Vacuum tube (English Wikipedia)

Hoddeson L., Riordan M. (1997). Crystal Fire. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc. p. 58. Retrieved Oct 2021
Guthrie, Frederick (1876). Magnetism and Electricity. London and Glasgow: William Collins, Sons, & Co. p. 1.^{[page needed]}
Fleming, J. A. (1934). Memories of a Scientific Life. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, Ltd. pp. 136–143. Retrieved Nov. 2021.
Fleming (1934) pp. 138–143.
Robison, S. S. (1911). Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the use of Naval Electricians. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. p. 124 fig. 84; pp. 131, 132. Retrieved Nov 2021
Keen, R. (1922). Direction and Position Finding by Wireless. London: The Wireless Press, Ltd. p. 74. Retrieved Nov. 2021.
Fleming, J. A. (1919). The Thermionic Valve and its Developments in Radiotelegraphy and Telephony. London: The Wireless Press Ltd. p. 115. Retrieved Oct 2021
Räisänen, Antti V.; Lehto, Arto (2003). Radio Engineering for Wireless Communication and Sensor Applications. Artech House. p. 7. ISBN 978-1580536691.
Departments of the Army and the Air Force (1952). Basic Theory and Application of Electron Tubes. Washington D. C.: USGPO. p. 42. Retrieved Oct 2021
Landee, Davis, Albrecht (1957) Electronic Designers' Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 3-34 – 3-38.
Happell, Hesselberth (1953). Engineering Electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 88
Ballou, Glen (1987). Handbook for Sound Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia (1st ed.). Howard W. Sams Co. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-672-21983-2. Amplification factor or voltage gain is the amount the signal at the control grid is increased in amplitude after passing through the tube, which is also referred to as the Greek letter μ (mu) or voltage gain (V_g) of the tube.
"Construction and Materials". Technical Manual TT-5 | Transmitting Tubes to 4 KW Plate Input. RCA. 1962. p. 10. Retrieved 10 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Dushman, S. (1922) Production and Measurement of High Vacuum New York: General Electric Review. p. 174. Retrieved Nov. 2021
Hadley, C. P. (1962) "Oxide-Coated Emitters" New Jersey: Electron Tube Div., RCA. Electron Tube Design, p. 34. Retrieved 25 Oct 2021
Hicks, H. J. (1943) Principles and Practice of Radio Servicing 2nd ed. p. 252. Retrieved 25 Oct 2021
Tomer, R. B. (1960), Getting the Most out of Vacuum Tubes, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA: Howard W. Sams, p. 23, LCCN 60-13843 Retrieved Oct 2021
Thomas, C. H. (1962) "Getters" New Jersey: Electron Tube Div., RCA. Electron Tube Design, pp. 519–525 Retrieved 25 Oct 2021
Tomer, R. B. (1960). pp. 17–20
Tomer, R. B. (1960). pp. 34–35
Tomer, R. B. (1960). pp. 30–33

att.com

corp.att.com

"AT&T Labs Research | AT&T". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

audioxpress.com

Roberts, Neville (November 2009) [Republished, with notes on the company failure, on 6 May 2020]. "The TechTube Blackburn E813CC: A New Approach to Tube Design". audioXpress.

books.google.com

Rogers, D. C. (1951). "Triode amplifiers in the frequency range 100 Mc/s to 420 Mc/s". Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers. 11 (12): 569–575. doi:10.1049/jbire.1951.0074. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020., p. 571
Bray, John (2002). Innovation and the Communications Revolution: From the Victorian Pioneers to Broadband Internet. IET. ISBN 9780852962183. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.
Okamura, S., ed. (1994). History of electron tubes. Tokyo: Ohmsha. pp. 7–25. ISBN 90-5199-145-2. OCLC 30995577.
Okamura, Sōgo (1994). History of electron tubes. IOS Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-90-5199-145-1. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013.
Richards, Mark A.; William A. Holm (2010). "Power Sources and Amplifiers". Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles. SciTech Pub. p. 360. ISBN 978-1891121524.

bruker-axs.de

Diagram of continuum and characteristic lines Archived February 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

cnet.com

Katzmaier, David. "Remember when TVs weighed 200 pounds? A look back at TV trends over the years". CNET.

colossus-computer.com

Copeland, B. Jack (2006). "Chapter 5: Machine against Machine". Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-957814-6. Extract available at the book's website, accessed 7 August 2024. Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

computerworld.com

Randall, Alexander 5th (14 February 2006). "A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert". Computer World. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.

cpii.com

Staff, (2003). Care and Feeding of Power Grid Tubes, San Carlos, CA: CPI, EIMAC Div., p. 28
"Multi-Phase Cooled Power Tetrode 4CM2500KG" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016. The maximum anode dissipation rating is 2500 kilowatts.
Staff, (2003). Care and Feeding of Power Grid Tubes, San Carlos, CA: CPI, EIMAC Div., p. 68. Retrieved 25 Oct 2021

doi.org

Rogers, D. C. (1951). "Triode amplifiers in the frequency range 100 Mc/s to 420 Mc/s". Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers. 11 (12): 569–575. doi:10.1049/jbire.1951.0074. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020., p. 571
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications". IEEE Ind. Electron. M. 6 (1): 41–43. doi:10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822. S2CID 23351454.
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications". IEEE Ind. Electron. M. 6 (2): 52–54. doi:10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274. S2CID 42357863.
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of Vacuum Tubes: Merging with Digital Computing". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. Vol. 6, no. 3. pp. 52–55. doi:10.1109/MIE.2012.2207830. S2CID 41800914.
Blank, M.; Borchard, P.; Cauffman, S.; Felch, K.; Rosay, M.; Tometich, L. (2013). "Experimental demonstration of a 527 GHZ gyrotron for dynamic nuclear polarization". 2013 Abstracts IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). p. 1. doi:10.1109/PLASMA.2013.6635226. ISBN 978-1-4673-5171-3. S2CID 31007942.
Margaritondo, G.; Rebernik Ribic, P. (1 March 2011). "A simplified description of X-ray free-electron lasers". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 18 (2): 101–108. Bibcode:2011JSynR..18..101M. doi:10.1107/S090904951004896X. ISSN 0909-0495. PMC 3042323. PMID 21335894.
Huang, Z.; Kim, K. J. (2007). "Review of x-ray free-electron laser theory" (PDF). Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams. 10 (3): 034801. Bibcode:2007PhRvS..10c4801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.10.034801.
Keeports, David (9 February 2017). "The warm, rich sound of valve guitar amplifiers". Physics Education. 52 (2): 025010. Bibcode:2017PhyEd..52b5010K. doi:10.1088/1361-6552/aa57b7. S2CID 21531107.

dvice.com

Ackerman, Evan. "Vacuum tubes could be the future of computing". Dvice. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

earlyradiohistory.us

White, Thomas, United States Early Radio History, archived from the original on 18 August 2012

ed-thelen.org

Jacobs, Donald H. (14 May 1952). The JAINCOMP-B1 Computer. Symposium on Commercially Available General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price. The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

edisontechcenter.org

Edison Tech Center (2015). "General Electric Research Lab History". edisontechcenter.org. Retrieved 12 November 2018.

electronics-notes.com

Analogue Oscilloscope: cathode ray oscilloscopeelectronics-notes.com

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 5463290, Fitzgerald, William V., "Power supply stabilization circuit with separate AC/DC negative feedback paths", published 31 October 1995, assigned to Thomson Consumer Electronics Inc.

extremetech.com

Anthony, Sebastian (24 June 2014). "The vacuum tube strikes back: NASA's tiny 460GHz vacuum transistor that could one day replace silicon FETs". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Margaritondo, G.; Rebernik Ribic, P. (1 March 2011). "A simplified description of X-ray free-electron lasers". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 18 (2): 101–108. Bibcode:2011JSynR..18..101M. doi:10.1107/S090904951004896X. ISSN 0909-0495. PMC 3042323. PMID 21335894.
Huang, Z.; Kim, K. J. (2007). "Review of x-ray free-electron laser theory" (PDF). Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams. 10 (3): 034801. Bibcode:2007PhRvS..10c4801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.10.034801.
Keeports, David (9 February 2017). "The warm, rich sound of valve guitar amplifiers". Physics Education. 52 (2): 025010. Bibcode:2017PhyEd..52b5010K. doi:10.1088/1361-6552/aa57b7. S2CID 21531107.

howstuffworks.com

computer.howstuffworks.com

"How Computer Monitors Work". 16 June 2000. Retrieved 4 October 2009.

hts-homepage.de

"Robert von Lieben – Patent Nr 179807 Dated November 19, 1906" (PDF). Kaiserliches Patentamt. 19 November 1906. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.

ieee.org

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Rogers, D. C. (1951). "Triode amplifiers in the frequency range 100 Mc/s to 420 Mc/s". Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers. 11 (12): 569–575. doi:10.1049/jbire.1951.0074. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020., p. 571

spectrum.ieee.org

Barbour, E. (1998). "The cool sound of tubes – vacuum tube musical applications". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 35, no. 8. IEEE. pp. 24–35. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012.

indiastudychannel.com

indiastudychannel.com/

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Tomer, R. B. (1960), Getting the Most out of Vacuum Tubes, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA: Howard W. Sams, p. 23, LCCN 60-13843 Retrieved Oct 2021

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Margaritondo, G.; Rebernik Ribic, P. (1 March 2011). "A simplified description of X-ray free-electron lasers". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 18 (2): 101–108. Bibcode:2011JSynR..18..101M. doi:10.1107/S090904951004896X. ISSN 0909-0495. PMC 3042323. PMID 21335894.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Margaritondo, G.; Rebernik Ribic, P. (1 March 2011). "A simplified description of X-ray free-electron lasers". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 18 (2): 101–108. Bibcode:2011JSynR..18..101M. doi:10.1107/S090904951004896X. ISSN 0909-0495. PMC 3042323. PMID 21335894.

nvhrbiblio.nl

Donovan P. Geppert, (1951). Basic Electron Tubes, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 164–179. Retrieved 10 June 2021

orau.org

"Electron Tubes". Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. Retrieved 12 February 2025.

patents.google.com

Thomas A. Edison U.S. patent 307,031 "Electrical Indicator", Issue date: 1884
Coolidge, U.S. patent 1,203,495. Priority date May 9, 1913.

philips-historische-producten.nl

"Philips Historical Products: Philips Vacuum Tubes". Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.

plus.com

cjseymour.plus.com

Introduction to Thermionic Valves (Vacuum Tubes) Archived 28 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Colin J. Seymour

pocnet.net

frank.pocnet.net

GE Electronic Tubes, (March 1955) 6V6GT – 5V6GT Beam Pentode, Schenectady, NY: Tube Division, General Electric Co.
RCA, (1954). 6L6, 6L6-G Beam Power Tube. Harrison, NJ: Tube Division, RCA. pp. 1, 2, 6

r-type.org

"Valve Construction and Development: The Cathode". the Valve Museum. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
C H Gardner (1965) The Story of the Valve Archived 23 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Constructor (See particularly the section "Glass Base Construction")
Wyatt, Allan (27 December 2012). "5965". The Valve Museum.
National Valve Museum: audio double triodes ECC81, 2, and 3 Archived 7 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine

radiomuseum.org

6AG11 radiomuseum.org
6AR8radiomuseum.org
7360 radiomuseum.org
2D21 radiomuseum.org

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications". IEEE Ind. Electron. M. 6 (1): 41–43. doi:10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822. S2CID 23351454.
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications". IEEE Ind. Electron. M. 6 (2): 52–54. doi:10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274. S2CID 42357863.
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of Vacuum Tubes: Merging with Digital Computing". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. Vol. 6, no. 3. pp. 52–55. doi:10.1109/MIE.2012.2207830. S2CID 41800914.
Blank, M.; Borchard, P.; Cauffman, S.; Felch, K.; Rosay, M.; Tometich, L. (2013). "Experimental demonstration of a 527 GHZ gyrotron for dynamic nuclear polarization". 2013 Abstracts IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). p. 1. doi:10.1109/PLASMA.2013.6635226. ISBN 978-1-4673-5171-3. S2CID 31007942.
Keeports, David (9 February 2017). "The warm, rich sound of valve guitar amplifiers". Physics Education. 52 (2): 025010. Bibcode:2017PhyEd..52b5010K. doi:10.1088/1361-6552/aa57b7. S2CID 21531107.

storage.googleapis.com

patentimages.storage.googleapis.com

Fleming, J. A. (1905). Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents into Continuous Currents. U. S. patent 803,684. Retrieved Nov 2021.

thespacereview.com

Y Butt, The Space Review, 2011 Archived 22 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine "... geomagnetic storms, on occasion, can induce more powerful pulses than the E3 pulse from even megaton type nuclear weapons."

tubebooks.org

Reich, Herbert J. (2013). Principles of Electron Tubes (PDF). Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 978-1258664060. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2017.

uni-stuttgart.de

bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de

Frost, H. B. (4 May 1953). Memorandum M-2135: Some notes on current tube types (PDF) (Report). MIT. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2024.

unt.edu

digital.library.unt.edu

Huang, Z.; Kim, K. J. (2007). "Review of x-ray free-electron laser theory" (PDF). Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams. 10 (3): 034801. Bibcode:2007PhRvS..10c4801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.10.034801.

usatoday.com

Wong, May (22 October 2006). "Flat Panels Drive Old TVs From Market". AP via USA Today. Retrieved 8 October 2006.

veritasetvisus.com

"The Standard TV" (PDF). Veritas et Visus. Retrieved 12 June 2008.

vintage-technology.info

"Mazda Valves". Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2017.

välljud.se

Modjeski, Roger A. "Mu, Gm and Rp and how Tubes are matched". Välljud AB. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2011.

web.archive.org

Reich, Herbert J. (2013). Principles of Electron Tubes (PDF). Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 978-1258664060. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2017.
Rogers, D. C. (1951). "Triode amplifiers in the frequency range 100 Mc/s to 420 Mc/s". Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers. 11 (12): 569–575. doi:10.1049/jbire.1951.0074. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020., p. 571
Bray, John (2002). Innovation and the Communications Revolution: From the Victorian Pioneers to Broadband Internet. IET. ISBN 9780852962183. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.
White, Thomas, United States Early Radio History, archived from the original on 18 August 2012
"Mazda Valves". Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
"Robert von Lieben – Patent Nr 179807 Dated November 19, 1906" (PDF). Kaiserliches Patentamt. 19 November 1906. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
"AT&T Labs Research | AT&T". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Introduction to Thermionic Valves (Vacuum Tubes) Archived 28 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Colin J. Seymour
"Philips Historical Products: Philips Vacuum Tubes". Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Modjeski, Roger A. "Mu, Gm and Rp and how Tubes are matched". Välljud AB. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
C H Gardner (1965) The Story of the Valve Archived 23 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Constructor (See particularly the section "Glass Base Construction")
Copeland, B. Jack (2006). "Chapter 5: Machine against Machine". Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-957814-6. Extract available at the book's website, accessed 7 August 2024. Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Randall, Alexander 5th (14 February 2006). "A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert". Computer World. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Frost, H. B. (4 May 1953). Memorandum M-2135: Some notes on current tube types (PDF) (Report). MIT. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
GS-9B Oscillator Ultra-High Frequency Triode Archived 25 Feb. 2021
"Multi-Phase Cooled Power Tetrode 4CM2500KG" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016. The maximum anode dissipation rating is 2500 kilowatts.
Okamura, Sōgo (1994). History of electron tubes. IOS Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-90-5199-145-1. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013.
National Valve Museum: audio double triodes ECC81, 2, and 3 Archived 7 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
"The Klystron & Cactus". 31 Alumni. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Diagram of continuum and characteristic lines Archived February 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Y Butt, The Space Review, 2011 Archived 22 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine "... geomagnetic storms, on occasion, can induce more powerful pulses than the E3 pulse from even megaton type nuclear weapons."
Barbour, E. (1998). "The cool sound of tubes – vacuum tube musical applications". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 35, no. 8. IEEE. pp. 24–35. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012.
Ackerman, Evan. "Vacuum tubes could be the future of computing". Dvice. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
Anthony, Sebastian (24 June 2014). "The vacuum tube strikes back: NASA's tiny 460GHz vacuum transistor that could one day replace silicon FETs". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Okamura, S., ed. (1994). History of electron tubes. Tokyo: Ohmsha. pp. 7–25. ISBN 90-5199-145-2. OCLC 30995577.
Margaritondo, G.; Rebernik Ribic, P. (1 March 2011). "A simplified description of X-ray free-electron lasers". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 18 (2): 101–108. Bibcode:2011JSynR..18..101M. doi:10.1107/S090904951004896X. ISSN 0909-0495. PMC 3042323. PMID 21335894.

worldradiohistory.com

Editors (Sept 1954) "World of Wireless" Wireless World p. 411. Retrieved Nov. 2021.
F. B. Llewellyn. (Mar. 1957). "Birth of the Electron Tube Amplifier". New York: Ziff-Davis. Radio & Television News. p. 44
Beatty, R. T. (Oct. 1927) "The Shielded Plate Valve as a High-Frequency Amplifier". Wireless Engineer p. 621
Winfield G. Wagener, (May 1948). "500-Mc. Transmitting Tetrode Design Considerations" Proceedings of the I.R.E., p. 612. Retrieved 10 June 2021
J. F. Dreyer, Jr., (April 1936). "The Beam Power Output Tube", Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 18–21, 35
R. S. Burnap (July 1936). "New Developments in Audio Power Tubes", RCA Review, New York: RCA Institutes Technical Press, pp. 101–108
Espe, Knoll, Wilder (Oct. 1950) "Getter Materials for Electron Tubes" New York: McGraw-Hill. Electronics pp. 80–86 Retrieved 25 Oct 2021