Urea (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Urea" in English language version.

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Wöhler, Friedrich (1828) "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" (On the artificial formation of urea), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 88 (2) : 253–256. Available in English at Chem Team.

books.google.com

Yalkowsky, Samuel H.; He, Yan; Jain, Parijat (19 April 2016). Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439802465.
Deutscher, M.P. (1990). Guide to Protein Purification. Methods in enzymology. Academic Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-12-182083-1. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
Habif, Thomas P. (25 November 2009). Clinical Dermatology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-08037-8.
Heavy Duty Truck Systems. Cengage Learning. 2015. p. 1117. ISBN 9781305073623.
Chlorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. 2013. p. 77. ISBN 9781481674331.
Schliemann, S.; Elsner, Peter (1 January 2007). Skin Protection: Practical Applications in the Occupational Setting. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8055-8218-6.
Rouelle (1773) "Observations sur l'urine humaine, & sur celle de vache & de cheval, comparées ensemble" (Observations on human urine and on that of the cow and horse, compared to each other), Journal de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacie, 40 : 451–468. Rouelle describes the procedure he used to separate urea from urine on pages 454–455.
Fourcroy and Vauquelin (1799) "Extrait d’un premier mémoire des cit. Fourcroy et Vaulquelin, pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, chimique et médicale de l’urine humaine, contenant quelques faits nouveaux sur son analyse et son altération spontanée" (Extract of a first memoir by citizens Fourcroy and Vauquelin, for use in the natural, chemical, and medical history of human urine, containing some new facts of its analysis and its spontaneous alteration), Annales de Chimie, 31 : 48–71. On page 69, urea is named "urée".
Fourcroy and Vauqeulin (1800) "Deuxième mémoire: Pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, chimique et médicale de l’urine humaine, dans lequel on s’occupe spécialement des propriétés de la matière particulière qui le caractérise," (Second memoir: For use in the natural, chemical and medical history of human urine, in which one deals specifically with the properties of the particular material that characterizes it), Annales de Chimie, 32 : 80–112; 113–162. On page 91, urea is again named "urée".
Rosenfeld L (1999). Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. CRC Press. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-90-5699-645-1.
Prout W (1817). "Observations on the nature of some of the proximate principles of the urine; with a few remarks upon the means of preventing those diseases, connected with a morbid state of that fluid". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 8: 526–549. doi:10.1177/095952871700800123. PMC 2128986. PMID 20895332.

cdc.gov

International Chemical Safety Cards: UREA. cdc.gov
International Chemical Safety Cards: UREA. cdc.gov

chemteam.info

Wöhler, Friedrich (1828) "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" (On the artificial formation of urea), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 88 (2) : 253–256. Available in English at Chem Team.

doi.org

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 416, 860–861. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. The compound H₂N-CO-NH₂ has the retained name 'urea', which is the preferred IUPAC name, with locants N and N′, as shown above the structure below. The systematic name is 'carbonic diamide', (…).
Loeser E, DelaCruz M, Madappalli V (9 June 2011). "Solubility of Urea in Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Urea-Saturated Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 56 (6): 2909–2913. doi:10.1021/je200122b.
Godfrey, Peter D.; Brown, Ronald D.; Hunter, Andrew N. (1997). "The shape of urea". Journal of Molecular Structure. 413–414: 405–414. Bibcode:1997JMoSt.413..405G. doi:10.1016/S0022-2860(97)00176-2.
Ishida, Tateki; Rossky, Peter J.; Castner, Edward W. (2004). "A Theoretical Investigation of the Shape and Hydration Properties of Aqueous Urea: Evidence for Nonplanar Urea Geometry". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 108 (45): 17583–17590. doi:10.1021/jp0473218. ISSN 1520-6106.
West, Aaron C.; Schmidt, Michael W.; Gordon, Mark S.; Ruedenberg, Klaus (15 October 2015). "A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 119 (41): 10368–10375. Bibcode:2015JPCA..11910368W. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 26371867.
Worsch, Detlev; Vögtle, Fritz (2002). "Separation of enantiomers by clathrate formation". Topics in Current Chemistry. Springer-Verlag. pp. 21–41. doi:10.1007/bfb0003835. ISBN 3-540-17307-2.
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "uronium salts". doi:10.1351/goldbook.U06580
Harkema, S.; Feil, D. (1 March 1969). "The crystal structure of urea nitrate" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 25 (3): 589–591. Bibcode:1969AcCrB..25..589H. doi:10.1107/S0567740869002603. ISSN 0567-7408. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2024.
Béres, Kende Attila; Homonnay, Zoltán; Kótai, László (2024). "Hexakis(urea-O)iron Complex Salts as a Versatile Material Family: Overview of Their Properties and Applications". ACS Omega. 9 (10): 11148–11167. doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c09635. PMC 10938395. PMID 38496982.
Schaber, Peter M.; Colson, James; Higgins, Steven; Thielen, Daniel; Anspach, Bill; Brauer, Jonathan (2004). "Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel". Thermochimica Acta. 424 (1–2): 131–142. Bibcode:2004TcAc..424..131S. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2004.05.018. ISSN 0040-6031.
Meessen, Jozef H. (2012). "Urea". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_333.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Alexandrova, Anastassia N.; Jorgensen, William L. (1 February 2007). "Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 111 (4): 720–730. doi:10.1021/jp066478s. PMC 2995377. PMID 17249815.
Sun S, Zhou JY, Yang W, Zhang H (February 2014). "Inhibition of protein carbamylation in urea solution using ammonium-containing buffers". Analytical Biochemistry. 446: 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.024. PMC 4072244. PMID 24161613.
Baumgartner M, Flöck M, Winter P, Luf W, Baumgartner W (2005). "Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk" (PDF). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 50 (3): 263–71. doi:10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.2. PMID 12237967. S2CID 42485569.
Greenan NS, Mulvaney RL, Sims GK (1995). "A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 26 (15–16): 2519–2529. Bibcode:1995CSSPA..26.2519G. doi:10.1080/00103629509369465.
Durand, Erwann; Lecomte, Jérôme; Baréa, Bruno; Piombo, Georges; Dubreucq, Éric; Villeneuve, Pierre (1 December 2012). "Evaluation of deep eutectic solvents as new media for Candida antarctica B lipase catalyzed reactions". Process Biochemistry. 47 (12). Elsevier: 2081–2089. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.027. ISSN 1359-5113..
Hama H, Kurokawa H, Kawano H, Ando R, Shimogori T, Noda H, Fukami K, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A (August 2011). "Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain". Nature Neuroscience. 14 (11): 1481–8. doi:10.1038/nn.2928. PMID 21878933. S2CID 28281721.
Crawford JH, McIntosh JF (1925). "The use of urea as a diuretic in advanced heart failure". Archives of Internal Medicine. 36 (4). New York: 530–541. doi:10.1001/archinte.1925.00120160088004.
Decaux G, Andres C, Gankam Kengne F, Soupart A (14 October 2010). "Treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in the intensive care unit by urea". Critical Care. 14 (5): R184. doi:10.1186/cc9292. PMC 3219290. PMID 20946646.
Diggory PL (January 1971). "Induction of therapeutic abortion by intra-amniotic injection of urea". British Medical Journal. 1 (5739): 28–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5739.28. PMC 1794772. PMID 5539139.
Traynor J, Mactier R, Geddes CC, Fox JG (October 2006). "How to measure renal function in clinical practice". BMJ. 333 (7571): 733–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.38975.390370.7c. PMC 1592388. PMID 17023465.
Werk Michael; Albrecht Thomas; Meyer Dirk-Roelfs; Ahmed Mohammed Nabil; Behne Andrea; Dietz Ulrich; Eschenbach Götz; Hartmann Holger; Lange Christian (1 December 2012). "Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons Reduce Restenosis After Femoro-Popliteal Angioplasty". Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 5 (6): 831–840. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.971630. PMID 23192918.
Wöhrle, Jochen (1 October 2012). "Drug-Coated Balloons for Coronary and Peripheral Interventional Procedures". Current Cardiology Reports. 14 (5): 635–641. doi:10.1007/s11886-012-0290-x. PMID 22825918. S2CID 8879713.
Kolachalama, Vijaya B.; Shazly, Tarek; Vipul C. Chitalia; Lyle, Chimera; Azar, Dara A.; Chang, Gary H. (2 May 2019). "Intrinsic coating morphology modulates acute drug transfer in drug-coated balloon therapy". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6839. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6839C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43095-9. PMC 6497887. PMID 31048704.
Knollenberg, Robert G. (March 1966). "Urea as an Ice Nucleant for Supercooled Clouds". American Meteorological Society. 23 (2): 197. Bibcode:1966JAtS...23..197K. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0197:UAAINF>2.0.CO;2.
Donaldson, William R.; Tang, C. L. (1984). "Urea optical parametric oscillator". Applied Physics Letters. 44 (1). AIP Publishing: 25–27. Bibcode:1984ApPhL..44...25D. doi:10.1063/1.94590.
Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). "Amino acid metabolism". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 32 (1): 355–98. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035. PMID 14144484.
Klein J, Blount MA, Sands JM (2011). "Urea Transport in the Kidney". Comprehensive Physiology. Vol. 1. pp. 699–729. doi:10.1002/cphy.c100030. ISBN 9780470650714. PMID 23737200.
Coombs A (27 October 2008). "Urea pollution turns tides toxic". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2008.1190. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 33 (9): 452–459. Bibcode:1956JChEd..33..452K. doi:10.1021/ed033p452.
Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 33 (9). p. 454. Bibcode:1956JChEd..33..452K. doi:10.1021/ed033p452.
Gibb BC (April 2009). "Teetering towards chaos and complexity". Nature Chemistry. 1 (1): 17–8. Bibcode:2009NatCh...1...17G. doi:10.1038/nchem.148. PMID 21378787.
Shorter, J. (1978). "The conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea—a saga in reaction mechanisms". Chemical Society Reviews. 7 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1039/CS9780700001.
Prout W (1817). "Observations on the nature of some of the proximate principles of the urine; with a few remarks upon the means of preventing those diseases, connected with a morbid state of that fluid". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 8: 526–549. doi:10.1177/095952871700800123. PMC 2128986. PMID 20895332.
Meessen, Jozef (2014). "Urea synthesis". Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 86 (12). Wiley: 2180–2189. doi:10.1002/cite.201400064. ISSN 0009-286X.
Mikkelsen, R. L (1990). "Biuret in urea fertilizer". Fertilizer Research. 26 (1–3): 311–318. doi:10.1007/bf01048769. ISSN 0167-1731. S2CID 5970745.
Fonnesbeck, Paul V.; Kearl, Leonard C.; Harris, Lorin E. (1975). "Feed Grade Biuret as a Protein Replacement for Ruminants. A Review". Journal of Animal Science. 40 (6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1150–1184. doi:10.2527/jas1975.4061150x. ISSN 0021-8812.
Ren, Baizhao; Guo, Yanqing; Liu, Peng; Zhao, Bin; Zhang, Jiwang (3 August 2021). "Effects of Urea-Ammonium Nitrate Solution on Yield, N2O Emission, and Nitrogen Efficiency of Summer Maize Under Integration of Water and Fertilizer". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 700331. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.700331. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8369924. PMID 34413867.

dooyoo.co.uk

"Lacura Multi Intensive Serum – Review – Excellent value for money – Lacura Multi Intensive Serum "Aqua complete"". Dooyoo.co.uk. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2010.

dow.com

msdssearch.dow.com

"Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerine" (PDF). msdssearch.dow.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

europa.eu

echa.europa.eu

"Urea - Registration Dossier - ECHA". echa.europa.eu.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Godfrey, Peter D.; Brown, Ronald D.; Hunter, Andrew N. (1997). "The shape of urea". Journal of Molecular Structure. 413–414: 405–414. Bibcode:1997JMoSt.413..405G. doi:10.1016/S0022-2860(97)00176-2.
West, Aaron C.; Schmidt, Michael W.; Gordon, Mark S.; Ruedenberg, Klaus (15 October 2015). "A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 119 (41): 10368–10375. Bibcode:2015JPCA..11910368W. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 26371867.
Harkema, S.; Feil, D. (1 March 1969). "The crystal structure of urea nitrate" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 25 (3): 589–591. Bibcode:1969AcCrB..25..589H. doi:10.1107/S0567740869002603. ISSN 0567-7408. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2024.
Schaber, Peter M.; Colson, James; Higgins, Steven; Thielen, Daniel; Anspach, Bill; Brauer, Jonathan (2004). "Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel". Thermochimica Acta. 424 (1–2): 131–142. Bibcode:2004TcAc..424..131S. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2004.05.018. ISSN 0040-6031.
Greenan NS, Mulvaney RL, Sims GK (1995). "A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 26 (15–16): 2519–2529. Bibcode:1995CSSPA..26.2519G. doi:10.1080/00103629509369465.
Kolachalama, Vijaya B.; Shazly, Tarek; Vipul C. Chitalia; Lyle, Chimera; Azar, Dara A.; Chang, Gary H. (2 May 2019). "Intrinsic coating morphology modulates acute drug transfer in drug-coated balloon therapy". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6839. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6839C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43095-9. PMC 6497887. PMID 31048704.
Knollenberg, Robert G. (March 1966). "Urea as an Ice Nucleant for Supercooled Clouds". American Meteorological Society. 23 (2): 197. Bibcode:1966JAtS...23..197K. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0197:UAAINF>2.0.CO;2.
Donaldson, William R.; Tang, C. L. (1984). "Urea optical parametric oscillator". Applied Physics Letters. 44 (1). AIP Publishing: 25–27. Bibcode:1984ApPhL..44...25D. doi:10.1063/1.94590.
Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 33 (9): 452–459. Bibcode:1956JChEd..33..452K. doi:10.1021/ed033p452.
Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 33 (9). p. 454. Bibcode:1956JChEd..33..452K. doi:10.1021/ed033p452.
Gibb BC (April 2009). "Teetering towards chaos and complexity". Nature Chemistry. 1 (1): 17–8. Bibcode:2009NatCh...1...17G. doi:10.1038/nchem.148. PMID 21378787.

hekint.org

"The discovery of urea and the end of vitalism - Hektoen International". hekint.org. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.

iastate.edu

lib.dr.iastate.edu

West, Aaron C.; Schmidt, Michael W.; Gordon, Mark S.; Ruedenberg, Klaus (15 October 2015). "A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 119 (41): 10368–10375. Bibcode:2015JPCA..11910368W. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 26371867.

ic.ac.uk

ch.ic.ac.uk

"Urea". Imperial College London. Retrieved 23 March 2015.

ifastat.org

"Urea production statistics". www.ifastat.org. International Fertilizer Association. Retrieved 19 April 2023.

iupac.org

goldbook.iupac.org

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "uronium salts". doi:10.1351/goldbook.U06580

mtak.hu

real.mtak.hu

Baumgartner M, Flöck M, Winter P, Luf W, Baumgartner W (2005). "Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk" (PDF). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 50 (3): 263–71. doi:10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.2. PMID 12237967. S2CID 42485569.

nature.com

Coombs A (27 October 2008). "Urea pollution turns tides toxic". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2008.1190. Retrieved 5 August 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

West, Aaron C.; Schmidt, Michael W.; Gordon, Mark S.; Ruedenberg, Klaus (15 October 2015). "A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 119 (41): 10368–10375. Bibcode:2015JPCA..11910368W. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 26371867.
Béres, Kende Attila; Homonnay, Zoltán; Kótai, László (2024). "Hexakis(urea-O)iron Complex Salts as a Versatile Material Family: Overview of Their Properties and Applications". ACS Omega. 9 (10): 11148–11167. doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c09635. PMC 10938395. PMID 38496982.
Alexandrova, Anastassia N.; Jorgensen, William L. (1 February 2007). "Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 111 (4): 720–730. doi:10.1021/jp066478s. PMC 2995377. PMID 17249815.
Sun S, Zhou JY, Yang W, Zhang H (February 2014). "Inhibition of protein carbamylation in urea solution using ammonium-containing buffers". Analytical Biochemistry. 446: 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.024. PMC 4072244. PMID 24161613.
Baumgartner M, Flöck M, Winter P, Luf W, Baumgartner W (2005). "Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk" (PDF). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 50 (3): 263–71. doi:10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.2. PMID 12237967. S2CID 42485569.
Hama H, Kurokawa H, Kawano H, Ando R, Shimogori T, Noda H, Fukami K, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A (August 2011). "Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain". Nature Neuroscience. 14 (11): 1481–8. doi:10.1038/nn.2928. PMID 21878933. S2CID 28281721.
Decaux G, Andres C, Gankam Kengne F, Soupart A (14 October 2010). "Treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in the intensive care unit by urea". Critical Care. 14 (5): R184. doi:10.1186/cc9292. PMC 3219290. PMID 20946646.
Diggory PL (January 1971). "Induction of therapeutic abortion by intra-amniotic injection of urea". British Medical Journal. 1 (5739): 28–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5739.28. PMC 1794772. PMID 5539139.
Traynor J, Mactier R, Geddes CC, Fox JG (October 2006). "How to measure renal function in clinical practice". BMJ. 333 (7571): 733–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.38975.390370.7c. PMC 1592388. PMID 17023465.
Werk Michael; Albrecht Thomas; Meyer Dirk-Roelfs; Ahmed Mohammed Nabil; Behne Andrea; Dietz Ulrich; Eschenbach Götz; Hartmann Holger; Lange Christian (1 December 2012). "Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons Reduce Restenosis After Femoro-Popliteal Angioplasty". Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 5 (6): 831–840. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.971630. PMID 23192918.
Wöhrle, Jochen (1 October 2012). "Drug-Coated Balloons for Coronary and Peripheral Interventional Procedures". Current Cardiology Reports. 14 (5): 635–641. doi:10.1007/s11886-012-0290-x. PMID 22825918. S2CID 8879713.
Kolachalama, Vijaya B.; Shazly, Tarek; Vipul C. Chitalia; Lyle, Chimera; Azar, Dara A.; Chang, Gary H. (2 May 2019). "Intrinsic coating morphology modulates acute drug transfer in drug-coated balloon therapy". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6839. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6839C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43095-9. PMC 6497887. PMID 31048704.
Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). "Amino acid metabolism". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 32 (1): 355–98. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035. PMID 14144484.
Klein J, Blount MA, Sands JM (2011). "Urea Transport in the Kidney". Comprehensive Physiology. Vol. 1. pp. 699–729. doi:10.1002/cphy.c100030. ISBN 9780470650714. PMID 23737200.
Gibb BC (April 2009). "Teetering towards chaos and complexity". Nature Chemistry. 1 (1): 17–8. Bibcode:2009NatCh...1...17G. doi:10.1038/nchem.148. PMID 21378787.
Prout W (1817). "Observations on the nature of some of the proximate principles of the urine; with a few remarks upon the means of preventing those diseases, connected with a morbid state of that fluid". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 8: 526–549. doi:10.1177/095952871700800123. PMC 2128986. PMID 20895332.
Ren, Baizhao; Guo, Yanqing; Liu, Peng; Zhao, Bin; Zhang, Jiwang (3 August 2021). "Effects of Urea-Ammonium Nitrate Solution on Yield, N2O Emission, and Nitrogen Efficiency of Summer Maize Under Integration of Water and Fertilizer". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 700331. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.700331. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8369924. PMID 34413867.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Béres, Kende Attila; Homonnay, Zoltán; Kótai, László (2024). "Hexakis(urea-O)iron Complex Salts as a Versatile Material Family: Overview of Their Properties and Applications". ACS Omega. 9 (10): 11148–11167. doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c09635. PMC 10938395. PMID 38496982.
Alexandrova, Anastassia N.; Jorgensen, William L. (1 February 2007). "Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 111 (4): 720–730. doi:10.1021/jp066478s. PMC 2995377. PMID 17249815.
Sun S, Zhou JY, Yang W, Zhang H (February 2014). "Inhibition of protein carbamylation in urea solution using ammonium-containing buffers". Analytical Biochemistry. 446: 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.024. PMC 4072244. PMID 24161613.
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