VX (nerve agent) (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "VX (nerve agent)" in English language version.

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12nih.gov

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archives.gov

bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov

"Statement from President Joe Biden on Completing the Destruction of the United States' Chemical Weapons Stockpile". White House Press Secretary. United States Government. July 7, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2025.

army.mil

cma.army.mil

"Nerve Agent VX | U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity". Retrieved November 4, 2023.
"VX Destruction Milestone". U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. March 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009.
"Depot Confirms VX Stockpile Eliminated". U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. Retrieved January 7, 2013.

ke.army.mil

Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Chapter 5: Nerve Agents" (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 142ff.
Takafuji, Ernest T.; Kok, Allart B. (1997). "Chapter 4: The Chemical Warfare Threat and the Military Healthcare Provider" (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 123. Given favorable weather conditions, the use of persistent agents such as mustard and VX may pose a threat for many days. Such agents can deny or interfere with enemy occupation of terrain or use of equipment

army.mil

"US Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards" (PDF). DA PAM 385-61. Section 7-8 Self/Buddy Aid Procedures. US Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2003. Retrieved December 15, 2007.

peoacwa.army.mil

"U.S. Chemical Weapons Stockpile Destroyed". Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Program. United States Department of the Army. Retrieved January 19, 2025.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

BBC (March 16, 1988). "1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack". Retrieved March 1, 2012.

bbc.com

"Kim Jong-nam killing: VX nerve agent 'found on his face'". BBC News. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.

books.google.com

John H, Balszuweit F, Kehe K, Worek F & Thiermann H (2015). "Toxicokinetic Aspects of Nerve Agents and Vesicants". In Gupta, Ramesh C. (ed.). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. pp. 817–856, esp. 823 [Fig.56.1]. ISBN 978-0128004944. Retrieved March 22, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Agents. New York: CRC Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Hawk, Kathleen Dupes; Villella, Ron; Varona, Adolfo Leyva de (July 30, 2014). Florida and the Mariel Boatlift of 1980: The First Twenty Days. University of Alabama Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-8173-1837-6. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
Claudine McCarthy (2005). "EMPTA (O-Ethyl methylphosphonothioic acid)" (Google Books excerpt). In Eric Croddy; James J. Wirtz (eds.). Weapons of mass destruction: an encyclopedia of worldwide policy, technology, and history. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 123–24. ISBN 1-85109-490-3. Retrieved February 21, 2014.

cdc.gov

emergency.cdc.gov

"CDC | Facts About VX". emergency.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
"CDC | Facts About VX". emergency.cdc.gov. May 16, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
"CDC | Facts About VX". emergency.cdc.gov. May 16, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.

atsdr.cdc.gov

"ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Nerve Agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2019.

cdc.gov

"Eliminating VX Agent Stockpile". CDC Chemical Weapons Elimination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. August 5, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2025.

cfr.org

"VX". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2007.

cia.gov

CIA (May 2, 2007). "Intelligence Update: Chemical Warfare Agent Issues Chemical Warfare Issues During the Persian Gulf War". Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2012.

diplomatie.gouv.fr

"Synthèse nationale de renseignement déclassifié" [National synthesis of declassified intelligence] (PDF) (in French). August 21, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2017.

doi.org

Bethany Halford (September 26, 2016). "Detoxifying VX". Chemical & Engineering News. 94 (38): 10–11. doi:10.1021/cen-09438-scicon001.
Worek, Franz; Thiermann, Horst; Wille, Timo (2020). "Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review". Archives of Toxicology. 94 (7): 2275–2292. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0. ISSN 0340-5761. PMC 7367912. PMID 32506210.
Chen Y (2012). "Organophosphate-induced brain damage: mechanisms, neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences, and potential therapeutic strategies". Neurotoxicology. 33 (3): 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.03.011. PMID 22498093.
Ordentlich, Arie; Barak, Dov; Sod-Moriah, Gali; Kaplan, Dana; Mizrahi, Dana; Segall, Yoffi; Kronman, Chanoch; Karton, Yishai; Lazar, Arie; Marcus, Dino; Velan, Baruch; Shafferman, Avigdor (2004). "Stereoselectivity toward VX is Determined by Interactions with Residues of the Acyl Pocket as Well as of the Peripheral Anionic Site of AChE†". Biochemistry. 43 (35): 11255–65. doi:10.1021/bi0490946. PMID 15366935.
Worek, F; Aurbek, N; Thiermann, H (2007). "Reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited human AChE by combinations of obidoxime and HI 6in vitro". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 27 (6): 582–8. doi:10.1002/jat.1241. PMID 17370251. S2CID 23783538.
Millard, Charles B; Koellner, Gertraud; Ordentlich, Arie; Shafferman, Avigdor; Silman, Israel; Sussman, Joel L (1999). "Reaction Products of Acetylcholinesterase and VX Reveal a Mobile Histidine in the Catalytic Triad". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 121 (42): 9883–4. doi:10.1021/ja992704i.
Wandhammer, Marielle; Carletti, Eugénie; Van Der Schans, Marcel; Gillon, Emilie; Nicolet, Yvain; Masson, Patrick; Goeldner, Maurice; Noort, Daan; Nachon, Florian (2011). "Structural Study of the Complex Stereoselectivity of Human Butyrylcholinesterase for the Neurotoxic V-agents". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (19): 16783–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.209569. PMC 3089521. PMID 21454498.
Yang, Yu-Chu (1999). "Chemical Detoxification of Nerve Agent VX". Acc. Chem. Res. 32 (2): 109–15. doi:10.1021/ar970154s.
Daniel, Kelly; Kopff, Laura A.; Patterson, Eric V.; et al. (2008). "Computational studies on the solvolysis of the chemical warfare agent VX". J. Phys. Org. Chem. 21 (4): 321–28. doi:10.1002/poc.1333.

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

Rash, John; Elmund, Julie (July 7, 1988). "Pathophsyiology of Anticholinesterase Agents" (PDF). Colorado State University Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2022.
Kazuo K. Kimura, Bernard P. McNamara, Van M. Sim (July 1, 1960). "Intravenous Administration of VX in Man". Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

dtra.mil

"Nunn-Lugar Global Cooperation Initiative". Defense Threat Reduction Agency and USSTRATCOM Center for Combating WMD. Retrieved May 23, 2012.

ebi.ac.uk

McDowall, Jennifer (November 2005). "Acetylcholine Recepetors". European Molecular Biology Laboratory/European Bioinformatics Institute.

fas.org

FAS Staff (2013). "Types of Chemical Weapons: Nerve Agents [Table. Toxicological Data]". Washington, D.C.: Federation of American Scientists [FAS]. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Cuba's Pursuit of Biological Weapons: Fact or Fiction? Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, and Narcotics Affairs of the Committee of Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One hundredth and seventh Congress, Second Session, Jun5 5, 2002 (PDF) (Report) (First ed.). Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2002. p. 22. Retrieved March 28, 2018. Already in 1988, the United Nations Security Council has been informed of use of toxic weapons by Soviet-supported Cuba in Angola. Belgian toxicologists had certified that residue of chemical weapons—including sarin and VX gas—had been found in plants, water and soil where Cuban troops were alleged to have used chemicals against Savimbi's troops.

figshare.com

Ordentlich, Arie; Barak, Dov; Sod-Moriah, Gali; Kaplan, Dana; Mizrahi, Dana; Segall, Yoffi; Kronman, Chanoch; Karton, Yishai; Lazar, Arie; Marcus, Dino; Velan, Baruch; Shafferman, Avigdor (2004). "Stereoselectivity toward VX is Determined by Interactions with Residues of the Acyl Pocket as Well as of the Peripheral Anionic Site of AChE†". Biochemistry. 43 (35): 11255–65. doi:10.1021/bi0490946. PMID 15366935.

ilpi.com

"Material Safety Data Sheet: Nerve Agent (VX)". ilpi.com. Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated. December 22, 2000 [1998]. Retrieved October 25, 2007.

imdb.com

Usborne, Tim (June 28, 2016), Inside Porton Down: Britain's Secret Weapons Research Facility, Michael Mosley, Jonathan Lyle, Rob Evans, retrieved March 20, 2018
24 - Day 5: 12:00 p.m.-1:00 p.m., January 30, 2006.

news.google.com

"Cubans using poison gas in Angola". The Lewiston Journal. Lewiston–Auburn, Maine. August 26, 1988. Retrieved July 28, 2015.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Worek, Franz; Thiermann, Horst; Wille, Timo (2020). "Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review". Archives of Toxicology. 94 (7): 2275–2292. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0. ISSN 0340-5761. PMC 7367912. PMID 32506210.
Chen Y (2012). "Organophosphate-induced brain damage: mechanisms, neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences, and potential therapeutic strategies". Neurotoxicology. 33 (3): 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.03.011. PMID 22498093.
Ordentlich, Arie; Barak, Dov; Sod-Moriah, Gali; Kaplan, Dana; Mizrahi, Dana; Segall, Yoffi; Kronman, Chanoch; Karton, Yishai; Lazar, Arie; Marcus, Dino; Velan, Baruch; Shafferman, Avigdor (2004). "Stereoselectivity toward VX is Determined by Interactions with Residues of the Acyl Pocket as Well as of the Peripheral Anionic Site of AChE†". Biochemistry. 43 (35): 11255–65. doi:10.1021/bi0490946. PMID 15366935.
Worek, F; Aurbek, N; Thiermann, H (2007). "Reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited human AChE by combinations of obidoxime and HI 6in vitro". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 27 (6): 582–8. doi:10.1002/jat.1241. PMID 17370251. S2CID 23783538.
Wandhammer, Marielle; Carletti, Eugénie; Van Der Schans, Marcel; Gillon, Emilie; Nicolet, Yvain; Masson, Patrick; Goeldner, Maurice; Noort, Daan; Nachon, Florian (2011). "Structural Study of the Complex Stereoselectivity of Human Butyrylcholinesterase for the Neurotoxic V-agents". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (19): 16783–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.209569. PMC 3089521. PMID 21454498.

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

PubChem. "O-Ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
"Tx 60 | C11H26NO2PS". PubChem. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
"Tx 60 | C11H26NO2PS". PubChem. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
"Tx 60 | C11H26NO2PS". PubChem. Retrieved April 13, 2017.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Worek, Franz; Thiermann, Horst; Wille, Timo (2020). "Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review". Archives of Toxicology. 94 (7): 2275–2292. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0. ISSN 0340-5761. PMC 7367912. PMID 32506210.
Wandhammer, Marielle; Carletti, Eugénie; Van Der Schans, Marcel; Gillon, Emilie; Nicolet, Yvain; Masson, Patrick; Goeldner, Maurice; Noort, Daan; Nachon, Florian (2011). "Structural Study of the Complex Stereoselectivity of Human Butyrylcholinesterase for the Neurotoxic V-agents". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (19): 16783–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.209569. PMC 3089521. PMID 21454498.

chem.nlm.nih.gov

Chambers, Michael. "Substance Name: VX". ChemIDplus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved February 24, 2017.

npr.org

Brumfiel, Geoff (July 7, 2023). "The world is officially 'free' of chemical weapons. Here's what that means". NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved January 19, 2025.

nti.org

Croddy, Eric (October 1, 2002). "Dusty Agents and the Iraqi Chemical Weapons Arsenal". Nuclear Threat Initiative [NTI]. Washington, DC and Monterey, California: Middlebury Institute of International Studies, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Retrieved March 22, 2017 – via NTI.org.
Schneidmiller, Chris (April 18, 2001). "U.S. Chemical Weapons Disposal Slippage "No Surprise," Expert Says". Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved October 11, 2012.

ny.gov

health.ny.gov

"Facts About Nerve Agents". www.health.ny.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2019.

nytimes.com

Doyle, Gerry (February 24, 2017). "What Is VX Nerve Agent? A Deadly Weapon, Rarely Seen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
Paddock, Richard C.; Sang-hun, Choe (February 23, 2017). "Kim Jong-nam Was Killed by VX Nerve Agent, Malaysians Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Levy, Clifford J. (May 27, 2009). "In Siberia, the Death Knell of a Complex Holding a Deadly Stockpile". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2010.

opcw.org

"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Annex on Chemicals". United Nations Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
OPCW (2005). "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction" (PDF). OPCW.org. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). p. 122. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
"Annex 3". Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 (Report). Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. November 30, 2016. p. 42. Retrieved March 8, 2017.

osd.mil

denix.osd.mil

"App_Q_Sea_Disposal_final" (PDF). denix.osd.mil. Retrieved September 7, 2009.

rsc.org

"Molecular dynamics to combat chemical terrorism". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. January 31, 2012.

s3.amazonaws.com

"VX Recognition and Treatment" (PDF). Physicians for Human Rights. Retrieved December 14, 2019.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Worek, F; Aurbek, N; Thiermann, H (2007). "Reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited human AChE by combinations of obidoxime and HI 6in vitro". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 27 (6): 582–8. doi:10.1002/jat.1241. PMID 17370251. S2CID 23783538.

theguardian.com

McCurry, Justin (February 20, 2017). "What is the VX nerve agent that killed North Korean Kim Jong-nam?". The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2017.

thestar.com.my

One suspect in Kim Jong Nam murder suffered effects of VX agent. The Star. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.

timesofisrael.com

Zion, Ilan Ben (August 29, 2013). "Vital sarin antidote missing from gas mask kits". Times of Israel.

usatoday.com

Onyanga-Omara, Jane. "U.S. says North Korea used nerve agent VX to assassinate Kim Jong Un's half-brother". USA TODAY.

web.archive.org

"CDC | Facts About VX". emergency.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
FAS Staff (2013). "Types of Chemical Weapons: Nerve Agents [Table. Toxicological Data]". Washington, D.C.: Federation of American Scientists [FAS]. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Rash, John; Elmund, Julie (July 7, 1988). "Pathophsyiology of Anticholinesterase Agents" (PDF). Colorado State University Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2022.
"US Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards" (PDF). DA PAM 385-61. Section 7-8 Self/Buddy Aid Procedures. US Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2003. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
Kazuo K. Kimura, Bernard P. McNamara, Van M. Sim (July 1, 1960). "Intravenous Administration of VX in Man". Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
CIA (May 2, 2007). "Intelligence Update: Chemical Warfare Agent Issues Chemical Warfare Issues During the Persian Gulf War". Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
"VX". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
"VX Destruction Milestone". U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. March 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Worek, Franz; Thiermann, Horst; Wille, Timo (2020). "Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review". Archives of Toxicology. 94 (7): 2275–2292. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0. ISSN 0340-5761. PMC 7367912. PMID 32506210.
Doyle, Gerry (February 24, 2017). "What Is VX Nerve Agent? A Deadly Weapon, Rarely Seen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
Paddock, Richard C.; Sang-hun, Choe (February 23, 2017). "Kim Jong-nam Was Killed by VX Nerve Agent, Malaysians Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 24, 2017.