Variants of SARS-CoV-2 (English Wikipedia)

"SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Updated frequently.
"Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants". CDC.gov (Science brief). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021. Frequently updated.
"SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions: Updated June 23, 2021". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021.
"COVID-19 Activity Increases as Prevalence of JN.1 Variant Continues to Rise". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
"Omicron Variant: What You Need to Know". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.

cedars-sinai.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Southern California COVID-19 Strain Rapidly Expands Global Reach". Cedars-Sinai Newsroom. Los Angeles. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; English: 225^th place)

Jessica Rendall (29 March 2022). "BA.2 is Now the Dominant COVID Variant in US, CDC Data Shows".

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

Azad A (17 March 2021). "Coronavirus strains first detected in California are officially 'variants of concern,' CDC says". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

cnnphilippines.com (Global: 2,993^rd place; English: 1,624^th place)

Santos E (13 March 2021). "DOH reports COVID-19 variant 'unique' to PH, first case of Brazil variant". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
"PH discovered new COVID-19 variant earlier than Japan, expert clarifies". CNN Philippines. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
"Japan detects new coronavirus variant from traveler coming from PH". CNN Philippines. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

cogconsortium.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"COG-UK Report on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of interest in the UK" (PDF). www.cogconsortium.uk. Covid-19 Genomics UK Consortium. 15 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
COG-UK update on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of special interest: Report 1 (PDF) (Report). COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK). 20 December 2020. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.

cov-lineages.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"PANGO lineages-Lineage B.1.1.28". cov-lineages.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.^{[failed verification]}
"Lineage descriptions". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
"PANGO lineages Lineage B.1.1.7". cov-lineages.org. 15 May 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
"P.1". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"PANGO lineages". cov-lineages.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
"B.1.429". Rambaut Group, University of Edinburgh. PANGO Lineages. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
"B.1.525 international lineage report". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
"cov-lineages.org". Retrieved 11 August 2023.
"Lineage B.1.1.207". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
"PANGO lineages Lineage B.1.618". cov-lineages.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
"Cov-Lineages". cov-lineages.org. Retrieved 6 April 2022.

covariants.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Variant: 20J/501Y.V3". covariants.org. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
"Variant: 21G (Lambda)". CoVariants. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010^th place; English: 612^th place)

Maison DP, Ching LL, Shikuma CM, Nerurkar VR (January 2021). "Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeny of 969-bp S Gene Sequence of SARS-CoV-2 from Hawaii Reveals the Worldwide Emerging P681H Mutation". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.01.06.425497. Available under CC BY 4.0 Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

ctvnews.ca (Global: 768^th place; English: 482^nd place)

Flanagan R (2 February 2021). "Why the WHO won't call it the 'U.K. variant', and you shouldn't either". CTV News. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

dbtindia.gov.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

"INSACOG WEEKLY BULLETIN" (PDF). dbtindia.gov.in. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Shahhosseini N, Babuadze GG, Wong G, Kobinger GP (April 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854. S2CID 233460887.
Kupferschmidt K (15 January 2021). "New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg6028. S2CID 234141081. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 spillover transmission due to recombination event". Gene Reports. 23 101045. doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101045. PMC 7884226. PMID 33615041.
Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y (3 March 2020). "On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2". National Science Review. 7 (6): 1012–1023. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036. PMC 7107875. PMID 34676127. (Erratum: doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)
Forster P, Forster L, Renfrew C, Forster M (8 April 2020). "Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (17): 9241–9243. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.9241F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004999117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7196762. PMID 32269081.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, OToole A, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (15 July 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681.
Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF (9 August 2021). "Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape". Nature Reviews Immunology. 21 (10): 626–636. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1. PMC 8351583. PMID 34373623.
Piplani S, Singh PK, Winkler DA, Petrovsky N (December 2021). "In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 13063. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1113063P. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5. PMC 8225877. PMID 34168168.
Tao K, Tzou PL, Nouhin J, Gupta RK, de Oliveira T, Kosakovsky Pond SL, et al. (17 September 2021). "The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants". Nature Reviews Genetics. 22 (12): 757–773. doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x. PMC 8447121. PMID 34535792.
Hendy M, Kaufman S, Ponga M (December 2021). "Molecular strategies for antibody binding and escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21735. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121735H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01081-0. PMC 8571385. PMID 34741079.
Shahhosseini N, Babuadze G(, Wong G, Kobinger GP (May 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (November 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681. S2CID 220544096. Cited in Alm et al.
Alm E, Broberg EK, Connor T, Hodcroft EB, Komissarov AB, Maurer-Stroh S, et al. (The WHO European Region sequencing laboratories and GISAID EpiCoV group) (August 2020). "Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (32). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410. PMC 7427299. PMID 32794443.
Zhukova A, Blassel L, Lemoine F, Morel M, Voznica J, Gascuel O (November 2020). "Origin, evolution and global spread of SARS-CoV-2". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 344: 57–75. doi:10.5802/crbiol.29. PMID 33274614.
Zhang W, Davis B, Chen SS, Martinez JS, Plummer JT, Vail E (2021). "Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California". JAMA. 325 (13): 1324–1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1612. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 7879386. PMID 33571356.
Koyama T, Platt D, Parida L (July 2020). "Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 98 (7): 495–504. doi:10.2471/BLT.20.253591. PMC 7375210. PMID 32742035. We detected in total 65776 variants with 5775 distinct variants.
Hadfield J, Megill C, Bell SM, Huddleston J, Potter B, Callender C, et al. (December 2018). Kelso J (ed.). "Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution". Bioinformatics. 34 (23): 4121–4123. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407. PMC 6247931. PMID 29790939.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (March 2021). "Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 6 (3): 415. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00872-5. PMC 7845574. PMID 33514928.
Kumar S, Tao Q, Weaver S, Sanderford M, Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Sharma S, et al. (May 2021). "An evolutionary portrait of the progenitor SARS-CoV-2 and its dominant offshoots in COVID-19 pandemic". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (8): 3046–3059. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab118. PMC 8135569. PMID 33942847.
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. (March 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature. 579 (7798): 265–269. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..265W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. PMC 7094943. PMID 32015508.
Chiara M, Horner DS, Gissi C, Pesole G (May 2021). "Comparative Genomics Reveals Early Emergence and Biased Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (6): 2547–2565. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab049. PMC 7928790. PMID 33605421.
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
Okada P, Buathong R, Phuygun S, Thanadachakul T, Parnmen S, Wongboot W, et al. (February 2020). "Early transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in travellers from Wuhan to Thailand, January 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (8). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.8.2000097. PMC 7055038. PMID 32127124.
Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rajah MM, et al. (27 May 2021). "Reduced sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.2 to monoclonal antibodies and sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.05.26.445838.
Campbell F, Archer B, Laurenson-Schafer H, Jinnai Y, Konings F, Batra N, et al. (June 2021). "Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021". Euro Surveillance. 26 (24) 2100509. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100509. PMC 8212592. PMID 34142653.
Sheikh A, McMenamin J, Taylor B, Robertson C (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness". Lancet. 397 (10293): 2461–2462. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1. PMC 8201647. PMID 34139198.
Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Abraham P, Ella R, Deshpande G, Patil DY, et al. (May 2021). "Neutralization of variant under investigation B.1.617 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 74 (ciab411). Oxford University Press: 366–368. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.23.441101. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab411. PMID 33961693.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, Webster HH, Flaxman S, Andrews N, et al. (16 March 2022). "Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study". The Lancet. 399 (10332): 1303–1312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00462-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8926413. PMID 35305296.
Nyberg T, Twohig KA, Harris RJ, Seaman SR, Flannagan J, Allen H, et al. (June 2021). "Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis". BMJ. 373 n1412. arXiv:2104.05560. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1412. PMC 8204098. PMID 34130987. S2CID 235187479.
Ahmad A, Fawaz MA, Aisha A (1 September 2022). "A comparative overview of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern". Infez Med. 30 (3): 328–343. doi:10.53854/liim-3003-2. PMC 9448317. PMID 36148164.
Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira IA, Meng B, Datir RP, Walls AC, et al. (May 2021). "Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies". Nature (Published). 593 (7857): 136–141. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03412-7. PMC 7899479. PMID 33706364. We therefore generated pseudoviruses that carried the B.1.1.7 spike mutations with or without the additional E484K substitution and tested these against sera obtained after the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as well as against convalescent sera. After the second vaccine dose, we observed a considerable loss of neutralising activity for the pseudovirus with the B.1.1.7 spike mutations and E484K (Fig. 3d, e). The mean fold change for the E484K-containing B.1.1.7 spike variant was 6.7 compared with 1.9 for the B.1.1.7 variant, relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3a–c and Extended Data Fig. 5). Similarly, when we tested a panel of convalescent sera with a range of neutralisation titres (Fig. 1f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5), we observed additional loss of activity against the mutant B.1.1.7 spike with E484K, with fold change of 11.4 relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5).
Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, et al. (April 2021). "Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Science. 372 (6538) eabg3055. doi:10.1126/science.abg3055. PMC 8128288. PMID 33658326.
Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, Barrett JC, Johnson R, Geidelberg L, et al. (May 2021). "Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Nature. 593 (7858): 266–269. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..266V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03470-x. hdl:10044/1/87474. PMID 33767447.
Frampton D, Rampling T, Cross A, Bailey H, Heaney J, Byott M, et al. (April 2021). "Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital-based cohort study". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 21 (9): 1246–1256. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00170-5. PMC 8041359. PMID 33857406.
Chen RE, Zhang X, Case JB, Winkler ES, Liu Y, VanBlargan LA, et al. (April 2021). "Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies". Nature Medicine. 27 (4): 717–726. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w. PMC 8058618. PMID 33664494.
Moustafa AM, Bianco C, Denu L, Ahmed A, Neide B, Everett J, et al. (21 April 2021). "Comparative Analysis of Emerging B.1.1.7+E484K SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Pennsylvania". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.21.440801.
Voloch CM, da Silva Francisco R, de Almeida LG, Cardoso CC, Brustolini OJ, Gerber AL, et al. (March 2021). "Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Journal of Virology. 95 (10) e00119-21. doi:10.1128/jvi.00119-21. PMC 8139668. PMID 33649194.
Naveca FG, Nascimento V, De Souza VC, Corado Ad, Nascimento F, Silva G, et al. (2021). "COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P.1 emergence". Nature Medicine. 27 (7): 1230–1238. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01378-7. PMID 34035535. Preprint.
Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DD, Mishra S, et al. (May 2021). "Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil". Science. 372 (6544): 815–821. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..815F. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8139423. PMID 33853970. Within this plausible region of parameter space, P.1 can be between 1.7 and 2.4 times more transmissible (50% BCI, 2.0 median, with a 99% posterior probability of being >1) than local non-P1 lineages and can evade 21 to 46% (50% BCI, 32% median, with a 95% posterior probability of being able to evade at least 10%) of protective immunity elicited by previous infection with non-P.1 lineages, corresponding to 54 to 79% (50% BCI, 68% median) cross-immunity ... We estimate that infections are 1.2 to 1.9 times more likely (50% BCI, median 1.5, 90% posterior probability of being >1) to result in mortality in the period after the emergence of P.1, compared with before, although posterior estimates of this relative risk are also correlated with inferred cross-immunity. More broadly, the recent epidemic in Manaus has strained the city's health care system, leading to inadequate access to medical care. We therefore cannot determine whether the estimated increase in relative mortality risk is due to P.1 infection, stresses on the Manaus health care system, or both. Detailed clinical investigations of P.1 infections are needed.
Sofia Moutinho (4 May 2021). "Chinese COVID-19 vaccine maintains protection in variant-plagued Brazil". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abi9414. S2CID 234804602. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
Mishra S, Mindermann S, Sharma M, Whittaker C, Mellan TA, Wilton T, et al. (1 September 2021). "Changing composition of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and rise of Delta variant in England". eClinicalMedicine. 39 101064. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101064. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 8349999. PMID 34401689.
Tang JW, Oliver T (2021). "Introduction of the South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 into the UK". The Journal of Infection. 82 (4): e8 – e10. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.007. PMC 7813514. PMID 33472093.
Shen X, Tang H, Pajon R, Smith G, Glenn GM, Shi W, et al. (June 2021). "Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (24): 2352–2354. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2103740. PMC 8063884. PMID 33826819.
Wadman M (23 February 2021). "California coronavirus strain may be more infectious – and lethal". Science News. doi:10.1126/science.abh2101. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
Barton MI, MacGowan SA, Kutuzov MA, Dushek O, Barton GJ, van der Merwe PA (26 August 2021). Fouchier RA, Van der Meer JW, Fouchier RA (eds.). "Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics". eLife. 10 e70658. doi:10.7554/eLife.70658. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8480977. PMID 34435953.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Scarpa F, Sanna D, Benvenuto D, Borsetti A, Azzena I, Casu M, et al. (3 December 2022). "Genetic and Structural Data on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BQ.1 Variant Reveal Its Low Potential for Epidemiological Expansion". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (23) 15264. doi:10.3390/ijms232315264. PMC 9739521. PMID 36499592.
Bartel A, Grau JH, Bitzegeio J, Werber D, Linzner N, Schumacher V, et al. (10 January 2024). "Timely Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Fragments in Wastewater Shows the Emergence of JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1, Clade 23I) in Berlin, Germany". Viruses. 16 (1): 102. doi:10.3390/v16010102. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10818819. PMID 38257802.
Kaku Y, Okumura K, Kawakubo S, Uriu K, Chen L, Kosugi Y, et al. (1 December 2024). "Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant". The Lancet. 24 (12): e736. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00731-X. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 39521009. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Guo C, Yu Y, Liu J, Jian F, Yang S, Song W, et al. (1 July 2025). "Antigenic and virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2, XFG, and NB.1.8.1". The Lancet. 25 (7): e374 – e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00308-1. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 40484018. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Chaqroun A, Hartard C, Schvoerer E (18 June 2021). "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies Facing Viral Variants". Viruses. 13 (6): 1171. doi:10.3390/v13061171. PMC 8234553. PMID 34207378.
Fillâtre P, Dufour MJ, Behillil S, Vatan R, Reusse P, Gabellec A, et al. (February 2022). "A new SARS-CoV-2 variant with high lethality poorly detected by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal samples: an observational study". Clin Microbiol Infect. 28 (2): 298.e9–298.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.035. PMC 8496927. PMID 34627988.
Smyth DS, Trujillo M, Gregory DA, Cheung K, Gao A, Graham M, et al. (3 February 2022). "Tracking cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in NYC wastewater". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 635. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..635S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28246-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8813986. PMID 35115523.
Kupferschmidt K (23 December 2020). "U.K. variant puts spotlight on immunocompromised patients' role in the COVID-19 pandemic". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg2911. S2CID 234378594. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
McCarthy KR, Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, Robinson-McCarthy LR, Bain WG, Haidar G, et al. (March 2021). "Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape". Science. 371 (6534): 1139–1142. Bibcode:2021Sci...371.1139M. doi:10.1126/science.abf6950. PMC 7971772. PMID 33536258.
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, Yamasoba D, Butlertanaka EP, Tanaka YL, et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance". Cell Reports. 38 (2) 110218. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110218. hdl:2433/267436. PMC 8683271. PMID 34968415. S2CID 236520241. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Tandel D, Gupta D, Sah V, Harshan KH (30 April 2021). "N440K variant of SARS-CoV-2 has Higher Infectious Fitness". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.30.441434.
Singh A, Steinkellner G, Köchl K, Gruber K, Gruber CC (February 2021). "Serine 477 plays a crucial role in the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human receptor ACE2". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 4320. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4320S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83761-5. PMC 7900180. PMID 33619331.
Schroers B, Gudimella R, Bukur T, Roesler T, Loewer M, Sahin U (4 February 2021). "Large-scale analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike-glycoprotein mutants demonstrates the need for continuous screening of virus isolates". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.02.04.429765.
Wise J (February 2021). "Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses". BMJ. 372: n359. doi:10.1136/bmj.n359. PMID 33547053. S2CID 231821685.
Greaney AJ, Loes AN, Crawford KH, Starr TN, Malone KD, Chu HY, et al. (March 2021). "Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies". Cell Host & Microbe. 29 (3): 463–476.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.003. PMC 7869748. PMID 33592168.
Kupferschmidt K (January 2021). "New mutations raise specter of 'immune escape'". Science. 371 (6527): 329–330. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..329K. doi:10.1126/science.371.6527.329. PMID 33479129.
Tu H, Avenarius MR, Kubatko L, Hunt M, Pan X, Ru P, et al. (26 January 2021). "Distinct Patterns of Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Variants including N501Y in Clinical Samples in Columbus Ohio". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.01.12.426407.
Maison DP, Ching LL, Shikuma CM, Nerurkar VR (January 2021). "Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeny of 969-bp S Gene Sequence of SARS-CoV-2 from Hawaii Reveals the Worldwide Emerging P681H Mutation". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.01.06.425497. Available under CC BY 4.0 Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, et al. (August 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell. 182 (4): 812–827.e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. PMC 7332439. PMID 32697968.
Hou YJ, Chiba S, Halfmann P, Ehre C, Kuroda M, Dinnon KH, et al. (December 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo". Science. 370 (6523): 1464–1468. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1464H. doi:10.1126/science.abe8499. PMC 7775736. PMID 33184236. an emergent Asp614→Gly (D614G) substitution in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 strains that is now the most prevalent form globally
Volz EM, Hill V, McCrone JT, Price A, Jorgensen D, O'Toole A, et al. (4 August 2020). "Evaluating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation D614G on transmissibility and pathogenicity". Cell. 184 (1): 64–75.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020. hdl:10044/1/84079. PMC 7674007. PMID 33275900.
Butowt R, Bilinska K, Von Bartheld CS (October 2020). "Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Integration of Genetic and Epidemiological Data Points to D614G Spike Protein Variant as a Contributing Factor". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 11 (20): 3180–3184. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00596. PMC 7581292. PMID 32997488.
Yurkovetskiy L, Wang X, Pascal KE, Tomkins-Tinch C, Nyalile TP, Wang Y, et al. (October 2020). "Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant". Cell. 183 (3): 739–751.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.032. PMC 7492024. PMID 32991842.
Thomson EC, Rosen LE, Shepherd JG, Spreafico R, da Silva Filipe A, Wojcechowskyj JA, et al. (March 2021). "Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity". Cell. 184 (5): 1171–1187.e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037. PMC 7843029. PMID 33621484.
Galani A, Aalizadeh R, Kostakis M, Markou A, Alygizakis N, Lytras T, et al. (January 2022). "SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance data can predict hospitalizations and ICU admissions". Science of the Total Environment. 804 150151. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.80450151G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150151. PMC 8421077. PMID 34623953.
Larsen HD, Fonager J, Lomholt FK, Dalby T, Benedetti G, Kristensen B, et al. (February 2021). "Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020". Euro Surveillance. 26 (5). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.5.210009. PMC 7863232. PMID 33541485.
Burioni R, Topol EJ (June 2021). "Has SARS-CoV-2 reached peak fitness?". Nature Medicine. 27 (8): 1323–24. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01421-7. PMID 34155413.
Rella SA, Kulikova YA, Dermitzakis ET, Kondrashov FA (30 July 2021). "Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15729. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8324827. PMID 34330988.
Wang R, Chen J, Wei GW (December 2021). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 12 (49): 11850–11857. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380. PMC 8672435. PMID 34873910. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, et al. (February 2022). "Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies". Nature. 602 (7898): 657–663. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03796-6. PMC 8866119. PMID 35016194. S2CID 245455422.
Liu L, Iketani S, Guo Y, Chan JF, Wang M, Liu L, et al. (February 2022). "Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2". Nature. 602 (7898): 676–681. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03826-3. PMID 35016198. S2CID 245462866.
Mohsin M, Mahmud S (May 2022). "Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern: A review on its transmissibility, immune evasion, reinfection, and severity". Medicine. 101 (19) e29165. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000029165. PMC 9276130. PMID 35583528. S2CID 248858919.
Shin DH, Smith DM, Choi JY (2022). "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern: Everything You Wanted to Know about Omicron but Were Afraid to Ask". Yonsei Medical Journal. 63 (11): 977–983. doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.0383. PMC 9629902. PMID 36303305.

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

Freund A (7 January 2022). "Coronavirus: Health experts not alarmed by variant identified in France". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Freund A (4 January 2022). "New coronavirus variant identified in France". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

ecdc.europa.eu

"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern". ECDC.eu. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021. Updated frequently.
Risk related to the spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the EU/EEA – first update (Risk assessment). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
ECDC (12 May 2022). "Changes to list of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, variants of interest, and variants under monitoring" (PDF).
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of 26 September 2025, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 26 September 2025, Wikidata Q136406441, archived from the original on 30 September 2025
Methods for the detection and identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (Technical report). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 3 March 2021. Diagnostic screening assays of known VOCs.
Assessment of the further emergence and potential impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern in the context of ongoing transmission of the Delta variant of concern in the EU/EEA, 18th update (Technical report). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 15 December 2021. Annexes 1 and 2.
"Detection of new SARS-CoV-2 variants related to mink" (PDF). ECDC.eu. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 12 November 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.

ema.europa.eu

"Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 14-17 October 2024". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 18 October 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2024. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
"ETF recommends updating COVID-19 vaccines to target new LP.8.1 variant". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 16 May 2025. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

Office of the Commissioner (23 February 2021). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Policies to Guide Medical Product Developers Addressing Virus Variants". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2023". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Recommendation for the 2023-2024 Formula of COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S. (PDF) (Report). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
"Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2024". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

fiocruz.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

arca.fiocruz.br

Naveca FG, Nascimento V, De Souza VC, Corado Ad, Nascimento F, Silva G, et al. (2021). "COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P.1 emergence". Nature Medicine. 27 (7): 1230–1238. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01378-7. PMID 34035535. Preprint.

focusmalaysia.my (Global: low place; English: low place)

"COVID-19 A701V mutation spreads to third wave clusters". focusmalaysia.my. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

Johnson A. "What We Know About 'Eris' Covid Variant EG.5: The Dominant Strain Driving An Uptick In Cases". Forbes. Retrieved 11 August 2023.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Jacobs A (2 November 2021). "Widespread Coronavirus Infection Found in Iowa Deer, New Study Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021. Researchers and outside experts characterized the study's findings as a troubling development in the course of the pandemic. Widespread infection among North America's most ubiquitous game species could make eradicating the pathogen even more difficult, especially if they became a reservoir for mutations that eventually spilled back over to humans. [...] they are alerting deer hunters and others who handle deer to take precautions to avoid transmission. [...] If the virus were to become endemic in wild animals like deer, it could evolve over time to become more virulent and then infect people with a new strain capable of evading the current crop of vaccines.

gisaid.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"clade tree (from 'Clade and lineage nomenclature')". GISAID. 4 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
"Global phylogeny, updated by Nextstrain". GISAID. 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"Official hCoV-19 Reference Sequence". www.gisaid.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
"Novel mutation combination in spike receptor binding site" (Press release). GISAID. 21 December 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
"GISAID hCOV19 Variants (see menu option 'G/484K.V3 (B.1.525)')". GISAID. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
"Mutations in spike putatively linked to outbreak at Danish mink farms". GISAID. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

github.com (Global: 383^rd place; English: 320^th place)

"cov-lineages/pangolin: Software package for assigning SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences to global lineages". Github. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
"Delta (AY.4) and BA.1 recombinant in France/Denmark [~30 seqs, isolated/passaged in Vero] · Issue #444 · cov-lineages/pango-designation". GitHub. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

globalnews.ca (Global: 985^th place; English: 583^rd place)

Pearson H, Pullen L, Dao C (11 June 2021). "AHS breaks down vaccination data of COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at Calgary hospital". Global News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.

gmanetwork.com (Global: 824^th place; English: 488^th place)

"Duterte says Sulu seeking help after new COVID-19 variant detected in nearby Sabah, Malaysia". GMA News. 27 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

goo.ne.jp (Global: 974^th place; English: 6,950^th place)

news.goo.ne.jp

"東京五輪で"最凶"の「ラムダ株」が上陸ワクチン効果は5分の1?" ["Lambda strain" landed at the Tokyo Olympics, and the vaccine effect is one-fifth?]. gooニュース. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

"Variants: distribution of cases data". GOV.UK. 28 January 2021. At "Differences between a Variant of Concern and Variant Under Investigation". Retrieved 19 February 2021. SARS-CoV-2 variants, if considered to have concerning epidemiological, immunological, or pathogenic properties, are raised for formal investigation. At this point they are designated Variant Under Investigation (VUI) with a year, month, and number. Following a risk assessment with the relevant expert committee, they may be designated Variant of Concern (VOC)
"Variants: distribution of cases data". Public Health England. Government Digital Service. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. Updated frequently. Data up to 19 May 2021 included in the 2 July 2021 update.
"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants: technical briefings". GOV.UK. Government Digital Service. Public Health England. Retrieved 18 November 2021. Updated frequently.
"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: variant risk assessments". GOV.UK. Government Digital Service. Public Health England. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021. Updated frequently.
"Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK". GOV.UK. Public Health England. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
Horby P, Barclay W, Gupta R, Huntley C (27 January 2021). NERVTAG paper: note on variant P.1 (Note). Public Health England. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
Horby P, Barclay W, Huntley C (13 January 2021). NERVTAG paper: brief note on SARS-CoV-2 variants (Note). Public Health England. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"PHE investigating a novel strain of COVID-19". Public Health England (PHE). 14 December 2020.
"SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence prevalence and growth rate update: 8 November 2023". GOV.UK. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, Barrett JC, Johnson R, Geidelberg L, et al. (May 2021). "Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Nature. 593 (7858): 266–269. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..266V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03470-x. hdl:10044/1/87474. PMID 33767447.
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, Yamasoba D, Butlertanaka EP, Tanaka YL, et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance". Cell Reports. 38 (2) 110218. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110218. hdl:2433/267436. PMC 8683271. PMID 34968415. S2CID 236520241. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Volz EM, Hill V, McCrone JT, Price A, Jorgensen D, O'Toole A, et al. (4 August 2020). "Evaluating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation D614G on transmissibility and pathogenicity". Cell. 184 (1): 64–75.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020. hdl:10044/1/84079. PMC 7674007. PMID 33275900.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Forster P, Forster L, Renfrew C, Forster M (8 April 2020). "Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (17): 9241–9243. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.9241F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004999117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7196762. PMID 32269081.
Piplani S, Singh PK, Winkler DA, Petrovsky N (December 2021). "In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 13063. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1113063P. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5. PMC 8225877. PMID 34168168.
Hendy M, Kaufman S, Ponga M (December 2021). "Molecular strategies for antibody binding and escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21735. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121735H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01081-0. PMC 8571385. PMID 34741079.
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. (March 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature. 579 (7798): 265–269. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..265W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. PMC 7094943. PMID 32015508.
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, Barrett JC, Johnson R, Geidelberg L, et al. (May 2021). "Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Nature. 593 (7858): 266–269. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..266V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03470-x. hdl:10044/1/87474. PMID 33767447.
Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DD, Mishra S, et al. (May 2021). "Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil". Science. 372 (6544): 815–821. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..815F. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8139423. PMID 33853970. Within this plausible region of parameter space, P.1 can be between 1.7 and 2.4 times more transmissible (50% BCI, 2.0 median, with a 99% posterior probability of being >1) than local non-P1 lineages and can evade 21 to 46% (50% BCI, 32% median, with a 95% posterior probability of being able to evade at least 10%) of protective immunity elicited by previous infection with non-P.1 lineages, corresponding to 54 to 79% (50% BCI, 68% median) cross-immunity ... We estimate that infections are 1.2 to 1.9 times more likely (50% BCI, median 1.5, 90% posterior probability of being >1) to result in mortality in the period after the emergence of P.1, compared with before, although posterior estimates of this relative risk are also correlated with inferred cross-immunity. More broadly, the recent epidemic in Manaus has strained the city's health care system, leading to inadequate access to medical care. We therefore cannot determine whether the estimated increase in relative mortality risk is due to P.1 infection, stresses on the Manaus health care system, or both. Detailed clinical investigations of P.1 infections are needed.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Smyth DS, Trujillo M, Gregory DA, Cheung K, Gao A, Graham M, et al. (3 February 2022). "Tracking cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in NYC wastewater". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 635. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..635S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28246-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8813986. PMID 35115523.
McCarthy KR, Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, Robinson-McCarthy LR, Bain WG, Haidar G, et al. (March 2021). "Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape". Science. 371 (6534): 1139–1142. Bibcode:2021Sci...371.1139M. doi:10.1126/science.abf6950. PMC 7971772. PMID 33536258.
Singh A, Steinkellner G, Köchl K, Gruber K, Gruber CC (February 2021). "Serine 477 plays a crucial role in the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human receptor ACE2". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 4320. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4320S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83761-5. PMC 7900180. PMID 33619331.
Kupferschmidt K (January 2021). "New mutations raise specter of 'immune escape'". Science. 371 (6527): 329–330. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..329K. doi:10.1126/science.371.6527.329. PMID 33479129.
Hou YJ, Chiba S, Halfmann P, Ehre C, Kuroda M, Dinnon KH, et al. (December 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo". Science. 370 (6523): 1464–1468. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1464H. doi:10.1126/science.abe8499. PMC 7775736. PMID 33184236. an emergent Asp614→Gly (D614G) substitution in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 strains that is now the most prevalent form globally
Galani A, Aalizadeh R, Kostakis M, Markou A, Alygizakis N, Lytras T, et al. (January 2022). "SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance data can predict hospitalizations and ICU admissions". Science of the Total Environment. 804 150151. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.80450151G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150151. PMC 8421077. PMID 34623953.

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 52^nd place)

Chaturvedi A (4 January 2022). "New Covid-19 variant 'IHU' discovered in France, has more mutations than Omicron". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

i-base.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"escape mutation". HIV i-Base. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

"Covid: Everything we know about the new Omicron descendant as winter flu surges". The Independent. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
"What is new 'Stratus' Covid strain? Symptoms to look out for as UK cases grow". The Independent. 12 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
"What is new 'Nimbus' Covid variant? Symptoms as cases grow in UK". The Independent. 19 June 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2025.

india.com (Global: 385^th place; English: 234^th place)

"Delta Globally Dominant Covid Strain, Now Spread To 185 Countries: WHO". 22 September 2021.

indiatimes.com (Global: 17^th place; English: 15^th place)

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"N440k Covid Variant: Mutant N440K 10 times more infectious than parent strain | Hyderabad News". The Times of India. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

indiatoday.in (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Sharma M (14 June 2021). "New 'Delta Plus' variant of SARS-CoV-2 identified; here's what we know so far". India Today. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
"What is the new 'triple mutant variant' of Covid-19 virus found in Bengal? How bad is it?". www.indiatoday.in. 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.

infectioncontroltoday.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Frank Diamond (7 August 2021). "More Data Point to Lambda Variant's Potential Lethality". Infection Control Today. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

innophore.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (formerly known as Wuhan coronavirus and 2019-nCoV) – what we can find out on a structural bioinformatics level". Innophore. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2021.

japantoday.com (Global: 3,795^th place; English: 2,511^th place)

"Japan finds new coronavirus variant in travelers from Brazil". Japan Today. Japan. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

jcl.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"新型コロナウイルス変異株とは | 日本医学臨床検査研究所" [What is the novel coronavirus mutation | Japan Medical Laboratory Laboratory]. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

jpost.com (Global: 544^th place; English: 387^th place)

"COVID-19: New variant, B.1.640.2, detected in France – study". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

khub.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment". Knowledge Hub. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.

livemint.com (Global: 390^th place; English: 227^th place)

"Return of the mask? Singapore, Indonesia bring back limits as Covid cases jump". mint. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

Rettner R (2 February 2021). "UK coronavirus variant develops vaccine-evading mutation – In a handful of instances, the U.K. coronavirus variant has developed a mutation called E484K, which may impact vaccine effectiveness". Live Science. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.

medicalxpress.com (Global: 8,255^th place; English: low place)

"Detecting novel SARS-CoV-2 variants in New York City wastewater". University of Missouri. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
"New, more infectious strain of COVID-19 now dominates global cases of virus: study". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.

medrxiv.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ranzani O (2021). "Effectiveness of the CoronaVac vaccine in the elderly population during a Gamma variant-associated epidemic of COVID-19 in Brazil". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.05.19.21257472v3.
Colson P, Fournier PE, Delerce J, Million M, Bedotto M, Houhamdi L, et al. (16 March 2022). "Culture and identification of a "Deltamicron" SARS-CoV-2 in a three cases cluster in southern France". pp. 3739–3749. medRxiv 10.1101/2022.03.03.22271812v2.
Hodcroft EB, Domman DB, Snyder DJ, Oguntuyo KY, Van Diest M, Densmore KH, et al. (21 February 2021). "Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.02.12.21251658.
Baaijens JA, Zulli A, Ott IM, Petrone ME, Alpert T, Fauver JR, et al. (2 September 2021). "Variant abundance estimation for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using RNA-Seq quantification". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.08.31.21262938.
Heijnen L, Elsinga G, Graaf Md, Molenkamp R, Koopmans MP, Medema G (26 March 2021). "Droplet Digital RT-PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in wastewater". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.03.25.21254324v1.

medscape.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Peter Russell (6 January 2023). "Omicron XBB.1.5: What Do We Know So Far?". Retrieved 8 January 2023.

metro.co.uk (Global: 296^th place; English: 217^th place)

Sundaravelu A (28 July 2023). "Scientists find 'most mutated' and 'most extreme' Covid variant ever in patient". Metro News. Retrieved 28 July 2023.

moh.gov.my (Global: low place; English: low place)

covid-19.moh.gov.my

"The current situation and Information on the Spike protein mutation of Covid-19 in Malaysia". Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia – Covid-19 Malaysia. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
"Variants of Concerns (VOC), B.1.524, B.1.525, South African B.1.351, STRAIN D614G, A701V, B1.1.7". covid-19.moh.gov.my. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

msn.com (Global: 117^th place; English: 145^th place)

"New COVID variants could be named after constellations once Greek alphabet is used up". Sky News. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.

msu.edu (Global: 1,844^th place; English: 1,231^st place)

users.math.msu.edu

Wang R, Chen J, Wei GW (December 2021). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 12 (49): 11850–11857. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380. PMC 8672435. PMID 34873910. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.

nccid.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Griffiths E, Tanner J, Knox N, Hsiao W, Van Domselaar G (15 January 2021). CanCOGeN Interim Recommendations for Naming, Identifying, and Reporting SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (PDF). CanCOGeN (nccid.ca) (Report). 1.0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021.

news-medical.net (Global: 8,069^th place; English: 7,681^st place)

"The ancestor of SARS-CoV-2's Wuhan strain was circulating in late October 2019". News Medical. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020. Journal reference: Kumar, S. et al. (2021). An evolutionary portrait...
Greenwood M (15 January 2021). "What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?". News Medical Lifesciences. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
"Study shows P681H mutation is becoming globally prevalent among SARS-CoV-2 sequences". News-Medical.net. 10 January 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
"Study findings suggest spread of Omicron can be ascribed to immune evasiveness rather than an increase in transmissibility". News-Medical.net. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

Le Page M (4 June 2021). "Indian covid-19 variant (B.1.617)". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 June 2021.

newsweek.com (Global: 269^th place; English: 201^st place)

Browne E (4 January 2022). "What we know about "IHU" COVID variant B.1.640.2 with 46 mutations". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

newswise.com (Global: 9,751^st place; English: 7,165^th place)

"Local COVID-19 Strain Found in Over One-Third of Los Angeles Patients". news wise (Press release). California: Cedars Sinai Medical Center. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

nextstrain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

nextstrain.org

Bedford T, Hodcroft B, Neher RA (6 January 2021). "Updated Nextstrain SARS-CoV-2 clade naming strategy". nextstrain.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus – Global subsampling (Filtered to B.1.617)". nextstrain.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
"SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny". Nextstrain. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
"Nextstrain COVID-19". Nextstrain. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.

clades.nextstrain.org

"Nextclade" (What are the clades?). nextstrain.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"What are the clades?". clades.nextstrain.org. Retrieved 29 November 2021.

nhk.or.jp (Global: 145^th place; English: 1,388^th place)

www3.nhk.or.jp

"新たな変異ある「デルタ株」検出感染力への影響分からず" [Detection of a new mutant "Delta strain" The effect on infectivity is unknown]. NHKニュース. 31 August 2021. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Shahhosseini N, Babuadze GG, Wong G, Kobinger GP (April 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854. S2CID 233460887.
Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 spillover transmission due to recombination event". Gene Reports. 23 101045. doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101045. PMC 7884226. PMID 33615041.
Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y (3 March 2020). "On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2". National Science Review. 7 (6): 1012–1023. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036. PMC 7107875. PMID 34676127. (Erratum: doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)
Forster P, Forster L, Renfrew C, Forster M (8 April 2020). "Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (17): 9241–9243. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.9241F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004999117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7196762. PMID 32269081.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, OToole A, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (15 July 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681.
Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF (9 August 2021). "Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape". Nature Reviews Immunology. 21 (10): 626–636. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1. PMC 8351583. PMID 34373623.
Piplani S, Singh PK, Winkler DA, Petrovsky N (December 2021). "In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 13063. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1113063P. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5. PMC 8225877. PMID 34168168.
Tao K, Tzou PL, Nouhin J, Gupta RK, de Oliveira T, Kosakovsky Pond SL, et al. (17 September 2021). "The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants". Nature Reviews Genetics. 22 (12): 757–773. doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x. PMC 8447121. PMID 34535792.
Hendy M, Kaufman S, Ponga M (December 2021). "Molecular strategies for antibody binding and escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21735. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121735H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01081-0. PMC 8571385. PMID 34741079.
Shahhosseini N, Babuadze G(, Wong G, Kobinger GP (May 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (November 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681. S2CID 220544096. Cited in Alm et al.
Alm E, Broberg EK, Connor T, Hodcroft EB, Komissarov AB, Maurer-Stroh S, et al. (The WHO European Region sequencing laboratories and GISAID EpiCoV group) (August 2020). "Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (32). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410. PMC 7427299. PMID 32794443.
Zhukova A, Blassel L, Lemoine F, Morel M, Voznica J, Gascuel O (November 2020). "Origin, evolution and global spread of SARS-CoV-2". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 344: 57–75. doi:10.5802/crbiol.29. PMID 33274614.
Zhang W, Davis B, Chen SS, Martinez JS, Plummer JT, Vail E (2021). "Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California". JAMA. 325 (13): 1324–1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1612. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 7879386. PMID 33571356.
Koyama T, Platt D, Parida L (July 2020). "Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 98 (7): 495–504. doi:10.2471/BLT.20.253591. PMC 7375210. PMID 32742035. We detected in total 65776 variants with 5775 distinct variants.
Hadfield J, Megill C, Bell SM, Huddleston J, Potter B, Callender C, et al. (December 2018). Kelso J (ed.). "Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution". Bioinformatics. 34 (23): 4121–4123. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407. PMC 6247931. PMID 29790939.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (March 2021). "Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 6 (3): 415. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00872-5. PMC 7845574. PMID 33514928.
Kumar S, Tao Q, Weaver S, Sanderford M, Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Sharma S, et al. (May 2021). "An evolutionary portrait of the progenitor SARS-CoV-2 and its dominant offshoots in COVID-19 pandemic". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (8): 3046–3059. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab118. PMC 8135569. PMID 33942847.
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. (March 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature. 579 (7798): 265–269. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..265W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. PMC 7094943. PMID 32015508.
Chiara M, Horner DS, Gissi C, Pesole G (May 2021). "Comparative Genomics Reveals Early Emergence and Biased Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (6): 2547–2565. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab049. PMC 7928790. PMID 33605421.
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
Okada P, Buathong R, Phuygun S, Thanadachakul T, Parnmen S, Wongboot W, et al. (February 2020). "Early transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in travellers from Wuhan to Thailand, January 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (8). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.8.2000097. PMC 7055038. PMID 32127124.
Campbell F, Archer B, Laurenson-Schafer H, Jinnai Y, Konings F, Batra N, et al. (June 2021). "Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021". Euro Surveillance. 26 (24) 2100509. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100509. PMC 8212592. PMID 34142653.
Sheikh A, McMenamin J, Taylor B, Robertson C (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness". Lancet. 397 (10293): 2461–2462. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1. PMC 8201647. PMID 34139198.
Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Abraham P, Ella R, Deshpande G, Patil DY, et al. (May 2021). "Neutralization of variant under investigation B.1.617 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 74 (ciab411). Oxford University Press: 366–368. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.23.441101. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab411. PMID 33961693.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, Webster HH, Flaxman S, Andrews N, et al. (16 March 2022). "Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study". The Lancet. 399 (10332): 1303–1312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00462-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8926413. PMID 35305296.
Nyberg T, Twohig KA, Harris RJ, Seaman SR, Flannagan J, Allen H, et al. (June 2021). "Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis". BMJ. 373 n1412. arXiv:2104.05560. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1412. PMC 8204098. PMID 34130987. S2CID 235187479.
Ahmad A, Fawaz MA, Aisha A (1 September 2022). "A comparative overview of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern". Infez Med. 30 (3): 328–343. doi:10.53854/liim-3003-2. PMC 9448317. PMID 36148164.
Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira IA, Meng B, Datir RP, Walls AC, et al. (May 2021). "Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies". Nature (Published). 593 (7857): 136–141. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03412-7. PMC 7899479. PMID 33706364. We therefore generated pseudoviruses that carried the B.1.1.7 spike mutations with or without the additional E484K substitution and tested these against sera obtained after the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as well as against convalescent sera. After the second vaccine dose, we observed a considerable loss of neutralising activity for the pseudovirus with the B.1.1.7 spike mutations and E484K (Fig. 3d, e). The mean fold change for the E484K-containing B.1.1.7 spike variant was 6.7 compared with 1.9 for the B.1.1.7 variant, relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3a–c and Extended Data Fig. 5). Similarly, when we tested a panel of convalescent sera with a range of neutralisation titres (Fig. 1f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5), we observed additional loss of activity against the mutant B.1.1.7 spike with E484K, with fold change of 11.4 relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5).
Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, et al. (April 2021). "Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Science. 372 (6538) eabg3055. doi:10.1126/science.abg3055. PMC 8128288. PMID 33658326.
Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, Barrett JC, Johnson R, Geidelberg L, et al. (May 2021). "Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Nature. 593 (7858): 266–269. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..266V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03470-x. hdl:10044/1/87474. PMID 33767447.
Frampton D, Rampling T, Cross A, Bailey H, Heaney J, Byott M, et al. (April 2021). "Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital-based cohort study". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 21 (9): 1246–1256. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00170-5. PMC 8041359. PMID 33857406.
Chen RE, Zhang X, Case JB, Winkler ES, Liu Y, VanBlargan LA, et al. (April 2021). "Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies". Nature Medicine. 27 (4): 717–726. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w. PMC 8058618. PMID 33664494.
Voloch CM, da Silva Francisco R, de Almeida LG, Cardoso CC, Brustolini OJ, Gerber AL, et al. (March 2021). "Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Journal of Virology. 95 (10) e00119-21. doi:10.1128/jvi.00119-21. PMC 8139668. PMID 33649194.
Naveca FG, Nascimento V, De Souza VC, Corado Ad, Nascimento F, Silva G, et al. (2021). "COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P.1 emergence". Nature Medicine. 27 (7): 1230–1238. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01378-7. PMID 34035535. Preprint.
Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DD, Mishra S, et al. (May 2021). "Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil". Science. 372 (6544): 815–821. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..815F. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8139423. PMID 33853970. Within this plausible region of parameter space, P.1 can be between 1.7 and 2.4 times more transmissible (50% BCI, 2.0 median, with a 99% posterior probability of being >1) than local non-P1 lineages and can evade 21 to 46% (50% BCI, 32% median, with a 95% posterior probability of being able to evade at least 10%) of protective immunity elicited by previous infection with non-P.1 lineages, corresponding to 54 to 79% (50% BCI, 68% median) cross-immunity ... We estimate that infections are 1.2 to 1.9 times more likely (50% BCI, median 1.5, 90% posterior probability of being >1) to result in mortality in the period after the emergence of P.1, compared with before, although posterior estimates of this relative risk are also correlated with inferred cross-immunity. More broadly, the recent epidemic in Manaus has strained the city's health care system, leading to inadequate access to medical care. We therefore cannot determine whether the estimated increase in relative mortality risk is due to P.1 infection, stresses on the Manaus health care system, or both. Detailed clinical investigations of P.1 infections are needed.
Mishra S, Mindermann S, Sharma M, Whittaker C, Mellan TA, Wilton T, et al. (1 September 2021). "Changing composition of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and rise of Delta variant in England". eClinicalMedicine. 39 101064. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101064. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 8349999. PMID 34401689.
Tang JW, Oliver T (2021). "Introduction of the South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 into the UK". The Journal of Infection. 82 (4): e8 – e10. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.007. PMC 7813514. PMID 33472093.
Shen X, Tang H, Pajon R, Smith G, Glenn GM, Shi W, et al. (June 2021). "Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (24): 2352–2354. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2103740. PMC 8063884. PMID 33826819.
Barton MI, MacGowan SA, Kutuzov MA, Dushek O, Barton GJ, van der Merwe PA (26 August 2021). Fouchier RA, Van der Meer JW, Fouchier RA (eds.). "Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics". eLife. 10 e70658. doi:10.7554/eLife.70658. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8480977. PMID 34435953.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Scarpa F, Sanna D, Benvenuto D, Borsetti A, Azzena I, Casu M, et al. (3 December 2022). "Genetic and Structural Data on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BQ.1 Variant Reveal Its Low Potential for Epidemiological Expansion". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (23) 15264. doi:10.3390/ijms232315264. PMC 9739521. PMID 36499592.
Bartel A, Grau JH, Bitzegeio J, Werber D, Linzner N, Schumacher V, et al. (10 January 2024). "Timely Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Fragments in Wastewater Shows the Emergence of JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1, Clade 23I) in Berlin, Germany". Viruses. 16 (1): 102. doi:10.3390/v16010102. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10818819. PMID 38257802.
Kaku Y, Okumura K, Kawakubo S, Uriu K, Chen L, Kosugi Y, et al. (1 December 2024). "Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant". The Lancet. 24 (12): e736. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00731-X. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 39521009. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Guo C, Yu Y, Liu J, Jian F, Yang S, Song W, et al. (1 July 2025). "Antigenic and virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2, XFG, and NB.1.8.1". The Lancet. 25 (7): e374 – e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00308-1. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 40484018. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Chaqroun A, Hartard C, Schvoerer E (18 June 2021). "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies Facing Viral Variants". Viruses. 13 (6): 1171. doi:10.3390/v13061171. PMC 8234553. PMID 34207378.
Fillâtre P, Dufour MJ, Behillil S, Vatan R, Reusse P, Gabellec A, et al. (February 2022). "A new SARS-CoV-2 variant with high lethality poorly detected by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal samples: an observational study". Clin Microbiol Infect. 28 (2): 298.e9–298.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.035. PMC 8496927. PMID 34627988.
Smyth DS, Trujillo M, Gregory DA, Cheung K, Gao A, Graham M, et al. (3 February 2022). "Tracking cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in NYC wastewater". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 635. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..635S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28246-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8813986. PMID 35115523.
McCarthy KR, Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, Robinson-McCarthy LR, Bain WG, Haidar G, et al. (March 2021). "Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape". Science. 371 (6534): 1139–1142. Bibcode:2021Sci...371.1139M. doi:10.1126/science.abf6950. PMC 7971772. PMID 33536258.
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, Yamasoba D, Butlertanaka EP, Tanaka YL, et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance". Cell Reports. 38 (2) 110218. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110218. hdl:2433/267436. PMC 8683271. PMID 34968415. S2CID 236520241. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Singh A, Steinkellner G, Köchl K, Gruber K, Gruber CC (February 2021). "Serine 477 plays a crucial role in the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human receptor ACE2". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 4320. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4320S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83761-5. PMC 7900180. PMID 33619331.
Wise J (February 2021). "Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses". BMJ. 372: n359. doi:10.1136/bmj.n359. PMID 33547053. S2CID 231821685.
Greaney AJ, Loes AN, Crawford KH, Starr TN, Malone KD, Chu HY, et al. (March 2021). "Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies". Cell Host & Microbe. 29 (3): 463–476.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.003. PMC 7869748. PMID 33592168.
Kupferschmidt K (January 2021). "New mutations raise specter of 'immune escape'". Science. 371 (6527): 329–330. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..329K. doi:10.1126/science.371.6527.329. PMID 33479129.
Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, et al. (August 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell. 182 (4): 812–827.e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. PMC 7332439. PMID 32697968.
Hou YJ, Chiba S, Halfmann P, Ehre C, Kuroda M, Dinnon KH, et al. (December 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo". Science. 370 (6523): 1464–1468. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1464H. doi:10.1126/science.abe8499. PMC 7775736. PMID 33184236. an emergent Asp614→Gly (D614G) substitution in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 strains that is now the most prevalent form globally
Volz EM, Hill V, McCrone JT, Price A, Jorgensen D, O'Toole A, et al. (4 August 2020). "Evaluating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation D614G on transmissibility and pathogenicity". Cell. 184 (1): 64–75.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020. hdl:10044/1/84079. PMC 7674007. PMID 33275900.
Butowt R, Bilinska K, Von Bartheld CS (October 2020). "Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Integration of Genetic and Epidemiological Data Points to D614G Spike Protein Variant as a Contributing Factor". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 11 (20): 3180–3184. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00596. PMC 7581292. PMID 32997488.
Yurkovetskiy L, Wang X, Pascal KE, Tomkins-Tinch C, Nyalile TP, Wang Y, et al. (October 2020). "Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant". Cell. 183 (3): 739–751.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.032. PMC 7492024. PMID 32991842.
Thomson EC, Rosen LE, Shepherd JG, Spreafico R, da Silva Filipe A, Wojcechowskyj JA, et al. (March 2021). "Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity". Cell. 184 (5): 1171–1187.e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037. PMC 7843029. PMID 33621484.
Galani A, Aalizadeh R, Kostakis M, Markou A, Alygizakis N, Lytras T, et al. (January 2022). "SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance data can predict hospitalizations and ICU admissions". Science of the Total Environment. 804 150151. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.80450151G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150151. PMC 8421077. PMID 34623953.
Larsen HD, Fonager J, Lomholt FK, Dalby T, Benedetti G, Kristensen B, et al. (February 2021). "Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020". Euro Surveillance. 26 (5). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.5.210009. PMC 7863232. PMID 33541485.
Burioni R, Topol EJ (June 2021). "Has SARS-CoV-2 reached peak fitness?". Nature Medicine. 27 (8): 1323–24. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01421-7. PMID 34155413.
Rella SA, Kulikova YA, Dermitzakis ET, Kondrashov FA (30 July 2021). "Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15729. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8324827. PMID 34330988.
Wang R, Chen J, Wei GW (December 2021). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 12 (49): 11850–11857. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380. PMC 8672435. PMID 34873910. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, et al. (February 2022). "Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies". Nature. 602 (7898): 657–663. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03796-6. PMC 8866119. PMID 35016194. S2CID 245455422.
Liu L, Iketani S, Guo Y, Chan JF, Wang M, Liu L, et al. (February 2022). "Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2". Nature. 602 (7898): 676–681. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03826-3. PMID 35016198. S2CID 245462866.
Mohsin M, Mahmud S (May 2022). "Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern: A review on its transmissibility, immune evasion, reinfection, and severity". Medicine. 101 (19) e29165. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000029165. PMC 9276130. PMID 35583528. S2CID 248858919.
Shin DH, Smith DM, Choi JY (2022). "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern: Everything You Wanted to Know about Omicron but Were Afraid to Ask". Yonsei Medical Journal. 63 (11): 977–983. doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.0383. PMC 9629902. PMID 36303305.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Shahhosseini N, Babuadze GG, Wong G, Kobinger GP (April 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854. S2CID 233460887.
Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 spillover transmission due to recombination event". Gene Reports. 23 101045. doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101045. PMC 7884226. PMID 33615041.
Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y (3 March 2020). "On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2". National Science Review. 7 (6): 1012–1023. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036. PMC 7107875. PMID 34676127. (Erratum: doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)
Forster P, Forster L, Renfrew C, Forster M (8 April 2020). "Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (17): 9241–9243. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.9241F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004999117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7196762. PMID 32269081.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, OToole A, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (15 July 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681.
Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF (9 August 2021). "Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape". Nature Reviews Immunology. 21 (10): 626–636. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1. PMC 8351583. PMID 34373623.
Piplani S, Singh PK, Winkler DA, Petrovsky N (December 2021). "In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 13063. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1113063P. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5. PMC 8225877. PMID 34168168.
Tao K, Tzou PL, Nouhin J, Gupta RK, de Oliveira T, Kosakovsky Pond SL, et al. (17 September 2021). "The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants". Nature Reviews Genetics. 22 (12): 757–773. doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x. PMC 8447121. PMID 34535792.
Hendy M, Kaufman S, Ponga M (December 2021). "Molecular strategies for antibody binding and escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21735. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121735H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01081-0. PMC 8571385. PMID 34741079.
Shahhosseini N, Babuadze G(, Wong G, Kobinger GP (May 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (November 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681. S2CID 220544096. Cited in Alm et al.
Alm E, Broberg EK, Connor T, Hodcroft EB, Komissarov AB, Maurer-Stroh S, et al. (The WHO European Region sequencing laboratories and GISAID EpiCoV group) (August 2020). "Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (32). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410. PMC 7427299. PMID 32794443.
Zhang W, Davis B, Chen SS, Martinez JS, Plummer JT, Vail E (2021). "Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California". JAMA. 325 (13): 1324–1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1612. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 7879386. PMID 33571356.
Koyama T, Platt D, Parida L (July 2020). "Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 98 (7): 495–504. doi:10.2471/BLT.20.253591. PMC 7375210. PMID 32742035. We detected in total 65776 variants with 5775 distinct variants.
Hadfield J, Megill C, Bell SM, Huddleston J, Potter B, Callender C, et al. (December 2018). Kelso J (ed.). "Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution". Bioinformatics. 34 (23): 4121–4123. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407. PMC 6247931. PMID 29790939.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (March 2021). "Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 6 (3): 415. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00872-5. PMC 7845574. PMID 33514928.
Kumar S, Tao Q, Weaver S, Sanderford M, Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Sharma S, et al. (May 2021). "An evolutionary portrait of the progenitor SARS-CoV-2 and its dominant offshoots in COVID-19 pandemic". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (8): 3046–3059. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab118. PMC 8135569. PMID 33942847.
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. (March 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature. 579 (7798): 265–269. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..265W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. PMC 7094943. PMID 32015508.
Chiara M, Horner DS, Gissi C, Pesole G (May 2021). "Comparative Genomics Reveals Early Emergence and Biased Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (6): 2547–2565. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab049. PMC 7928790. PMID 33605421.
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
Okada P, Buathong R, Phuygun S, Thanadachakul T, Parnmen S, Wongboot W, et al. (February 2020). "Early transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in travellers from Wuhan to Thailand, January 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (8). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.8.2000097. PMC 7055038. PMID 32127124.
Campbell F, Archer B, Laurenson-Schafer H, Jinnai Y, Konings F, Batra N, et al. (June 2021). "Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021". Euro Surveillance. 26 (24) 2100509. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100509. PMC 8212592. PMID 34142653.
Sheikh A, McMenamin J, Taylor B, Robertson C (June 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness". Lancet. 397 (10293): 2461–2462. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1. PMC 8201647. PMID 34139198.
Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, Webster HH, Flaxman S, Andrews N, et al. (16 March 2022). "Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study". The Lancet. 399 (10332): 1303–1312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00462-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8926413. PMID 35305296.
Nyberg T, Twohig KA, Harris RJ, Seaman SR, Flannagan J, Allen H, et al. (June 2021). "Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis". BMJ. 373 n1412. arXiv:2104.05560. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1412. PMC 8204098. PMID 34130987. S2CID 235187479.
Ahmad A, Fawaz MA, Aisha A (1 September 2022). "A comparative overview of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern". Infez Med. 30 (3): 328–343. doi:10.53854/liim-3003-2. PMC 9448317. PMID 36148164.
Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira IA, Meng B, Datir RP, Walls AC, et al. (May 2021). "Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies". Nature (Published). 593 (7857): 136–141. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03412-7. PMC 7899479. PMID 33706364. We therefore generated pseudoviruses that carried the B.1.1.7 spike mutations with or without the additional E484K substitution and tested these against sera obtained after the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as well as against convalescent sera. After the second vaccine dose, we observed a considerable loss of neutralising activity for the pseudovirus with the B.1.1.7 spike mutations and E484K (Fig. 3d, e). The mean fold change for the E484K-containing B.1.1.7 spike variant was 6.7 compared with 1.9 for the B.1.1.7 variant, relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3a–c and Extended Data Fig. 5). Similarly, when we tested a panel of convalescent sera with a range of neutralisation titres (Fig. 1f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5), we observed additional loss of activity against the mutant B.1.1.7 spike with E484K, with fold change of 11.4 relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5).
Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, et al. (April 2021). "Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England". Science. 372 (6538) eabg3055. doi:10.1126/science.abg3055. PMC 8128288. PMID 33658326.
Frampton D, Rampling T, Cross A, Bailey H, Heaney J, Byott M, et al. (April 2021). "Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital-based cohort study". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 21 (9): 1246–1256. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00170-5. PMC 8041359. PMID 33857406.
Chen RE, Zhang X, Case JB, Winkler ES, Liu Y, VanBlargan LA, et al. (April 2021). "Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies". Nature Medicine. 27 (4): 717–726. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w. PMC 8058618. PMID 33664494.
Voloch CM, da Silva Francisco R, de Almeida LG, Cardoso CC, Brustolini OJ, Gerber AL, et al. (March 2021). "Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Journal of Virology. 95 (10) e00119-21. doi:10.1128/jvi.00119-21. PMC 8139668. PMID 33649194.
Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DD, Mishra S, et al. (May 2021). "Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil". Science. 372 (6544): 815–821. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..815F. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8139423. PMID 33853970. Within this plausible region of parameter space, P.1 can be between 1.7 and 2.4 times more transmissible (50% BCI, 2.0 median, with a 99% posterior probability of being >1) than local non-P1 lineages and can evade 21 to 46% (50% BCI, 32% median, with a 95% posterior probability of being able to evade at least 10%) of protective immunity elicited by previous infection with non-P.1 lineages, corresponding to 54 to 79% (50% BCI, 68% median) cross-immunity ... We estimate that infections are 1.2 to 1.9 times more likely (50% BCI, median 1.5, 90% posterior probability of being >1) to result in mortality in the period after the emergence of P.1, compared with before, although posterior estimates of this relative risk are also correlated with inferred cross-immunity. More broadly, the recent epidemic in Manaus has strained the city's health care system, leading to inadequate access to medical care. We therefore cannot determine whether the estimated increase in relative mortality risk is due to P.1 infection, stresses on the Manaus health care system, or both. Detailed clinical investigations of P.1 infections are needed.
Mishra S, Mindermann S, Sharma M, Whittaker C, Mellan TA, Wilton T, et al. (1 September 2021). "Changing composition of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and rise of Delta variant in England". eClinicalMedicine. 39 101064. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101064. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 8349999. PMID 34401689.
Tang JW, Oliver T (2021). "Introduction of the South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 into the UK". The Journal of Infection. 82 (4): e8 – e10. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.007. PMC 7813514. PMID 33472093.
Shen X, Tang H, Pajon R, Smith G, Glenn GM, Shi W, et al. (June 2021). "Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (24): 2352–2354. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2103740. PMC 8063884. PMID 33826819.
Barton MI, MacGowan SA, Kutuzov MA, Dushek O, Barton GJ, van der Merwe PA (26 August 2021). Fouchier RA, Van der Meer JW, Fouchier RA (eds.). "Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics". eLife. 10 e70658. doi:10.7554/eLife.70658. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8480977. PMID 34435953.
Scarpa F, Sanna D, Benvenuto D, Borsetti A, Azzena I, Casu M, et al. (3 December 2022). "Genetic and Structural Data on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BQ.1 Variant Reveal Its Low Potential for Epidemiological Expansion". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (23) 15264. doi:10.3390/ijms232315264. PMC 9739521. PMID 36499592.
Bartel A, Grau JH, Bitzegeio J, Werber D, Linzner N, Schumacher V, et al. (10 January 2024). "Timely Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Fragments in Wastewater Shows the Emergence of JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1, Clade 23I) in Berlin, Germany". Viruses. 16 (1): 102. doi:10.3390/v16010102. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10818819. PMID 38257802.
Chaqroun A, Hartard C, Schvoerer E (18 June 2021). "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies Facing Viral Variants". Viruses. 13 (6): 1171. doi:10.3390/v13061171. PMC 8234553. PMID 34207378.
Fillâtre P, Dufour MJ, Behillil S, Vatan R, Reusse P, Gabellec A, et al. (February 2022). "A new SARS-CoV-2 variant with high lethality poorly detected by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal samples: an observational study". Clin Microbiol Infect. 28 (2): 298.e9–298.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.035. PMC 8496927. PMID 34627988.
Smyth DS, Trujillo M, Gregory DA, Cheung K, Gao A, Graham M, et al. (3 February 2022). "Tracking cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in NYC wastewater". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 635. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..635S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28246-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8813986. PMID 35115523.
McCarthy KR, Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, Robinson-McCarthy LR, Bain WG, Haidar G, et al. (March 2021). "Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape". Science. 371 (6534): 1139–1142. Bibcode:2021Sci...371.1139M. doi:10.1126/science.abf6950. PMC 7971772. PMID 33536258.
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, Yamasoba D, Butlertanaka EP, Tanaka YL, et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance". Cell Reports. 38 (2) 110218. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110218. hdl:2433/267436. PMC 8683271. PMID 34968415. S2CID 236520241. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Singh A, Steinkellner G, Köchl K, Gruber K, Gruber CC (February 2021). "Serine 477 plays a crucial role in the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human receptor ACE2". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 4320. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4320S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83761-5. PMC 7900180. PMID 33619331.
Greaney AJ, Loes AN, Crawford KH, Starr TN, Malone KD, Chu HY, et al. (March 2021). "Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies". Cell Host & Microbe. 29 (3): 463–476.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.003. PMC 7869748. PMID 33592168.
Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, et al. (August 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell. 182 (4): 812–827.e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. PMC 7332439. PMID 32697968.
Hou YJ, Chiba S, Halfmann P, Ehre C, Kuroda M, Dinnon KH, et al. (December 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo". Science. 370 (6523): 1464–1468. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1464H. doi:10.1126/science.abe8499. PMC 7775736. PMID 33184236. an emergent Asp614→Gly (D614G) substitution in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 strains that is now the most prevalent form globally
Volz EM, Hill V, McCrone JT, Price A, Jorgensen D, O'Toole A, et al. (4 August 2020). "Evaluating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation D614G on transmissibility and pathogenicity". Cell. 184 (1): 64–75.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020. hdl:10044/1/84079. PMC 7674007. PMID 33275900.
Butowt R, Bilinska K, Von Bartheld CS (October 2020). "Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Integration of Genetic and Epidemiological Data Points to D614G Spike Protein Variant as a Contributing Factor". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 11 (20): 3180–3184. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00596. PMC 7581292. PMID 32997488.
Yurkovetskiy L, Wang X, Pascal KE, Tomkins-Tinch C, Nyalile TP, Wang Y, et al. (October 2020). "Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant". Cell. 183 (3): 739–751.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.032. PMC 7492024. PMID 32991842.
Thomson EC, Rosen LE, Shepherd JG, Spreafico R, da Silva Filipe A, Wojcechowskyj JA, et al. (March 2021). "Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity". Cell. 184 (5): 1171–1187.e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037. PMC 7843029. PMID 33621484.
Galani A, Aalizadeh R, Kostakis M, Markou A, Alygizakis N, Lytras T, et al. (January 2022). "SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance data can predict hospitalizations and ICU admissions". Science of the Total Environment. 804 150151. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.80450151G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150151. PMC 8421077. PMID 34623953.
Larsen HD, Fonager J, Lomholt FK, Dalby T, Benedetti G, Kristensen B, et al. (February 2021). "Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020". Euro Surveillance. 26 (5). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.5.210009. PMC 7863232. PMID 33541485.
Rella SA, Kulikova YA, Dermitzakis ET, Kondrashov FA (30 July 2021). "Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15729. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8324827. PMID 34330988.
Wang R, Chen J, Wei GW (December 2021). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 12 (49): 11850–11857. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380. PMC 8672435. PMID 34873910. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, et al. (February 2022). "Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies". Nature. 602 (7898): 657–663. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03796-6. PMC 8866119. PMID 35016194. S2CID 245455422.
Mohsin M, Mahmud S (May 2022). "Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern: A review on its transmissibility, immune evasion, reinfection, and severity". Medicine. 101 (19) e29165. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000029165. PMC 9276130. PMID 35583528. S2CID 248858919.
Shin DH, Smith DM, Choi JY (2022). "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern: Everything You Wanted to Know about Omicron but Were Afraid to Ask". Yonsei Medical Journal. 63 (11): 977–983. doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.0383. PMC 9629902. PMID 36303305.

niaid.nih.gov

"Origins of Coronaviruses". NIH.gov. National Institutes of Health in the United States. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023. To date, the origin of SARS-CoV-2 which caused the COVID-19 pandemic has not been identified.

niid.go.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"感染・伝播性の増加や抗原性の変化が懸念される新型コロナウイルス(SARS-CoV-2)の新規変異株について (第13報)" [New Mutant Strains of the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Concerned About Increased Infectivity and Transmissibility and Changes in Antigenicity (13th Report)]. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil" (PDF) (Press release). Japan: NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases). 12 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

"People Are Talking About A 'Double Mutant' Variant In India. What Does That Mean?". NPR. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ...scientifically, the term "double mutant" makes no sense, Andersen says. "SARS-CoV-2 mutates all the time. So there are many double mutants all over the place. The variant in India really shouldn't be called that."

nsw.gov.au (Global: 640^th place; English: 382^nd place)

aci.health.nsw.gov.au

"Living Evidence – SARS-CoV-2 variants". Agency for Clinical Innovation. nsw.gov.au. Ministry of Health (New South Wales). 23 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Updated frequently.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Mandavilli A (5 March 2021). "In Oregon, Scientists Find a Virus Variant With a Worrying Mutation – In a single sample, geneticists discovered a version of the coronavirus first identified in Britain with a mutation originally reported in South Africa". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
"South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant". The New York Times. 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
Andreoni M, Londoño E, Casado L (3 March 2021). "Brazil's Covid Crisis Is a Warning to the Whole World, Scientists Say – Brazil is seeing a record number of deaths, and the spread of a more contagious coronavirus variant that may cause reinfection". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
Zimmer C (1 March 2021). "Virus Variant in Brazil Infected Many Who Had Already Recovered From Covid-19 – The first detailed studies of the so-called P.1 variant show how it devastated a Brazilian city. Now scientists want to know what it will do elsewhere". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
"New California Variant May Be Driving Virus Surge There, Study Suggests". The New York Times. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Zimmer C, Mandavilli A (14 May 2021). "How the United States Beat the Variants, for Now". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
Bengali S (5 January 2022). "A variant found in France is not a concern, the W.H.O. says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Mandavilli A, Mueller B (2 March 2021). "Why Virus Variants Have Such Weird Names". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
Corum J, Zimmer C (9 February 2021). "Coronavirus Variant Tracker". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021. Constantly Updated
Jacobs A (2 November 2021). "Widespread Coronavirus Infection Found in Iowa Deer, New Study Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021. Researchers and outside experts characterized the study's findings as a troubling development in the course of the pandemic. Widespread infection among North America's most ubiquitous game species could make eradicating the pathogen even more difficult, especially if they became a reservoir for mutations that eventually spilled back over to humans. [...] they are alerting deer hunters and others who handle deer to take precautions to avoid transmission. [...] If the virus were to become endemic in wild animals like deer, it could evolve over time to become more virulent and then infect people with a new strain capable of evading the current crop of vaccines.

osu.edu (Global: 2,333^rd place; English: 1,632^nd place)

wexnermedical.osu.edu

"Researchers Discover New Variant of COVID-19 Virus in Columbus, Ohio". wexnermedical.osu.edu. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,263^rd place; English: 1,687^th place)

SARS-CoV-2 sequences by variant, Jul 26, 2021, USA Our World in Data

outbreak.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"B.1.1.7 Lineage with S:E484K Report". outbreak.info. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"B.1.1.7 Lineage with S:E484K Report". outbreak.info. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
Latif AA, Mullen JL, Alkuzweny M, Tsueng G, Cano M, Haag E, et al. (The Center for Viral Systems Biology). "B.1.429 Lineage Report". outbreak.info. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
"B.1.429 Lineage Report". Scripps Research. outbreak.info. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
"outbreak.info". outbreak.info. Retrieved 26 November 2021.

publishing.service.gov.uk (Global: 1,877^th place; English: 1,129^th place)

assets.publishing.service.gov.uk

"SARS-CoV-2 variants: risk assessment framework" (PDF). GOV.UK. Government Digital Service. Public Health England. 22 May 2021. GOV-8426. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 10 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 7 May 2021. GOV-8226. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical Briefing 21" (PDF). Public Health England. 20 August 2021. pp. 16, 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta (PDF) (Assessment). Public Health England. 23 July 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 29 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 26 November 2021. GOV-10481. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron (PDF) (Assessment). Public Health England. 22 December 2021. GOV-10869. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant, technical briefing 1 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 21 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
Chand M, Hopkins S, Dabrera G, Achison C, Barclay W, Ferguson N, et al. (21 December 2020). Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 (PDF) (Report). Public Health England. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
Horby P, Huntley C, Davies N, Edmunds J, Ferguson N, Medley G, et al. (11 February 2021). "NERVTAG paper on COVID-19 variant of concern B.1.1.7: NERVTAG update note on B.1.1.7 severity (2021-02-11)" (PDF). GOV.UK. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 14 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 3 June 2021. GOV-8530. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 17 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 25 June 2021. GOV-8576. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
It was considered a previously circulating variant of interest by the World Health Organization on March 2022.SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England - Technical briefing 10 (PDF) (Report). London: Public Health England. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. A variant first detected in India was designated under investigation on 1 April 2021 as VUI-21APR-01 (B.1.617.1). This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England : Technical briefing 39" (PDF). gov.uk. UK Health Security Agency. 25 March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
Investigation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant 202012/01, technical briefing 5 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 2 February 2021. GW-1905. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 15 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 11 June 2021. GOV-8576. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.

reliefweb.int (Global: 2,136^th place; English: 1,442^nd place)

"COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (Edition 156 published 17 August 2023)" (PDF). World Health Organization. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

retractionwatch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y (3 March 2020). "On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2". National Science Review. 7 (6): 1012–1023. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036. PMC 7107875. PMID 34676127. (Erratum: doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036, Retraction Watch. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

Gaier R (5 March 2021). "Exclusive: Oxford study indicates AstraZeneca effective against Brazil variant, source says". Reuters. Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
"Exclusive: Oxford study indicates AstraZeneca effective against Brazil variant, source says". Reuters. Rio de Janeiro. 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
"British scientists warn over Indian coronavirus variant". Reuters. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
Acharya B, Jamkhandikar S (23 June 2021). "Explainer: What is the Delta variant of coronavirus with K417N mutation?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
"India says new COVID variant is a concern". Reuters. Bengaluru. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
"Belgium detects first case of new COVID-19 variant in Europe". Reuters. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Lapid N (9 March 2022). "Variant that combines Delta and Omicron identified; dogs sniff out virus with high accuracy". Reuters. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
Smout A (26 January 2021). "Britain to help other countries track down coronavirus variants". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

sacoronavirus.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mkhize Z (18 December 2020). "Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020)" (Press release). South Africa. COVID-19 South African Online Portal. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

Kupferschmidt K (15 January 2021). "New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg6028. S2CID 234141081. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Kupferschmidt K (20 December 2020). "Mutant coronavirus in the United Kingdom sets off alarms but its importance remains unclear". Science Mag. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
Lowe D (22 December 2020). "The New Mutations". In the Pipeline. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. I should note here that there's another strain in South Africa that is bringing on similar concerns. This one has eight mutations in the Spike protein, with three of them (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have some functional role.
Sofia Moutinho (4 May 2021). "Chinese COVID-19 vaccine maintains protection in variant-plagued Brazil". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abi9414. S2CID 234804602. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
Wadman M (23 February 2021). "California coronavirus strain may be more infectious – and lethal". Science News. doi:10.1126/science.abh2101. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
Kupferschmidt K (23 December 2020). "U.K. variant puts spotlight on immunocompromised patients' role in the COVID-19 pandemic". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg2911. S2CID 234378594. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.

sciencebasedmedicine.org (Global: 5,063^rd place; English: 3,360^th place)

"The rise and fall of the lab leak hypothesis for the origin of SARS-CoV-2 | Science-Based Medicine". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 1 August 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.

sciencemediacentre.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"expert reaction to VUI-21APR-02/B.1.617.2 being classified by PHE as a variant of concern". Science Media Centre. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

sciencespeaksblog.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

IDSA Contributor "COVID "Mega-variant" and eight criteria for a template to assess all variants". Science Speaks: Global ID News. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

Schmidt C. "What We Know About Omicron's BA.2 Variant So Far". Scientific American. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
Sutherland S (23 February 2021). "COVID Variants May Arise in People with Compromised Immune Systems". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; English: 552^nd place)

Abdool Karim SS (19 December 2020). "The 2nd Covid-19 wave in South Africa:Transmissibility & a 501.V2 variant, 11th slide". www.scribd.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Shahhosseini N, Babuadze GG, Wong G, Kobinger GP (April 2021). "Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern". Microorganisms. 9 (5): 926. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050926. PMC 8146828. PMID 33925854. S2CID 233460887.
Kupferschmidt K (15 January 2021). "New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg6028. S2CID 234141081. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, et al. (November 2020). "A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11): 1403–1407. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. PMC 7610519. PMID 32669681. S2CID 220544096. Cited in Alm et al.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Nyberg T, Twohig KA, Harris RJ, Seaman SR, Flannagan J, Allen H, et al. (June 2021). "Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis". BMJ. 373 n1412. arXiv:2104.05560. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1412. PMC 8204098. PMID 34130987. S2CID 235187479.
Sofia Moutinho (4 May 2021). "Chinese COVID-19 vaccine maintains protection in variant-plagued Brazil". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abi9414. S2CID 234804602. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
Callaway E (25 November 2021). "Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert". Nature. 600 (7887): 21. Bibcode:2021Natur.600...21C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. S2CID 244660616.
Kupferschmidt K (23 December 2020). "U.K. variant puts spotlight on immunocompromised patients' role in the COVID-19 pandemic". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg2911. S2CID 234378594. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, Yamasoba D, Butlertanaka EP, Tanaka YL, et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance". Cell Reports. 38 (2) 110218. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110218. hdl:2433/267436. PMC 8683271. PMID 34968415. S2CID 236520241. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Wise J (February 2021). "Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses". BMJ. 372: n359. doi:10.1136/bmj.n359. PMID 33547053. S2CID 231821685.
Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, et al. (February 2022). "Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies". Nature. 602 (7898): 657–663. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03796-6. PMC 8866119. PMID 35016194. S2CID 245455422.
Liu L, Iketani S, Guo Y, Chan JF, Wang M, Liu L, et al. (February 2022). "Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2". Nature. 602 (7898): 676–681. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03826-3. PMID 35016198. S2CID 245462866.
Mohsin M, Mahmud S (May 2022). "Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern: A review on its transmissibility, immune evasion, reinfection, and severity". Medicine. 101 (19) e29165. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000029165. PMC 9276130. PMID 35583528. S2CID 248858919.

sfchronicle.com (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 777^th place)

Ho C (28 February 2021). "Do coronavirus tests work on variants?". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.

sky.com (Global: 431^st place; English: 274^th place)

news.sky.com

Whiteside P (30 November 2021). "COVID-19: How the spread of Omicron went from patient zero to all around the globe". Sky News. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

ssi.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

files.ssi.dk

"Status for udvikling af SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) i Danmark" [Status of development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) in Denmark] (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 27 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
Lassaunière R, Fonager J, Rasmussen M, Frische A, Strandh C, Rasmussen T, et al. (10 November 2020). SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations arising in Danish mink, their spread to humans and neutralization data (Preprint). Statens Serum Institut. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

covid19.ssi.dk

"Delta-PCR-testen" [The Delta PCR Test] (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

statnews.com (Global: 8,771^st place; English: 5,253^rd place)

"Don't call it the 'British variant.' Use the correct name: B.1.1.7". STAT. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
Branswell H (31 May 2021). "The name game for coronavirus variants just got a little easier". Stat News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.

straitstimes.com (Global: 543^rd place; English: 346^th place)

"Malaysia identifies new Covid-19 strain, similar to one found in 3 other countries". The Straits Times. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021. Tan Sri Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah, said it is still unknown whether the strain – dubbed the "A701B" mutation – is more infectious than usual

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

Donnelly L (26 January 2021). "UK to help sequence mutations of Covid around world to find dangerous new variants". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

Cutler S (18 June 2021). "'Nepal variant': what we've learned so far". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
Nathan Bartlett (9 July 2024). "From FLiRT to FLuQE: what to know about the latest COVID variants on the rise". The Conversation. ISSN 2431-2134. Wikidata Q127329080. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024.
O'Neill L (21 March 2022). "Deltacron: what scientists know so far about this new hybrid coronavirus". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
"The Lambda variant: is it more infectious, and can it escape vaccines? A virologist explains". The Conversation. 21 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

"What is the Deltacron variant of Covid and where has it been found?". The Guardian. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
Kevany S, Carstensen T (19 November 2020). "Danish Covid mink variant 'very likely extinct', but controversial cull continues". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.

thehindu.com (Global: 52^nd place; English: 35^th place)

Koshy J (8 April 2021). "Coronavirus | Indian 'double mutant' strain named B.1.617". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
Koshy J (21 April 2021). "New coronavirus variant found in West Bengal". www.thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
Bhattacharjee S (3 May 2021). "COVID-19 | A.P. strain at least 15 times more virulent". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

thelancet.com (Global: 2,393^rd place; English: 3,174^th place)

Kaku Y, Okumura K, Kawakubo S, Uriu K, Chen L, Kosugi Y, et al. (1 December 2024). "Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant". The Lancet. 24 (12): e736. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00731-X. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 39521009. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Guo C, Yu Y, Liu J, Jian F, Yang S, Song W, et al. (1 July 2025). "Antigenic and virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2, XFG, and NB.1.8.1". The Lancet. 25 (7): e374 – e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00308-1. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 40484018. Retrieved 25 July 2025.

thestar.com.my (Global: 574^th place; English: 425^th place)

"Covid-19: Sarawak detects variant reported in the Philippines". 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.

tmd.ac.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"「N501S 変異を有する新たなデルタ株(B.1.617.2 系統)の市中感染事例(国内第1例目)を確認」〜医科歯科大新型コロナウイルス全ゲノム解析プロジェクト第8報〜" ["Confirmed a case of community-acquired infection (first case in Japan) of a new delta strain (B.1.617.2 strain) with N501S mutation" -Medical and Dental University New Coronavirus Whole Genome Analysis Project 8th Report-] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

today.com (Global: 396^th place; English: 242^nd place)

Kee C (20 May 2024). "The new COVID variants spreading in the US are called 'FLiRT.' But why?". TODAY.com. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

torontosun.com (Global: 1,440^th place; English: 846^th place)

"India's variant-fuelled second wave coincided with spike in infected flights landing in Canada". Toronto Sun. 10 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.

twitter.com (Global: 23^rd place; English: 32^nd place)

"Today, @WHO announces new, easy-to-say labels for #SARSCoV2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) & Interest (VOIs)". Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.

uni-graz.at (Global: 8,173^rd place; English: 9,012^th place)

"University of Graz". www.uni-graz.at. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.

uol.com.br (Global: 74^th place; English: 444^th place)

noticias.uol.com.br

Simões E, Gaier R (8 March 2021). "CoronaVac e Oxford são eficazes contra variante de Manaus, dizem laboratórios" [CoronaVac and Oxford are effective against Manaus variant, say laboratories]. UOL Notícias (in Portuguese). Reuters Brazil. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.

usatoday.com (Global: 41^st place; English: 34^th place)

eu.usatoday.com

Fernando MJ. "World experts hold special meeting on worrying new COVID-19 variant in South Africa: Latest updates". USA Today.
Snider M. "There may be a new COVID variant, Deltacron. Here's what we know about it". USA TODAY. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

usatoday.com

Weise E, Weintraub K. "New strains of COVID swiftly moving through the US need careful watch, scientists say". USA Today. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

virological.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rambaut A, Loman N, Pybus O, Barclay W, Barrett J, Carabelli A, et al. (18 December 2020). "Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations". Virological. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Rambaut A, Loman N, Pybus O, Barclay W, Barrett J, Carabelli A, et al. (2020). Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations (Report). Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
Faria NR, Claro IM, Candido D, Moyses Franco LA, Andrade PS, Coletti TM, et al. (12 January 2021). "Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings". CADDE Genomic Network. virological.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
"Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings". Virological. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 P681H Spike Protein Variant in Nigeria". Virological. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Wroughton L, Bearak M (18 December 2020). "South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
Achenbach J, Booth W (2 February 2021). "Worrisome coronavirus mutation seen in U.K. variant and in some U.S. samples". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Coronavirus variants and mutations: The science explained". BBC News. 6 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Kupferschmidt K (15 January 2021). "New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg6028. S2CID 234141081. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"Origins of Coronaviruses". NIH.gov. National Institutes of Health in the United States. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023. To date, the origin of SARS-CoV-2 which caused the COVID-19 pandemic has not been identified.
Gallagher J (12 June 2021). "Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get?". BBC. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Bedford T, Hodcroft B, Neher RA (6 January 2021). "Updated Nextstrain SARS-CoV-2 clade naming strategy". nextstrain.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"clade tree (from 'Clade and lineage nomenclature')". GISAID. 4 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
"Updated working definitions and primary actions for SARSCoV2 variants". www.who.int. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021. Updated frequently.
"SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Updated frequently.
"Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants". CDC.gov (Science brief). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
IDSA Contributor "COVID "Mega-variant" and eight criteria for a template to assess all variants". Science Speaks: Global ID News. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
"Variants: distribution of cases data". Public Health England. Government Digital Service. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. Updated frequently. Data up to 19 May 2021 included in the 2 July 2021 update.
Griffiths E, Tanner J, Knox N, Hsiao W, Van Domselaar G (15 January 2021). CanCOGeN Interim Recommendations for Naming, Identifying, and Reporting SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (PDF). CanCOGeN (nccid.ca) (Report). 1.0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021.
"Nextclade" (What are the clades?). nextstrain.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021. Frequently updated.
"Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus – Global subsampling (Filtered to B.1.617)". nextstrain.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
"PANGO lineages-Lineage B.1.1.28". cov-lineages.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.^{[failed verification]}
"Variant: 20J/501Y.V3". covariants.org. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
"Don't call it the 'British variant.' Use the correct name: B.1.1.7". STAT. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
Flanagan R (2 February 2021). "Why the WHO won't call it the 'U.K. variant', and you shouldn't either". CTV News. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
"Today, @WHO announces new, easy-to-say labels for #SARSCoV2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) & Interest (VOIs)". Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
Branswell H (31 May 2021). "The name game for coronavirus variants just got a little easier". Stat News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
World Health Organization (15 January 2021). "Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic". Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
"Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters". BBC News. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
WHO Headquarters (8 January 2021). "3.6 Considerations for virus naming and nomenclature". SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021. World Health Organization. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"Global phylogeny, updated by Nextstrain". GISAID. 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"Nextstrain COVID-19". Nextstrain. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
"cov-lineages/pangolin: Software package for assigning SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences to global lineages". Github. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
"Lineage descriptions". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
"Official hCoV-19 Reference Sequence". www.gisaid.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
"The ancestor of SARS-CoV-2's Wuhan strain was circulating in late October 2019". News Medical. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020. Journal reference: Kumar, S. et al. (2021). An evolutionary portrait...
"SARS-CoV-2 variants: risk assessment framework" (PDF). GOV.UK. Government Digital Service. Public Health England. 22 May 2021. GOV-8426. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
"Living Evidence – SARS-CoV-2 variants". Agency for Clinical Innovation. nsw.gov.au. Ministry of Health (New South Wales). 23 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Updated frequently.
"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern". ECDC.eu. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021. Updated frequently.
"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021. Updated frequently.
"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: variant risk assessments". GOV.UK. Government Digital Service. Public Health England. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021. Updated frequently.
Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 20 July 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 22 June 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 10 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 7 May 2021. GOV-8226. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical Briefing 21" (PDF). Public Health England. 20 August 2021. pp. 16, 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta (PDF) (Assessment). Public Health England. 23 July 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 29 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 26 November 2021. GOV-10481. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Rambaut A, Loman N, Pybus O, Barclay W, Barrett J, Carabelli A, et al. (18 December 2020). "Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations". Virological. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant, technical briefing 1 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 21 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK". GOV.UK. Public Health England. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
Horby P, Barclay W, Gupta R, Huntley C (27 January 2021). NERVTAG paper: note on variant P.1 (Note). Public Health England. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
Horby P, Barclay W, Huntley C (13 January 2021). NERVTAG paper: brief note on SARS-CoV-2 variants (Note). Public Health England. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"Covid: Ireland, Italy, Belgium and Netherlands ban flights from UK". BBC News. 20 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
Chand M, Hopkins S, Dabrera G, Achison C, Barclay W, Ferguson N, et al. (21 December 2020). Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 (PDF) (Report). Public Health England. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 for 8 June 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Rambaut A, Loman N, Pybus O, Barclay W, Barrett J, Carabelli A, et al. (2020). Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations (Report). Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
Kupferschmidt K (20 December 2020). "Mutant coronavirus in the United Kingdom sets off alarms but its importance remains unclear". Science Mag. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
"New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment". Knowledge Hub. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
"COG-UK Showcase Event". 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020 – via YouTube.
Horby P, Huntley C, Davies N, Edmunds J, Ferguson N, Medley G, et al. (11 February 2021). "NERVTAG paper on COVID-19 variant of concern B.1.1.7: NERVTAG update note on B.1.1.7 severity (2021-02-11)" (PDF). GOV.UK. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
Gallagher J (22 January 2021). "Coronavirus: UK variant 'may be more deadly'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
"PANGO lineages Lineage B.1.1.7". cov-lineages.org. 15 May 2021. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-16)". www.who.int. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-07)". www.who.int. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
Mandavilli A (5 March 2021). "In Oregon, Scientists Find a Virus Variant With a Worrying Mutation – In a single sample, geneticists discovered a version of the coronavirus first identified in Britain with a mutation originally reported in South Africa". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
"B.1.1.7 Lineage with S:E484K Report". outbreak.info. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"B.1.1.7 Lineage with S:E484K Report". outbreak.info. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
Risk related to the spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the EU/EEA – first update (Risk assessment). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
"South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant". The New York Times. 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
Mkhize Z (18 December 2020). "Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020)" (Press release). South Africa. COVID-19 South African Online Portal. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.
Abdool Karim SS (19 December 2020). "The 2nd Covid-19 wave in South Africa:Transmissibility & a 501.V2 variant, 11th slide". www.scribd.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
Lowe D (22 December 2020). "The New Mutations". In the Pipeline. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020. I should note here that there's another strain in South Africa that is bringing on similar concerns. This one has eight mutations in the Spike protein, with three of them (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have some functional role.
"Statement of the WHO Working Group on COVID-19 Animal Models (WHO-COM) about the UK and South African SARS-CoV-2 new variants" (PDF). World Health Organization. 22 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
"Novel mutation combination in spike receptor binding site" (Press release). GISAID. 21 December 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
"Japan finds new coronavirus variant in travelers from Brazil". Japan Today. Japan. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
Faria NR, Claro IM, Candido D, Moyses Franco LA, Andrade PS, Coletti TM, et al. (12 January 2021). "Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings". CADDE Genomic Network. virological.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
"P.1". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
"COG-UK Report on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of interest in the UK" (PDF). www.cogconsortium.uk. Covid-19 Genomics UK Consortium. 15 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
Andreoni M, Londoño E, Casado L (3 March 2021). "Brazil's Covid Crisis Is a Warning to the Whole World, Scientists Say – Brazil is seeing a record number of deaths, and the spread of a more contagious coronavirus variant that may cause reinfection". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
Zimmer C (1 March 2021). "Virus Variant in Brazil Infected Many Who Had Already Recovered From Covid-19 – The first detailed studies of the so-called P.1 variant show how it devastated a Brazilian city. Now scientists want to know what it will do elsewhere". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
Sofia Moutinho (4 May 2021). "Chinese COVID-19 vaccine maintains protection in variant-plagued Brazil". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abi9414. S2CID 234804602. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
Gaier R (5 March 2021). "Exclusive: Oxford study indicates AstraZeneca effective against Brazil variant, source says". Reuters. Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
"Exclusive: Oxford study indicates AstraZeneca effective against Brazil variant, source says". Reuters. Rio de Janeiro. 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
Simões E, Gaier R (8 March 2021). "CoronaVac e Oxford são eficazes contra variante de Manaus, dizem laboratórios" [CoronaVac and Oxford are effective against Manaus variant, say laboratories]. UOL Notícias (in Portuguese). Reuters Brazil. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
"PANGO lineages". cov-lineages.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
Koshy J (8 April 2021). "Coronavirus | Indian 'double mutant' strain named B.1.617". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
"India's variant-fuelled second wave coincided with spike in infected flights landing in Canada". Toronto Sun. 10 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
"Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19". World Health Organization. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
"COVID strain first detected in India found in 53 territories: WHO". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
"British scientists warn over Indian coronavirus variant". Reuters. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
"expert reaction to VUI-21APR-02/B.1.617.2 being classified by PHE as a variant of concern". Science Media Centre. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 14 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 3 June 2021. GOV-8530. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
Pearson H, Pullen L, Dao C (11 June 2021). "AHS breaks down vaccination data of COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at Calgary hospital". Global News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Schraer R (4 June 2021). "'Nepal variant': What's the mutation stopping green list trips to Portugal?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
Acharya B, Jamkhandikar S (23 June 2021). "Explainer: What is the Delta variant of coronavirus with K417N mutation?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 17 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 25 June 2021. GOV-8576. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
Sharma M (14 June 2021). "New 'Delta Plus' variant of SARS-CoV-2 identified; here's what we know so far". India Today. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
Cutler S (18 June 2021). "'Nepal variant': what we've learned so far". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
"India says new COVID variant is a concern". Reuters. Bengaluru. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
Biswas S (23 June 2021). "Delta plus: Scientists say too early to tell risk of Covid-19 variant". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. 7 June 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
"Southern California COVID-19 Strain Rapidly Expands Global Reach". Cedars-Sinai Newsroom. Los Angeles. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
Latif AA, Mullen JL, Alkuzweny M, Tsueng G, Cano M, Haag E, et al. (The Center for Viral Systems Biology). "B.1.429 Lineage Report". outbreak.info. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
"New California Variant May Be Driving Virus Surge There, Study Suggests". The New York Times. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Azad A (17 March 2021). "Coronavirus strains first detected in California are officially 'variants of concern,' CDC says". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions: Updated June 23, 2021". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021.
Zimmer C, Mandavilli A (14 May 2021). "How the United States Beat the Variants, for Now". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
Wadman M (23 February 2021). "California coronavirus strain may be more infectious – and lethal". Science News. doi:10.1126/science.abh2101. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
Ho C (28 February 2021). "Do coronavirus tests work on variants?". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
"Local COVID-19 Strain Found in Over One-Third of Los Angeles Patients". news wise (Press release). California: Cedars Sinai Medical Center. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
"B.1.429". Rambaut Group, University of Edinburgh. PANGO Lineages. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
"B.1.429 Lineage Report". Scripps Research. outbreak.info. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
"COVID-19 Variant First Found in Other Countries and States Now Seen More Frequently in California". California Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
Weise E, Weintraub K. "New strains of COVID swiftly moving through the US need careful watch, scientists say". USA Today. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
"Delta-PCR-testen" [The Delta PCR Test] (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
"GISAID hCOV19 Variants (see menu option 'G/484K.V3 (B.1.525)')". GISAID. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
"Status for udvikling af SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) i Danmark" [Status of development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) in Denmark] (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 27 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
"B.1.525 international lineage report". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
Roberts M (16 February 2021). "Another new coronavirus variant seen in the UK". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
"DOH confirms detection of 2 SARS-CoV-2 mutations in Region 7". ABS-CBN News. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
Santos E (13 March 2021). "DOH reports COVID-19 variant 'unique' to PH, first case of Brazil variant". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
"DOH confirms new COVID-19 variant first detected in PH, first case of Brazil variant". ABS-CBN News. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
"PH discovered new COVID-19 variant earlier than Japan, expert clarifies". CNN Philippines. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
"Japan detects new coronavirus variant from traveler coming from PH". CNN Philippines. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
"UK reports 2 cases of COVID-19 variant first detected in Philippines". ABS-CBN. 17 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
"Covid-19: Sarawak detects variant reported in the Philippines". 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-16)". www.who.int. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-07)". www.who.int. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-16)". www.who.int. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-07)". www.who.int. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
Updated Risk Evaluation of JN.1, 09 January 2023 [mislabelled date] (PDF), World Health Organization, 9 February 2024, Wikidata Q124477897, archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024
WHO COVID-19 dashboard – Summary, World Health Organization, 14 September 2025, Wikidata Q136406665, archived from the original on 30 September 2025
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of 26 September 2025, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 26 September 2025, Wikidata Q136406441, archived from the original on 30 September 2025
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 29 May 2022, Wikidata Q127329189, archived from the original on 29 May 2022
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 11 February 2023, Wikidata Q127329489, archived from the original on 11 February 2023
"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 P681H Spike Protein Variant in Nigeria". Virological. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
"Lineage B.1.1.207". cov-lineages.org. Pango team. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
"Queensland travellers have hotel quarantine extended after Russian variant of coronavirus detected". www.abc.net.au. 3 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
Koshy J (21 April 2021). "New coronavirus variant found in West Bengal". www.thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
"What is the new 'triple mutant variant' of Covid-19 virus found in Bengal? How bad is it?". www.indiatoday.in. 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
"PANGO lineages Lineage B.1.618". cov-lineages.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
Browne E (4 January 2022). "What we know about "IHU" COVID variant B.1.640.2 with 46 mutations". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Freund A (7 January 2022). "Coronavirus: Health experts not alarmed by variant identified in France". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Freund A (4 January 2022). "New coronavirus variant identified in France". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Bengali S (5 January 2022). "A variant found in France is not a concern, the W.H.O. says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Cobbe E (6 January 2022). "'IHU' coronavirus variant 'on our radar' but not a threat, World Health Organization says". CBS News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Chaturvedi A (4 January 2022). "New Covid-19 variant 'IHU' discovered in France, has more mutations than Omicron". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
"COVID-19: New variant, B.1.640.2, detected in France – study". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England : Technical briefing 39" (PDF). gov.uk. UK Health Security Agency. 25 March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
Kupferschmidt K (23 December 2020). "U.K. variant puts spotlight on immunocompromised patients' role in the COVID-19 pandemic". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg2911. S2CID 234378594. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
Sutherland S (23 February 2021). "COVID Variants May Arise in People with Compromised Immune Systems". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
"新型コロナウイルス変異株とは | 日本医学臨床検査研究所" [What is the novel coronavirus mutation | Japan Medical Laboratory Laboratory]. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"Variant: 21G (Lambda)". CoVariants. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Frank Diamond (7 August 2021). "More Data Point to Lambda Variant's Potential Lethality". Infection Control Today. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, Yamasoba D, Butlertanaka EP, Tanaka YL, et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance". Cell Reports. 38 (2) 110218. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110218. hdl:2433/267436. PMC 8683271. PMID 34968415. S2CID 236520241. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Greenwood M (15 January 2021). "What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?". News Medical Lifesciences. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
Bhattacharjee S (3 May 2021). "COVID-19 | A.P. strain at least 15 times more virulent". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
"N440k Covid Variant: Mutant N440K 10 times more infectious than parent strain | Hyderabad News". The Times of India. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"感染・伝播性の増加や抗原性の変化が懸念される新型コロナウイルス(SARS-CoV-2)の新規変異株について (第13報)" [New Mutant Strains of the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Concerned About Increased Infectivity and Transmissibility and Changes in Antigenicity (13th Report)]. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"Mutations in spike putatively linked to outbreak at Danish mink farms". GISAID. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"University of Graz". www.uni-graz.at. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
"BioNTech: We aspire to individualize cancer medicine". BioNTech. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
"People Are Talking About A 'Double Mutant' Variant In India. What Does That Mean?". NPR. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ...scientifically, the term "double mutant" makes no sense, Andersen says. "SARS-CoV-2 mutates all the time. So there are many double mutants all over the place. The variant in India really shouldn't be called that."
Mandavilli A, Mueller B (2 March 2021). "Why Virus Variants Have Such Weird Names". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
"escape mutation". HIV i-Base. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
"Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil" (PDF) (Press release). Japan: NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases). 12 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
Investigation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant 202012/01, technical briefing 5 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 2 February 2021. GW-1905. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Rettner R (2 February 2021). "UK coronavirus variant develops vaccine-evading mutation – In a handful of instances, the U.K. coronavirus variant has developed a mutation called E484K, which may impact vaccine effectiveness". Live Science. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Achenbach J, Booth W (2 February 2021). "Worrisome coronavirus mutation seen in U.K. variant and in some U.S. samples". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"東京五輪で"最凶"の「ラムダ株」が上陸ワクチン効果は5分の1?" ["Lambda strain" landed at the Tokyo Olympics, and the vaccine effect is one-fifth?]. gooニュース. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"The Lambda variant: is it more infectious, and can it escape vaccines? A virologist explains". The Conversation. 21 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
COG-UK update on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of special interest: Report 1 (PDF) (Report). COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK). 20 December 2020. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
"Researchers Discover New Variant of COVID-19 Virus in Columbus, Ohio". wexnermedical.osu.edu. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
"新たな変異ある「デルタ株」検出感染力への影響分からず" [Detection of a new mutant "Delta strain" The effect on infectivity is unknown]. NHKニュース. 31 August 2021. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
"「N501S 変異を有する新たなデルタ株(B.1.617.2 系統)の市中感染事例(国内第1例目)を確認」〜医科歯科大新型コロナウイルス全ゲノム解析プロジェクト第8報〜" ["Confirmed a case of community-acquired infection (first case in Japan) of a new delta strain (B.1.617.2 strain) with N501S mutation" -Medical and Dental University New Coronavirus Whole Genome Analysis Project 8th Report-] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
Maison DP, Ching LL, Shikuma CM, Nerurkar VR (January 2021). "Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeny of 969-bp S Gene Sequence of SARS-CoV-2 from Hawaii Reveals the Worldwide Emerging P681H Mutation". bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.01.06.425497. Available under CC BY 4.0 Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Corum J, Zimmer C (9 February 2021). "Coronavirus Variant Tracker". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021. Constantly Updated
Schraer R (18 July 2020). "Coronavirus: Are mutations making it more infectious?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
"New, more infectious strain of COVID-19 now dominates global cases of virus: study". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
"Study finds 7 newly-identified COVID-19 variants circulating in the United States". ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
"Study shows P681H mutation is becoming globally prevalent among SARS-CoV-2 sequences". News-Medical.net. 10 January 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
"Malaysia identifies new Covid-19 strain, similar to one found in 3 other countries". The Straits Times. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021. Tan Sri Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah, said it is still unknown whether the strain – dubbed the "A701B" mutation – is more infectious than usual
"Duterte says Sulu seeking help after new COVID-19 variant detected in nearby Sabah, Malaysia". GMA News. 27 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
"The current situation and Information on the Spike protein mutation of Covid-19 in Malaysia". Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia – Covid-19 Malaysia. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
"COVID-19 A701V mutation spreads to third wave clusters". focusmalaysia.my. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
"Variants of Concerns (VOC), B.1.524, B.1.525, South African B.1.351, STRAIN D614G, A701V, B1.1.7". covid-19.moh.gov.my. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
Smout A (26 January 2021). "Britain to help other countries track down coronavirus variants". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
Donnelly L (26 January 2021). "UK to help sequence mutations of Covid around world to find dangerous new variants". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 15 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 11 June 2021. GOV-8576. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Green ST, Cladi L (26 January 2021). "Covid-19 and evolutionary pressure – can we predict which genetic dangers lurk beyond the horizon?". BMJ n230. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
Lassaunière R, Fonager J, Rasmussen M, Frische A, Strandh C, Rasmussen T, et al. (10 November 2020). SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations arising in Danish mink, their spread to humans and neutralization data (Preprint). Statens Serum Institut. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
"Detection of new SARS-CoV-2 variants related to mink" (PDF). ECDC.eu. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 12 November 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
"SARS-CoV-2 mink-associated variant strain – Denmark". WHO Disease Outbreak News. 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
Kevany S, Carstensen T (19 November 2020). "Danish Covid mink variant 'very likely extinct', but controversial cull continues". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
Office of the Commissioner (23 February 2021). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Policies to Guide Medical Product Developers Addressing Virus Variants". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
Wang R, Chen J, Wei GW (December 2021). "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 12 (49): 11850–11857. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380. PMC 8672435. PMID 34873910. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
"Study findings suggest spread of Omicron can be ascribed to immune evasiveness rather than an increase in transmissibility". News-Medical.net. 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
"How soon after catching COVID-19 can you get it again?". ABC News. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
"Omicron Variant: What You Need to Know". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
"COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
"Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2023". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Recommendation for the 2023-2024 Formula of COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S. (PDF) (Report). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
"Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2024". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

who.int (Global: 195^th place; English: 302^nd place)

who.int

"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
"Historical working definitions and primary actions for SARS-CoV-2 variants" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
"Updated working definitions and primary actions for SARSCoV2 variants". www.who.int. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2025. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021. Updated frequently.
"Statement on the update of WHO's working definitions and tracking system for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest". www.who.int. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
"Updated working definitions and primary actions for SARSCoV2 variants". www.who.int. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
World Health Organization (15 January 2021). "Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic". Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
WHO Headquarters (8 January 2021). "3.6 Considerations for virus naming and nomenclature". SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021. World Health Organization. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021. Updated frequently.
Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 20 July 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
"Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern". World Health Organization. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 22 June 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. Retrieved 26 May 2022. Updated frequently.
Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 for 8 June 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-16)". www.who.int. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-07)". www.who.int. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Statement of the WHO Working Group on COVID-19 Animal Models (WHO-COM) about the UK and South African SARS-CoV-2 new variants" (PDF). World Health Organization. 22 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
"Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19". World Health Organization. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. 7 June 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". who.int. World Health Organization.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
"Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 27 April 2021" (PDF). World Health Organization. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". World Health Organization. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
"Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 15 June 2021" (PDF) (44 ed.). World Health Organization. 15 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021. Lambda has been associated with substantive rates of community transmission in multiple countries, with rising prevalence over time concurrent with increased COVID-19 incidence. The earliest sequenced samples were reported from Peru in August 2020.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". who.int. World Health Organization. Updated frequently.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-16)". www.who.int. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-07)". www.who.int. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-16)". www.who.int. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (updated 2022-03-07)". www.who.int. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
"Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern". www.who.int. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
"Statement on Omicron sublineage BA.2". www.who.int. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
"Initial Risk Evaluation of JN.1, 19 December 2023" (PDF). World Health Organization. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
Updated Risk Evaluation of JN.1, 09 January 2023 [mislabelled date] (PDF), World Health Organization, 9 February 2024, Wikidata Q124477897, archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024
"WHO TAG-VE Risk Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Variant Under Monitoring: XFG" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 29 May 2022, Wikidata Q127329189, archived from the original on 29 May 2022
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 11 February 2023, Wikidata Q127329489, archived from the original on 11 February 2023
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 28 June 2024, Wikidata Q127328784, archived from the original on 10 July 2024
"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
"COVID-19, Ukraine & Other Global Health Emergencies Virtual Press conference transcript - 16 March 2022". www.who.int. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
"COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update : Edition 84, published 22 March 2022" (PDF). who.int. World Health Organization. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
"SARS-CoV-2 mink-associated variant strain – Denmark". WHO Disease Outbreak News. 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
"Statement on the antigen composition of COVID-19 vaccines". World Health Organization (WHO) (Press release). 15 May 2025. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

data.who.int

"WHO Coronavirus Network (CoViNet)". Retrieved 1 September 2024.
WHO COVID-19 dashboard – Summary, World Health Organization, 14 September 2025, Wikidata Q136406665, archived from the original on 30 September 2025

wikidata.org (Global: 43^rd place; English: 161^st place)

Updated Risk Evaluation of JN.1, 09 January 2023 [mislabelled date] (PDF), World Health Organization, 9 February 2024, Wikidata Q124477897, archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024
Nathan Bartlett (9 July 2024). "From FLiRT to FLuQE: what to know about the latest COVID variants on the rise". The Conversation. ISSN 2431-2134. Wikidata Q127329080. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024.
WHO COVID-19 dashboard – Summary, World Health Organization, 14 September 2025, Wikidata Q136406665, archived from the original on 30 September 2025
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of 26 September 2025, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 26 September 2025, Wikidata Q136406441, archived from the original on 30 September 2025
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 29 May 2022, Wikidata Q127329189, archived from the original on 29 May 2022
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 11 February 2023, Wikidata Q127329489, archived from the original on 11 February 2023
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants, World Health Organization, 28 June 2024, Wikidata Q127328784, archived from the original on 10 July 2024

wikipedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.wikipedia.org

As of January 2021^[update], at least one of the following criteria must be met in order to count as a clade in the Nextstrain system (quote from source):^[20]

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Forster P, Forster L, Renfrew C, Forster M (8 April 2020). "Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (17): 9241–9243. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.9241F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004999117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7196762. PMID 32269081.
Zhang W, Davis B, Chen SS, Martinez JS, Plummer JT, Vail E (2021). "Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California". JAMA. 325 (13): 1324–1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1612. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 7879386. PMID 33571356.
Nyberg T, Ferguson NM, Nash SG, Webster HH, Flaxman S, Andrews N, et al. (16 March 2022). "Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study". The Lancet. 399 (10332): 1303–1312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00462-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8926413. PMID 35305296.
Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DD, Mishra S, et al. (May 2021). "Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil". Science. 372 (6544): 815–821. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..815F. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8139423. PMID 33853970. Within this plausible region of parameter space, P.1 can be between 1.7 and 2.4 times more transmissible (50% BCI, 2.0 median, with a 99% posterior probability of being >1) than local non-P1 lineages and can evade 21 to 46% (50% BCI, 32% median, with a 95% posterior probability of being able to evade at least 10%) of protective immunity elicited by previous infection with non-P.1 lineages, corresponding to 54 to 79% (50% BCI, 68% median) cross-immunity ... We estimate that infections are 1.2 to 1.9 times more likely (50% BCI, median 1.5, 90% posterior probability of being >1) to result in mortality in the period after the emergence of P.1, compared with before, although posterior estimates of this relative risk are also correlated with inferred cross-immunity. More broadly, the recent epidemic in Manaus has strained the city's health care system, leading to inadequate access to medical care. We therefore cannot determine whether the estimated increase in relative mortality risk is due to P.1 infection, stresses on the Manaus health care system, or both. Detailed clinical investigations of P.1 infections are needed.
Mishra S, Mindermann S, Sharma M, Whittaker C, Mellan TA, Wilton T, et al. (1 September 2021). "Changing composition of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and rise of Delta variant in England". eClinicalMedicine. 39 101064. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101064. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 8349999. PMID 34401689.
Barton MI, MacGowan SA, Kutuzov MA, Dushek O, Barton GJ, van der Merwe PA (26 August 2021). Fouchier RA, Van der Meer JW, Fouchier RA (eds.). "Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics". eLife. 10 e70658. doi:10.7554/eLife.70658. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8480977. PMID 34435953.
Bartel A, Grau JH, Bitzegeio J, Werber D, Linzner N, Schumacher V, et al. (10 January 2024). "Timely Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Fragments in Wastewater Shows the Emergence of JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1, Clade 23I) in Berlin, Germany". Viruses. 16 (1): 102. doi:10.3390/v16010102. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10818819. PMID 38257802.
Nathan Bartlett (9 July 2024). "From FLiRT to FLuQE: what to know about the latest COVID variants on the rise". The Conversation. ISSN 2431-2134. Wikidata Q127329080. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024.
Kaku Y, Okumura K, Kawakubo S, Uriu K, Chen L, Kosugi Y, et al. (1 December 2024). "Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant". The Lancet. 24 (12): e736. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00731-X. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 39521009. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Guo C, Yu Y, Liu J, Jian F, Yang S, Song W, et al. (1 July 2025). "Antigenic and virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2, XFG, and NB.1.8.1". The Lancet. 25 (7): e374 – e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00308-1. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 40484018. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Smyth DS, Trujillo M, Gregory DA, Cheung K, Gao A, Graham M, et al. (3 February 2022). "Tracking cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in NYC wastewater". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 635. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..635S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28246-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8813986. PMID 35115523.
Bengali S (5 January 2022). "A variant found in France is not a concern, the W.H.O. says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Mandavilli A, Mueller B (2 March 2021). "Why Virus Variants Have Such Weird Names". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
Rella SA, Kulikova YA, Dermitzakis ET, Kondrashov FA (30 July 2021). "Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15729. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8324827. PMID 34330988.

x.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

@BNODesk (26 November 2021). "Statement from Israel's health ministry reporting 1 confirmed case of new coronavirus variant B.1.1.529" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 November 2021 – via Twitter.

yahoo.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 40^th place)

uk.news.yahoo.com

Leventis Lourgos A (9 May 2024). "New COVID 'FLiRT' variants are spreading nationwide. Chicago health experts urge up to date vaccination". Yahoo News. Retrieved 14 May 2024 – via Chicago Tribune.

yalemedicine.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"3 Things to Know About XEC, the Dominant COVID Strain". Yale Medicine. Retrieved 25 July 2025.

ynet.co.il (Global: 382^nd place; English: 2,127^th place)

m.ynet.co.il

"14:30 4 מאומתים לווריאנט החדש התגלו בארץ, רה"מ יקיים מסיבת עיתונאים" ["...Verified for the new strain 4 verified for the new variant were discovered in the country..."]. m.ynet.co.il. Retrieved 26 November 2021.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

"COG-UK Showcase Event". 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020 – via YouTube.

Variants of SARS-CoV-2 (English Wikipedia)

abc.net.au (Global: 139th place; English: 108th place)

abc11.com (Global: low place; English: 6,485th place)

abs-cbn.com (Global: 528th place; English: 303rd place)

aljazeera.com (Global: 268th place; English: 215th place)

apnews.com (Global: 129th place; English: 89th place)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; English: 59th place)

as.com (Global: 229th place; English: 502nd place)

en.as.com

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

biontech.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

bmj.com (Global: 1,226th place; English: 1,421st place)

ca.gov (Global: 421st place; English: 263rd place)

cdph.ca.gov

cbsnews.com (Global: 108th place; English: 80th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218th place; English: 212th place)

cedars-sinai.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnet.com (Global: 272nd place; English: 225th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

edition.cnn.com

cnnphilippines.com (Global: 2,993rd place; English: 1,624th place)

cogconsortium.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

cov-lineages.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

covariants.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010th place; English: 612th place)

ctvnews.ca (Global: 768th place; English: 482nd place)

dbtindia.gov.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dw.com (Global: 204th place; English: 353rd place)

europa.eu (Global: 68th place; English: 117th place)

ecdc.europa.eu

ema.europa.eu

fda.gov (Global: 447th place; English: 338th place)

fiocruz.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

arca.fiocruz.br

focusmalaysia.my (Global: low place; English: low place)

forbes.com (Global: 54th place; English: 48th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

gisaid.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

github.com (Global: 383rd place; English: 320th place)

globalnews.ca (Global: 985th place; English: 583rd place)

gmanetwork.com (Global: 824th place; English: 488th place)

goo.ne.jp (Global: 974th place; English: 6,950th place)

news.goo.ne.jp

gov.uk (Global: 432nd place; English: 278th place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71st place; English: 52nd place)

i-base.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36th place; English: 33rd place)

india.com (Global: 385th place; English: 234th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 17th place; English: 15th place)

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

indiatoday.in (Global: 94th place; English: 66th place)

infectioncontroltoday.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

innophore.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

japantoday.com (Global: 3,795th place; English: 2,511th place)

jcl.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

jpost.com (Global: 544th place; English: 387th place)

khub.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

livemint.com (Global: 390th place; English: 227th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,190th place; English: 959th place)

medicalxpress.com (Global: 8,255th place; English: low place)

medrxiv.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

medscape.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

metro.co.uk (Global: 296th place; English: 217th place)

moh.gov.my (Global: low place; English: low place)

covid-19.moh.gov.my

msn.com (Global: 117th place; English: 145th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,844th place; English: 1,231st place)

users.math.msu.edu

nccid.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

news-medical.net (Global: 8,069th place; English: 7,681st place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774th place; English: 716th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 269th place; English: 201st place)

newswise.com (Global: 9,751st place; English: 7,165th place)

abc.net.au (Global: 139^th place; English: 108^th place)

abc11.com (Global: low place; English: 6,485^th place)

abs-cbn.com (Global: 528^th place; English: 303^rd place)

aljazeera.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 215^th place)

apnews.com (Global: 129^th place; English: 89^th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

as.com (Global: 229^th place; English: 502^nd place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

bmj.com (Global: 1,226^th place; English: 1,421^st place)

ca.gov (Global: 421^st place; English: 263^rd place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 108^th place; English: 80^th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 218^th place; English: 212^th place)

cnet.com (Global: 272^nd place; English: 225^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

cnnphilippines.com (Global: 2,993^rd place; English: 1,624^th place)

creativecommons.org (Global: 1,010^th place; English: 612^th place)

ctvnews.ca (Global: 768^th place; English: 482^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dw.com (Global: 204^th place; English: 353^rd place)

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

github.com (Global: 383^rd place; English: 320^th place)

globalnews.ca (Global: 985^th place; English: 583^rd place)

gmanetwork.com (Global: 824^th place; English: 488^th place)

goo.ne.jp (Global: 974^th place; English: 6,950^th place)

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 52^nd place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 36^th place; English: 33^rd place)

india.com (Global: 385^th place; English: 234^th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 17^th place; English: 15^th place)

indiatoday.in (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

japantoday.com (Global: 3,795^th place; English: 2,511^th place)

jpost.com (Global: 544^th place; English: 387^th place)

livemint.com (Global: 390^th place; English: 227^th place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

medicalxpress.com (Global: 8,255^th place; English: low place)

metro.co.uk (Global: 296^th place; English: 217^th place)

msn.com (Global: 117^th place; English: 145^th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,844^th place; English: 1,231^st place)

news-medical.net (Global: 8,069^th place; English: 7,681^st place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 269^th place; English: 201^st place)

newswise.com (Global: 9,751^st place; English: 7,165^th place)

nhk.or.jp (Global: 145^th place; English: 1,388^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

nsw.gov.au (Global: 640^th place; English: 382^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

osu.edu (Global: 2,333^rd place; English: 1,632^nd place)

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,263^rd place; English: 1,687^th place)

publishing.service.gov.uk (Global: 1,877^th place; English: 1,129^th place)

reliefweb.int (Global: 2,136^th place; English: 1,442^nd place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,160^th place; English: 737^th place)

sciencebasedmedicine.org (Global: 5,063^rd place; English: 3,360^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

scribd.com (Global: 482^nd place; English: 552^nd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

sfchronicle.com (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 777^th place)

sky.com (Global: 431^st place; English: 274^th place)

statnews.com (Global: 8,771^st place; English: 5,253^rd place)

straitstimes.com (Global: 543^rd place; English: 346^th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

thehindu.com (Global: 52^nd place; English: 35^th place)

thelancet.com (Global: 2,393^rd place; English: 3,174^th place)

thestar.com.my (Global: 574^th place; English: 425^th place)

today.com (Global: 396^th place; English: 242^nd place)

torontosun.com (Global: 1,440^th place; English: 846^th place)

twitter.com (Global: 23^rd place; English: 32^nd place)

uni-graz.at (Global: 8,173^rd place; English: 9,012^th place)

uol.com.br (Global: 74^th place; English: 444^th place)

usatoday.com (Global: 41^st place; English: 34^th place)