1990Sci...249...48F. doi:10.1126/science.249.4964.48. PMID 17787625.
Vaughan Jr., O. H.; Vonnegut, B. (1989). "Recent observations of lightning discharges from the top of a thundercloud into the clear air above". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 94 (D11): 13179–13182. Bibcode:1989JGR....9413179V. doi:10.1029/JD094iD11p13179. ISSN 2156-2202.
Lyons, Walter A. (1994). "Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video". Geophysical Research Letters. 21 (10): 875–878. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..875L. doi:10.1029/94GL00560. ISSN 1944-8007.
Boccippio, D. J.; Williams, E. R.; Heckman, S. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Baker, I. T.; Boldi, R. (August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes". Science. 269 (5227): 1088–1091. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1088B. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088. PMID 17755531. S2CID 8840716.
Siingh, Devendraa; Singh, R.P.; Kumar, Sarvan; Dharmaraj, T.; Singh, Abhay K.; Singh, Ashok K.; Patil, M.N.; Singh, Shubha (November 2015). "Lightning and middle atmospheric discharges in the atmosphere". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 134: 78–101. Bibcode:2015JASTP.134...78S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.001.
Boeck, W. L.; et al. (May 1998). "The Role of the Space Shuttle Videotapes in the Discovery of Sprites, Jets, and Elves". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 60 (7–9): 669–677. Bibcode:1998JASTP..60..669B. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00025-X.
Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003). "Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere". Nature. 423 (6943): 974–976. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..974S. doi:10.1038/nature01759. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12827198. S2CID 4401869. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Boggs, Levi D.; Liu, Ningyu; Riousset, Jeremy A.; Shi, Feng; Lazarus, Steven; Splitt, Michael; K. Rassoul, Hamid (2018-12-27). "Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18085. Bibcode:2018NatSR...818085B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36309-z. PMC 6308230. PMID 30591709.
Surkov, Vadim V.; Hayakawa, Masashi (September 2020). "Progress in the Study of Transient Luminous and Atmospheric Events: A Review". Surveys in Geophysics. 41 (5): 1101–1142. Bibcode:2020SGeo...41.1101S. doi:10.1007/s10712-020-09597-2. S2CID 219157013. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Pasko, Victor P.; Stanley, Mark A.; Mathews, John D.; Inan, Umran S.; Wood, Troy G. (2002). "Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere". Nature. 416 (6877): 152–154. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..152P. doi:10.1038/416152a. PMID 11894087. S2CID 1933570.
Yang, Jing; Feng, Guili (2012). "Chinese Science Bulletin 2012, Vol. 57 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3". Chinese Science Bulletin. 57 (36): 4791. Bibcode:2012ChSBu..57.4791Y. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3.
Unan, U.; Barrington-Leigh, C.; Hansen, S.; Glukhov, V. S.; Bell, T.F.; Rairden, R. (1997). "Rapid lateral expansion of optical luminosity in lightning-induced ionospheric flashes referred to as 'elves'". Geophysical Research Letters. 24 (5): 583–586. Bibcode:1997GeoRL..24..583I. doi:10.1029/97GL00404.
Huang, Xin; Lu, Gaopeng; Liu, Feifan; Cheng, Zhengwei; Lucena, Frankie; Liu, Yu; Xue, Xianghui; Wang, Yongping; Cohen, Morris B.; Ashcraft, Thomas; Smith, Paul; Schyma, Hank (2024-10-28). "Enhancement of Green Ghosts Due To Recurrence of Sprite Element". Geophysical Research Letters. 51 (20) e2024GL108397. Bibcode:2024GeoRL..5108397H. doi:10.1029/2024GL108397. ISSN 0094-8276.
Passas-Varo, María; Van der Velde, Oscar; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; Gómez-Martín, Juan Carlos; Sánchez, Justo; Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén; García-Comas, Maya; Montanyà, Joan (2023-12-12). "Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7810. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7810P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10716262. PMID 38086836.

instagram.com (Global: 86^th place; English: 85^th place)

Valter Binotto (2023-04-05). "Valter Binotto on Instagram". Instagram. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
Filippo Thiery (2023-04-04). "Filippo Thiery on Instagram". Instagram. Retrieved 2023-04-05.

ku.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

vlfstanford.ku.edu.tr

"Transient Luminous Events – Stanford VLF Group". Retrieved 2025-06-21.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

alum.mit.edu

ELVES, a primer: Ionospheric Heating By the Electromagnetic Pulses from Lightning

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov

Boeck, W. L.; et al. (May 1998). "The Role of the Space Shuttle Videotapes in the Discovery of Sprites, Jets, and Elves". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 60 (7–9): 669–677. Bibcode:1998JASTP..60..669B. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00025-X.

apod.nasa.gov

"NASA Picture of the Day".

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003). "Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere". Nature. 423 (6943): 974–976. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..974S. doi:10.1038/nature01759. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12827198. S2CID 4401869. Retrieved 2022-06-03.

ncku.edu.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

sprite.phys.ncku.edu.tw

"Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-04-21.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Franz, R. C.; Nemzek, R. J.; Winckler, J. R. (1990-07-06). "Television Image of a Large Upward Electrical Discharge Above a Thunderstorm System". Science. 249 (4964). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 48–51. Bibcode:1990Sci...249...48F. doi:10.1126/science.249.4964.48. PMID 17787625.
Boccippio, D. J.; Williams, E. R.; Heckman, S. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Baker, I. T.; Boldi, R. (August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes". Science. 269 (5227): 1088–1091. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1088B. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088. PMID 17755531. S2CID 8840716.
Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003). "Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere". Nature. 423 (6943): 974–976. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..974S. doi:10.1038/nature01759. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12827198. S2CID 4401869. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Boggs, Levi D.; Liu, Ningyu; Riousset, Jeremy A.; Shi, Feng; Lazarus, Steven; Splitt, Michael; K. Rassoul, Hamid (2018-12-27). "Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18085. Bibcode:2018NatSR...818085B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36309-z. PMC 6308230. PMID 30591709.
Pasko, Victor P.; Stanley, Mark A.; Mathews, John D.; Inan, Umran S.; Wood, Troy G. (2002). "Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere". Nature. 416 (6877): 152–154. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..152P. doi:10.1038/416152a. PMID 11894087. S2CID 1933570.
Passas-Varo, María; Van der Velde, Oscar; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; Gómez-Martín, Juan Carlos; Sánchez, Justo; Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén; García-Comas, Maya; Montanyà, Joan (2023-12-12). "Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7810. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7810P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10716262. PMID 38086836.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Boggs, Levi D.; Liu, Ningyu; Riousset, Jeremy A.; Shi, Feng; Lazarus, Steven; Splitt, Michael; K. Rassoul, Hamid (2018-12-27). "Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18085. Bibcode:2018NatSR...818085B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36309-z. PMC 6308230. PMID 30591709.
Passas-Varo, María; Van der Velde, Oscar; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; Gómez-Martín, Juan Carlos; Sánchez, Justo; Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén; García-Comas, Maya; Montanyà, Joan (2023-12-12). "Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7810. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7810P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10716262. PMID 38086836.

physicstoday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Earle R. Williams (November 2001) "Sprites, elves, and glow discharge tubes," Physics Today, 54 (11) : 41–47. Available on-line at: Physics Today Archived May 27, 2012, at archive.today.

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,140^th place; English: 4,691^st place)

"Giant jets caught on camera". Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2008-06-02.

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; English: 136^th place)

news.psu.edu

"Sprites and Elves in the Atmosphere | Penn State University".

psu.edu

Fractal Models of Blue Jets, Blue Starters Show Similarity, Differences to Red Sprites

ee.psu.edu

Lyons, Walter; Nelson, Thomas; Armstrong, Russell; Pasko, Victor; Stanley, Mark (2002-11-19). "Upward Electrical Discharges From Thunderstorm Tops" (PDF).

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

Franz, R. C.; Nemzek, R. J.; Winckler, J. R. (1990-07-06). "Television Image of a Large Upward Electrical Discharge Above a Thunderstorm System". Science. 249 (4964). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 48–51. Bibcode:1990Sci...249...48F. doi:10.1126/science.249.4964.48. PMID 17787625.

sciencenews.org (Global: 3,410^th place; English: 2,939^th place)

"Space station detectors found the source of weird 'blue jet' lightning". 2021-01-21.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; Gérard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J. (2020-10-26). "Possible Transient Luminous Events observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (11) e06659. arXiv:2010.13740. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506659G. doi:10.1029/2020JE006659. S2CID 225075904.
Boccippio, D. J.; Williams, E. R.; Heckman, S. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Baker, I. T.; Boldi, R. (August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes". Science. 269 (5227): 1088–1091. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1088B. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088. PMID 17755531. S2CID 8840716.
Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003). "Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere". Nature. 423 (6943): 974–976. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..974S. doi:10.1038/nature01759. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12827198. S2CID 4401869. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Surkov, Vadim V.; Hayakawa, Masashi (September 2020). "Progress in the Study of Transient Luminous and Atmospheric Events: A Review". Surveys in Geophysics. 41 (5): 1101–1142. Bibcode:2020SGeo...41.1101S. doi:10.1007/s10712-020-09597-2. S2CID 219157013. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Pasko, Victor P.; Stanley, Mark A.; Mathews, John D.; Inan, Umran S.; Wood, Troy G. (2002). "Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere". Nature. 416 (6877): 152–154. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..152P. doi:10.1038/416152a. PMID 11894087. S2CID 1933570.

skyandtelescope.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Juno Discovers Sprites and Elves on Jupiter". Sky & Telescope. 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-29.

spacenews.com (Global: 1,876^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

Fractal models of blue jets, blue starters show similarity, differences to red sprites

spaceweather.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spaceweather.com Time Machine". spaceweather.com. Retrieved 2016-08-16.

spaceweatherarchive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Phillips, T. (October 25, 2019). Close encounter with a gigantic jet. Retrieved from https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2019/10/25/close-encounter-with-a-gigantic-jet/
Phillips, Dr Tony (2020-05-31). "Introducing, the Green Ghost". Spaceweather.com. Retrieved 2020-07-10.

spaceweathergallery.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sprites Lightning".

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

link.springer.com

Surkov, Vadim V.; Hayakawa, Masashi (September 2020). "Progress in the Study of Transient Luminous and Atmospheric Events: A Review". Surveys in Geophysics. 41 (5): 1101–1142. Bibcode:2020SGeo...41.1101S. doi:10.1007/s10712-020-09597-2. S2CID 219157013. Retrieved 2022-06-03.

spritesandjets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Blue jets Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

stratocat.com.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

STRATOCAT – Stratospheric balloons history and present. "Full report on the uncontrolled free fall of a stratospheric balloon payload provoked by a Sprite".

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 614^th place; English: 572^nd place)

The Free Dictionary – ELVES

thoughtco.com (Global: 1,430^th place; English: 1,166^th place)

Alden, Andrew (2018-08-15). "Sprites and Their Siblings". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2020-07-10.

tripod.com (Global: 549^th place; English: 491^st place)

castle-kaneloon.tripod.com

"Atmospheric-Phenomena". castle-kaneloon.tripod.com. Retrieved 2020-07-10.

usp.br (Global: 2,069^th place; English: 5,287^th place)

storm-t.iag.usp.br

C. T. R. Wilson (1924) "The electric field of a thundercloud and some of its effects," Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 37 (1) : 32D-37D. Available on-line at: University of São Paulo Archived 2014-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.

watchers.news (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Gigantic jets over Australia". 2017-03-31.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

C. T. R. Wilson (1924) "The electric field of a thundercloud and some of its effects," Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 37 (1) : 32D-37D. Available on-line at: University of São Paulo Archived 2014-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Blue jets Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
"Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
"Giant jets caught on camera". Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
Alden, Andrew (2018-08-15). "Sprites and Their Siblings". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2020-07-10.

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; English: 297^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Vaughan Jr., O. H.; Vonnegut, B. (1989). "Recent observations of lightning discharges from the top of a thundercloud into the clear air above". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 94 (D11): 13179–13182. Bibcode:1989JGR....9413179V. doi:10.1029/JD094iD11p13179. ISSN 2156-2202.
Lyons, Walter A. (1994). "Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video". Geophysical Research Letters. 21 (10): 875–878. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..875L. doi:10.1029/94GL00560. ISSN 1944-8007.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Vaughan Jr., O. H.; Vonnegut, B. (1989). "Recent observations of lightning discharges from the top of a thundercloud into the clear air above". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 94 (D11): 13179–13182. Bibcode:1989JGR....9413179V. doi:10.1029/JD094iD11p13179. ISSN 2156-2202.
Lyons, Walter A. (1994). "Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video". Geophysical Research Letters. 21 (10): 875–878. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..875L. doi:10.1029/94GL00560. ISSN 1944-8007.
Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003). "Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere". Nature. 423 (6943): 974–976. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..974S. doi:10.1038/nature01759. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12827198. S2CID 4401869. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
Huang, Xin; Lu, Gaopeng; Liu, Feifan; Cheng, Zhengwei; Lucena, Frankie; Liu, Yu; Xue, Xianghui; Wang, Yongping; Cohen, Morris B.; Ashcraft, Thomas; Smith, Paul; Schyma, Hank (2024-10-28). "Enhancement of Green Ghosts Due To Recurrence of Sprite Element". Geophysical Research Letters. 51 (20) e2024GL108397. Bibcode:2024GeoRL..5108397H. doi:10.1029/2024GL108397. ISSN 0094-8276.
Passas-Varo, María; Van der Velde, Oscar; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; Gómez-Martín, Juan Carlos; Sánchez, Justo; Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J.; Sánchez-Ramírez, Rubén; García-Comas, Maya; Montanyà, Joan (2023-12-12). "Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7810. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7810P. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10716262. PMID 38086836.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

'Red Sprites & Blue Jets – the video'[1], 'Blue Jets & Blue Starters – the video'[2].
Examples may be seen in the clip 'Blue Jets & Blue Starters – the video' [3].
"Gigantic Jet Lightning Near Hawaii". youtube.com. 2017-07-25. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
Super Rare Gigantic Jet 'Lightning' in Slow Motion, 2024-02-17, retrieved 2024-02-26
Schyma, Hank (2019-05-25). "Red sprites and blue jets explained - New discovery!". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.

Upper-atmospheric lightning (English Wikipedia)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; English: 59th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

confex.com (Global: 6,094th place; English: 4,186th place)

ams.confex.com

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

instagram.com (Global: 86th place; English: 85th place)

ku.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

vlfstanford.ku.edu.tr

mit.edu (Global: 415th place; English: 327th place)

alum.mit.edu

nasa.gov (Global: 75th place; English: 83rd place)

lightning.nsstc.nasa.gov

apod.nasa.gov

nature.com (Global: 234th place; English: 397th place)

ncku.edu.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

sprite.phys.ncku.edu.tw

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

physicstoday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,140th place; English: 4,691st place)

psu.edu (Global: 207th place; English: 136th place)

news.psu.edu

psu.edu

ee.psu.edu

science.org (Global: 1,160th place; English: 737th place)

sciencenews.org (Global: 3,410th place; English: 2,939th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

skyandtelescope.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

spacenews.com (Global: 1,876th place; English: 1,225th place)

spaceweather.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

spaceweatherarchive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

spaceweathergallery.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

springer.com (Global: 274th place; English: 309th place)

link.springer.com

spritesandjets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

stratocat.com.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 614th place; English: 572nd place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 1,430th place; English: 1,166th place)

tripod.com (Global: 549th place; English: 491st place)

castle-kaneloon.tripod.com

usp.br (Global: 2,069th place; English: 5,287th place)

storm-t.iag.usp.br

watchers.news (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wiley.com (Global: 222nd place; English: 297th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

youtube.com (Global: 9th place; English: 13th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

confex.com (Global: 6,094^th place; English: 4,186^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

instagram.com (Global: 86^th place; English: 85^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,140^th place; English: 4,691^st place)

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; English: 136^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

sciencenews.org (Global: 3,410^th place; English: 2,939^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

spacenews.com (Global: 1,876^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 614^th place; English: 572^nd place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 1,430^th place; English: 1,166^th place)

tripod.com (Global: 549^th place; English: 491^st place)

usp.br (Global: 2,069^th place; English: 5,287^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; English: 297^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)