Venezuela (English Wikipedia)

Lau, Stuart (2 February 2019). "Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'". The South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
• Page, Jeremy (1 February 2019). "China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019). "Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018). "China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China". America's Quarterly. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
• Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019). "From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political turmoil in Venezuela". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.

amigosprecolombino.es

en.amigosprecolombino.es

"Venezuela". Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum. (retrieved 9 July 2011)

ap.org

bigstory.ap.org

Sanchez, Fabiola (8 June 2016). "As hunger mounts, Venezuelans turn to trash for food". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
Dreier, Hannah (24 March 2015). "Mastectomies on the rise in Venezuela amid economic crisis". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.

archive.org

Thomas 2005, p. 189. Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50204-0.
Dickey 1892, p. 103. Dickey, John Marcus (1892). Christopher Columbus and his monument Columbia: being a concordance of choice tributes to the great Genoese, his grand discovery, and his greatness of mind and purpose. Rand, McNally & Co. ISBN 978-1-4460-2044-9. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Chasteen 2001, p. 103. Chasteen, John Charles (2001). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05048-6.
Crow 1980, pp. 616–617. Crow, JA (1980). Epic of Latin America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04107-3.
Ng 2004, p. 31. Ng, Yumi (2004). Welcome to Venezuela. Gareth Stevens Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8368-3123-8. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Tarver & Frederick 2006, p. 10. Tarver, H. Michael; Frederick, Julia C. (2006). The History of Venezuela. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6260-7. Retrieved 2 July 2015.

archive.today

The coup installed chamber of commerce leader Pedro Carmona."Profile: Pedro Carmona". BBC News. 27 May 2002. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2009.

bbc.co.uk

"Venezuela audit confirms Nicolas Maduro electoral victory". BBC News. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
"Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power". BBC News. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
"Venezuela: Supreme court backtracks on powers bid". BBC News. 1 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
Davies, Wyre (20 February 2016). "Venezuela's decline fuelled by plunging oil prices". BBC News, Latin America. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Profile: Hugo Chavez". BBC News. 5 December 2002. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. Mr Chavez first came to prominence in February 1992 when he led an attempt to overthrow the government of President Carlos Andres Perez amid growing anger at economic austerity measures.
The coup installed chamber of commerce leader Pedro Carmona."Profile: Pedro Carmona". BBC News. 27 May 2002. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
"Venezuela: Energy overview". BBC. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2007.

bbc.com

"Venezuela country profile". BBC. 4 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
"Venezuela in 'selective default'". bbc.com. BBC News. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
"Venezuela crisis: How the political situation escalated". BBC. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
"Por qué importan tanto los magistrados que designó el chavismo en Venezuela". BBC (in Spanish). 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Nicolás Maduro decreta un nuevo Estado de Excepción y de Emergencia Económica en Venezuela". BBC. 14 May 2016. p. Spanish. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue". BBC News. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?". BBC. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Strickland, Jamie (12 April 2015). "Pastor Maldonado: Does 'Crashtor' deserve his bad reputation?". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2015.

bcv.org.ve

"Resultados del Índice Nacional de Precios Al Consumidor, Producto Interno Bruto y Balanza de Pagos Cuarto Trimestre De 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). BCV. 18 February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2017.

bloomberg.com

Rosati, Andrew (9 October 2018). "Venezuela's 2018 Inflation to Hit 1.37 Million Percent, IMF Says". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
• Gillespie, Patrick (12 April 2016). "Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Gillespie, Patrick (12 December 2016). "Venezuela shuts border with Colombia as cash crisis escalates". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017). "Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Boyd, Sebastian (7 October 2014). "How Venezuela Got No Dollars From $65 Billion Bond Sales". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Kurmanaev, Anatoly (7 November 2013). "Venezuela Inflation Hits 16-Year High as Shortages Rise". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Rosati, Andrew; Soto, Noris (6 December 2015). "Venezuela Seen Handing Congress to Opposition in Sunday Vote". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
"Dollars Are Out, Euros Are In as U.S. Sanctions Sting Venezuela". Bloomberg.com. 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
Carbon Markets Are Making a Slow, But Steady, Comeback Archived 2 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomberg.com (8 December 2015). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
Gallegos, Raul (10 January 2014). "Miss Venezuela's Murder Is the Price of Politics". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Pons, Corina; Corina, Nathan (9 August 2013). "Venezuela Ogles Chavez's Hidden Billions as Reserves Sink". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017). "Venezuela's Awful Economy Got Even Worse in 2016". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
Bartenstein, Ben; et al. (1 November 2017). "Venezuela's Bondholder Meeting Is a Bust as S&P Declares Default". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

bnamericas.com

"Minister: 2002–2003 strike cost PDVSA US$12.8bn – BNamericas". 27 July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.

books.google.com

Wunder 2003, p. 130. Wunder, Sven (2003). Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-98667-7.
Salas 2004, p. 142. Salas, Miguel Tinker (2 August 2004). "Culture, Power, and Oil: The Experience of Venezuelan Oil Camps and the Construction of Citizenship". In Gilbert G. Gonzalez; Raul A. Fernandez; Vivian Price; David Smith; Linda Trinh Võ (eds.). Labor Versus Empire: Race, Gender, Migration. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93528-3.
Gott 2005, p. 203. Gott, Richard (2005). Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-533-3.
Gregory 1992, pp. 89–90. Gregory, Desmond (1992). Brute New World: The Rediscovery of Latin America in the Early 19th Century. British American Press. ISBN 978-1-85043-567-9. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
McFarlane, Anthony (2013). War and Independence In Spanish America. Routledge. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-136-75772-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
Warhol 2006, p. 65. Warhol, Tom (2006). Tundra. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-2193-1.
Georgia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments 2013, p. 36. Georgia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Int'l Business Publications, USA. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4387-7443-5.
Anuario estadístico de Venezuela (in Spanish). OCEI. 2000. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Kaplan, Joanna Overing (1975). The Piaroa, a People of the Orinoco Basin: A Study in Kinship and Marriage. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-01-923189-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Affairs (U.S.), Institute of Inter-American; Peterson, Lyall E. (1946). The Lake Valencia Region in Venezuela: A Special Report. Institute of Inter-American Affairs, Food Supply Division. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Yegres, Ramón Santaella (1989). La dinámica del espacio en la cuenca del Lago de Maracaibo, 1873-1940: y su proyeccion hasta el presente, 1980 (in Spanish). FACES-UCV, División de Publicaciones. ISBN 978-980-00-0312-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Cárdenas, Antonio Luis; Castillo, Rubén Carpio (2000). Geografía de Venezuela (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Figueroa, Rosa (1995). Agenda Geografica Venezuela (in Spanish). Editorial Alfa. ISBN 978-980-354-005-0. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
Carter, Douglas Broadmore (1946). "The Water Balance of the Lake Maracaibo Basin". Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Nwachukwu, Joseph Iheanacho (1981). "Organic Geochemistry of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela". Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Hammond, D. S. (2005). Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield. ISBN 978-1-84593-092-9. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Sojo, Raúl; Castillo, Horacio Biord (2009). Venezuela al natural. Editorial Arte. ISBN 978-980-6476-26-4. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Las Microfacies Del Cretaceo de Venezuela Occidental (in Spanish). Brill Archive. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Socorro, Orangel Antonio Aguilera (2006). Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: el cuaternario del Estado Falcón (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Cultura. ISBN 978-980-12-1379-6. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Páez, Ramón (1863). "Wild Scenes in South America". Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Rojas, Arístides (1897). Primer libro de geografía de Venezuela según Codazzi (in Spanish). Santana y cia. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
A, América Bracho (1984). Geografía de Venezuela: III año (in Spanish). Ediciones CO-BO. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
The Latin America & Caribbean Review. World of Information. 1986. ISBN 9780904439557. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Baño, Adrián Hernández (1986). Secretos de los Médanos de Coro (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura del Estado Falcón. ISBN 978-980-6081-09-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
Salazar-Quijada, Adolfo (1971). Toponimia de la Guajira venezolana (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
Colombo-Venezolanos, Venezuela Comisión Presidencial para Asuntos Fronterizos (1993). Apure: diagnostico y estrategias de desarrollo fronterizo (in Spanish). La Comisión. ISBN 978-980-03-0130-2. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Hidrocarburos, Venezuela Ministerio de Minas e (1962). Memoria - Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos (in Spanish). El Ministerio. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Léidenz, Misael Salazar (2001). Venezuela en la magia, el mito y la leyenda (in Spanish). Editorial Guaraira Repano. ISBN 978-980-07-8548-5. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Political Risk Yearbook: South America. Frost & Sullivan. 1999. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-931077-59-0. Venezuela worked closely with its neighbors following the 1997 Summit of the Americas in many areas—particularly energy integration—and championed the OAS decision to adopt an Anti-Corruption Convention.
McBeth 2002, p. 17. "From 1917, greater awareness of the country's oil potential had the pernicious effect of increasing the corruption and intrigue amongst Gomez's family and entourage, the consequences of which would be felt up to 1935." McBeth, B. S. (2002). Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908–1935. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89218-6.
Coronil 1988, p. 353. "The perception of petroleum as the cause of Venezuela's corruption had become widespread during this period." Coronil, Fernando (1988). The magical state: nature, money, and modernity in Venezuela. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-11602-0.
Kelly & Palma 2006, p. 207. Kelly, Janet; Palma, Perdo A. (2006). "Chapter 10: The Syndrome of Economic Decline and the Quest for Change". In McCoy, Jennifer L.; Myers, David J. (eds.). The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8428-3.
Brushaber, Susan; Greenberg, Arnold (1997). Venezuela Alive. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-55650-800-4. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Mann, Mark (2014). The Community Tourism Guide: Exciting Holidays for Responsible Travellers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-85466-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Dagert, Domingo Alberto Medina (1993). Community Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Tourism: "Los Aleros" Merida, Venezuela. Michigan State University. Department of Park and Recreation Resources. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
Maddicks, Russell (1 October 2012). Venezuela – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. ISBN 978-1-85733-661-0.
Gasparini, Graziano (1994). Coro: patrimonio mundial (in Spanish). Armitano. ISBN 978-980-216-125-6.
Dembo, Nancy (2006). La tectónica en la obra de Carlos Raúl Villanueva: aproximación en tres tiempos (in Spanish). CDCH UCV. ISBN 978-980-00-2336-5.
Lucca, Rafael Arráiz (15 February 2016). Venezuela: 1498-1728: Conquista y urbanización (in Spanish). Editorial Alfa. ISBN 978-84-16687-13-8.
Gasparini, Graziano (1965). La arquitectura colonial en Venezuela (in Spanish). Ediciones Armitano.
Montauban, Leopoldo Jahn (1990). La Colonia Tovar y su gente (in Spanish). Banco Provincial. ISBN 978-980-07-0220-8.
Ojanguren, Montserrat Gárate (1990). La Real Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas (in Spanish). Sociedad Guipuzcoana de Ediciones y Publicaciones. ISBN 978-84-7173-156-2.
Aponte 2008, p. 45. Aponte, Pedro Rafael (2008). The Invention of the National in Venezuelan Art Music, 1920–1960. University of Pittsburgh. ISBN 978-1-109-05320-3. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Fichner-Ratus 2012, p. 519. Fichner-Ratus, Lois (2012). Understanding Art (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-83695-5.
Cortés 2013, p. 2134. Cortés, Carlos E. (2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-1683-6. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Nichols & Morse 2010, p. 306. Nichols, Elizabeth Gackstetter; Morse, Kimberley J. (2010). Venezuela. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-569-3.
Wardrope 2003, p. 37. Wardrope, William (2003). Venezuela. Gareth Stevens Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8368-2369-1.
Jozsa 2013, p. 12. Jozsa, Frank P. Jr. (2013). Baseball beyond Borders: From Distant Lands to the Major Leagues. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-9245-3.
Gibson 2006, p. 18. Gibson, Karen Bush (2006). Venezuela: A Question and Answer Book. Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7368-6413-8.
Nichols & Morse 2010, p. 307. Nichols, Elizabeth Gackstetter; Morse, Kimberley J. (2010). Venezuela. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-569-3.
Aalgaard 2004, p. 54. Aalgaard, Wendy (2004). Venezuela in Pictures. Lerner Pub Group. ISBN 978-0-8225-1172-4.

br.de

Ulrich Zwack, Bayerischer Rundfunk (5 August 2015). "Albtraum von Eldorado: Als die Welser über Venezuela herrschten" (in German). Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

bsc-eoc.org

avibase.bsc-eoc.org

Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Venezuela". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2007.

businessinsider.com

Lopez, Linette (11 April 2014). "Why The United States Has Done Nothing About Venezuela". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

cbc.ca

"Mangoes fill the gaps in Venezuela's food crisis". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

cdlib.org

publishing.cdlib.org

Zamora 1993, Voyage to Paradise. Zamora, Margarita (1993). Reading Columbus. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08297-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

cepr.net

• Heritage 2002, pp. 618–621.
• Voigt, Kevin (6 March 2013). Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Beeton, Dan; Joe Sammut (6 December 2013). Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Venezuela Overview Archived 29 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. worldbank.org. The World Bank. Accessed 17 November 2014. "Economic growth and the redistribution of resources associated with these missions have led to an important decline in moderate poverty, from 50% in 1998 to about 30% in 2012. Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998 to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region." Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7894-8805-3.

chinadialogue.net

"Fuel subsidies have contributed to Venezuela's economic crisis". chinadialogue.net. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2017.

chosun.com

news.chosun.com

남민우, 기 (2 May 2018). 화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라 [The monetary economy collapsed... Venezuela clamors for minimum wage hike]. 朝鮮日報 (The Chosun Ilbo) (in Korean). Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2018 – via chosun.com. Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy

cia.gov

"Venezuela". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
"The World Factbook: Venezuela". Central Intelligence Agency. September 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
"Venezuela". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
Country Comparison :: Roadways Archived 3 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. cia.gov

cnbc.com

"Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent". CNBC. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.

cne.gov.ve

"Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

cnn.com

Paul LeBlanc (6 August 2019). "Trump announces total economic embargo against Venezuela". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
Castillo, Mariano (9 January 2014). "Beauty queen's killers nabbed, Venezuela says". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
"20 killed in Venezuelan prison violence". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
"Facing shortages, Venezuela takes over toilet paper factory". CNN. 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.

edition.cnn.com

• Heritage 2002, pp. 618–621.
• Voigt, Kevin (6 March 2013). Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Beeton, Dan; Joe Sammut (6 December 2013). Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Venezuela Overview Archived 29 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. worldbank.org. The World Bank. Accessed 17 November 2014. "Economic growth and the redistribution of resources associated with these missions have led to an important decline in moderate poverty, from 50% in 1998 to about 30% in 2012. Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998 to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region." Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7894-8805-3.
Charner, Flora; Newton, Paula; Gallón, Natalie (21 May 2018). "Opponents slam Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's election victory as a sham". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018. An alliance of 14 Latin American nations and Canada, known as the Lima Group, released a statement Monday calling the vote illegitimate... The alliance includes Argentina, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Paraguay, St. Lucia, Guyana, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica.

money.cnn.com

• Gillespie, Patrick (12 April 2016). "Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Gillespie, Patrick (12 December 2016). "Venezuela shuts border with Colombia as cash crisis escalates". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017). "Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Gillespie, Patrick (14 November 2017). "Venezuela just defaulted, moving deeper into crisis". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

finance.fortune.cnn.com

"Venezuela's economic nightmare takes an ugly turn". CNN Money. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.

coha.org

"Hugo Chávez and the Future of Venezuela". 4 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

conmebol.com

"Copa America: a new cycle begins and the revolving calendar remains". CONMEBOL. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

conservation.org

"South America Banks on Regional Strategy to Safeguard Quarter of Earth's Biodiversity". Conservation International. 16 September 2003. Archived from the original on 4 October 2003.

constituteproject.org

"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)'s Constitution of 1999 with Amendments through 2009" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2020.

consuladodevenezuela.es

"200 años como símbolo de soberanía" (in Spanish). Consulado General de Venezuela en Canarias. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.

contextodiario.com

"Deserción escolar alcanza el 58% en todo el país". Contexto Diario (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

countryeconomy.com

"Rating: Venezuela Credit Rating". Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.

countrystudies.us

"Venezuela – The Century of Caudillismo Archived 5 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine". Library of Congress Country Studies.
Venezuela – Population. U.S. Library of Congress.

csmonitor.com

Gallagher, J. J. (25 March 2015). "Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

cybertruffle.org.uk

"Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms". cybertruffle.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
"Fungi of Venezuela – potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.

diariolasamericas.com

"Hambre en Venezuela: El 15,7% de los venezolanos se ha alimentado de residuos". Diario Las Américas. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.

doi.org

Corrales, Javier (2020). "Authoritarian Survival: Why Maduro Hasn't Fallen". Journal of Democracy. 31 (3). Project Muse: 39–53. doi:10.1353/jod.2020.0044. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 226738491.
"The Path Toward Authoritarianism in Venezuela", Political Science, Oxford University Press, 30 October 2019, doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0286, ISBN 978-0-19-975622-3
Smilde, David (14 September 2017). "Crime and Revolution in Venezuela". NACLA Report on the Americas. 49 (3): 303–308. doi:10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956. ISSN 1071-4839. S2CID 158528940. Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.
Isidoro Losada, Ana María; Bitar Deeb, Rita (January 2022). "Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 41 (1): 102–104. doi:10.1111/blar.13316. eISSN 1470-9856. ISSN 0261-3050. S2CID 246773739. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Humphreys, R. A. (1966). "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895. Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 17: 131–164. doi:10.2307/3678723. JSTOR 3678723. S2CID 155581308.
DURAND J; MASSEY DS (2010). "New World Orders: Continuities and Changes in Latin American Migration". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 630 (1): 20–52. doi:10.1177/0002716210368102. PMC 2931359. PMID 20814591.
Da Silva P, José Luis (2013). "Venezuelan Democracy in the 20th Century. The Struggle Between the Military and the Non–Military". Politeja. 10 (24): 49–68. doi:10.12797/politeja.10.2013.24.05. ISSN 1733-6716. S2CID 155380658.
Davilaa, Luis Ricardo (April 2000). "The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x. ISSN 0261-3050. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
Cannon 2004, p. 295. Cannon, Barry (21 June 2004). "Venezuela, April 2002: Coup or Popular Rebellion? The Myth of a United Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 23 (3): 285–302. doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2004.00109.x. S2CID 56445250.
Grantham, H.S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1). 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. S2CID 228082162.
Keith, D.A.; et al. (2013). "Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e62111. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862111K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062111. PMC 3648534. PMID 23667454.
Rodríguez, J.P.; Nassar, J.M.; Rodríguez-Clark, K.M.; Zager, I.; Portillo-Quintero, C.A.; Carrasquel, F.; Zambrano, S. (2009). "Tropical dry forests in Venezuela: assessing status, threats and future prospects". Environmental Conservation. 35 (4): 311. doi:10.1017/S0376892908005237. ISSN 0376-8929. S2CID 85838371.
Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019). "The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition". Energy Strategy Reviews. 26: 100406. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406. hdl:11250/2634876.
Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). "L'Italiano in Venezuela". Italiano LinguaDue (in Italian). 3 (2): 20. doi:10.13130/2037-3597/1921. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017. L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese
Daniel, Ortega; Rodríguez, Francisco (October 2008). "Freed from Illiteracy? A Closer Look at Venezuela's Misión Robinson Literacy Campaign". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 57 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1086/590461. S2CID 143581685.
Arzt, E.; Orjeda, G.; Nobre, C.; Castilla, J.C.; Barañao, L.; Ribeiro, S.; Bifano, C.; Krieger, J.E.; Guerrero, P.C. (12 June 2014). "Capacity building: Architects of South American science" (PDF). Nature. 510 (7504): 209–212. doi:10.1038/510209a. PMID 24926500. S2CID 38221305. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

dx.doi.org

Davilaa, Luis Ricardo (April 2000). "The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x. ISSN 0261-3050. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2021.

economist.com

"Venezuela The homecoming" Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Economist.com (23 February 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
"Let them eat Chavismo The UN honours Venezuela for curbing hunger—which is actually getting worse". The Economist. 20 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
"Venezuela's currency: The not-so-strong bolívar". The Economist. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2013.

eia.gov

"Venezuela – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. 30 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

eiu.com

"Democracy Index 2012". www.eiu.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

pages.eiu.com

"Democracy Index 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2021.

eju.tv

"La dictadura venezolana reafirma su naturaleza". Eju.tv (in Spanish). 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

el-nacional.com

"Designación de magistrados obvió fase de impugnación". El Nacional (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Decreto de emergencia económica no puede pasar del 12 de mayo". El Nacional (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

elestimulo.com

"Maduro pide al TSJ declarar "inconstitucional" la Ley de Amnistía". El Estímulo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

elimpulso.com

Suarez, Roberth (22 March 2017). "Fotos: Escasez de gasolina se agudiza en Barquisimeto". El Impulso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
"El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria". El Impulso. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2014.

elinformador.com.ve

"Luisa Estela Morales afirma que la división de poderes debilita al Estado" (in Spanish). El Informador. 5 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.

elmundo.es

"El Supremo suspende la proclamación de tres diputados opositores y uno chavista". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Unidad Editorial. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

elnuevoherald.com

"Venezuela sufre escasez de prótesis mamarias" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Herald. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014). "Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros". El Nuevo Herald. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.

elpais.com

internacional.elpais.com

Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 February 2015). "Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela". El Pais. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2015.

elpais.cr

"Opositores denuncian "ruptura del orden constitucional" en Venezuela". El País (in Spanish). 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

elsalvador.com

"Venezuela es una dictadura que no representa la división de poderes". El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

eluniversal.com

"Chamber of Commerce: 80% of Venezuelans are in poverty". El Universal. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
"Sebin detuvo al alcalde Metropolitano Antonio Ledezma". El Universal. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
"Según el Cicpc el 2011 cerró con 1.150 secuestros en todo el país – Sucesos". Eluniversal.com. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
"Cabildo Metropolitano evaluará funcionamiento de Barrio Adentro". El Universal. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
"Rock and MAU sonará bajo las nubes de Calder". El Universal (in Spanish). 8 December 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Fernández B., María Gabriela (14 March 2015). "El jazz es el lenguaje universal de la música popular". El Universal. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

english.eluniversal.com

The truth of Pdval Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, El Universal, 21 January 2011.

enpaiszeta.com

"Prorroga del Decreto Emergencia Económica es inconstitucional". El Nuevo País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

ethnologue.com

"Venezuela". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

forbes.com

Garreau, Simone (12 May 2014). "Venezuelan Oil Dynamics: Why The Protests Matter". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.

foreignpolicy.com

Nagel, Juan Cristóbal (4 June 2014). "Poverty Shoots Up in Venezuela". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
Cristóbal Nagel, Juan (13 July 2015). "Looking Into the Black Box of Venezuela's Economy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015). "Don't Blame It On the Oil". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.

foxbusiness.com

MacDonald, Elizabeth (26 May 2016). "Exclusive: Harrowing Video Shows Starving Venezuelans Eating Garbage, Looting". Fox Business. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

foxnews.com

latino.foxnews.com

"Man claims son was eaten by fellow inmates during riot in Venezuelan prison". Fox News. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
"14 Killed in Caracas anti-crime operation". Fox News. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
"Venezuela: Where The Mafia And The Military Come Together". Fox News. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

foxnews.com

"What socialism? Private sector still dominates Venezuelan economy despite Chavez crusade". Fox News. Associated Press. 18 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

ft.com

"The bill for years of mismanagement is coming due" Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ft.com (12 February 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
Mander, Benedict. (10 February 2013) "Venezuelan devaluation sparks panic" Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ft.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
Lansberg-Rodriguez, Daniel (2 April 2017). "Venezuela's broken system". The Financial Times. p. 11. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

fu-berlin.de

refubium.fu-berlin.de

Isidoro Losada, Ana María; Bitar Deeb, Rita (January 2022). "Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 41 (1): 102–104. doi:10.1111/blar.13316. eISSN 1470-9856. ISSN 0261-3050. S2CID 246773739. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.

fusion.net

Rueda, Manuel (8 January 2014). "How Did Venezuela Become So Violent?n". Fusion TV. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Rueda, Manuel. "How Did Venezuela Become So Violent?". Fusion. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

ghostarchive.org

"Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro bans opposition parties from election". The Telegraph. Agence France-Presse. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
Lansberg-Rodriguez, Daniel (2 April 2017). "Venezuela's broken system". The Financial Times. p. 11. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Calder, Simon (31 October 2014). "Secret Canaries: Explore these warm volcanic islands all year round". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

globalforestwatch.org

"Venezuela: Overview". Global Forest Watch. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

globalpost.com

Silverstein, Amy (20 August 2012). "Venezuela prison riot kills 20". Global Post. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2012.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

"UN Congratulates Venezuela on Hunger". ABC News. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Goodman, Joshua (31 January 2014). "Venezuela's Best and Brightest Camp on Sidewalks". ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

gobiernoenlinea.ve

"Gobierno en Línea: Geografía, Clima". gobiernoenlinea.ve. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
Chávez 2004. Chávez, Hugo (2004). Cumpliendo las metas del milenio (PDF) (in Spanish). CDBpublicaciones. ISBN 978-980-6456-12-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011.

grancanariainfo.co.uk

"Gran Canaria Culture". GranCanariaInfo. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

guardian.co.uk

politics.guardian.co.uk

Frankal, Elliot (4 July 2005). "Compulsory voting around the world". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

gumilla.org

Aguire, Jesus Maria (June 2012). "Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Centro Gumilla. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019). "The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition". Energy Strategy Reviews. 26: 100406. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406. hdl:11250/2634876.

harvard.edu

drclas.harvard.edu

"Battling Authoritarian Regimes in Venezuela and Beyond: A Conversation with Venezuelan Opposition Leader Leopoldo López". David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. 25 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
Castro, Arachu (2008). "Barrio adentro a look at the origins of a social mission". David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Grantham, H.S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1). 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. S2CID 228082162.
Keith, D.A.; et al. (2013). "Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e62111. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862111K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062111. PMC 3648534. PMID 23667454.

historyworld.net

"History of Venezuela". History World. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

hrw.org

"World Report 2022: Rights Trends in Venezuela". Human Rights Watch. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
José Miguel Vivanco (31 March 2017). "Venezuela's crumbling façade of democracy". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017. This ruling is the end of Maduro administration's façade of democracy.
"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Venezuela". Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

huffingtonpost.com

"Thousands Of Venezuelans Cross Into Colombia In Search Of Food And Medicine". The Huffington Post. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.

humanrightsfoundation.org

"Venezuela HRF Declares Leopoldo Lopez a Prisoner of Conscience and Calls for his Immediate Release". Human Rights Foundation.^{[permanent dead link]}

ibtimes.co.uk

"Venezuela: Human rights groups reject condemnation of jailed Leopoldo Lopez as 'baseless'". International Business Times UK. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.

imf.org

"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Venezuela)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

independent.co.uk

Calder, Simon (31 October 2014). "Secret Canaries: Explore these warm volcanic islands all year round". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Ross, Ben; Calder, Simon (5 December 2009). "Tale of Two Travellers: The two sides of the Canaries". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

ine.gob.ve

"Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)" (PDF). ine.gov.ve. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
"Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica". Ine.gob.ve. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
> Censos de población y vivienda Archived 19 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. INE (23 February 2012). Retrieved on 16 April 2012.

issuu.com

"Venezuela: Gravísima Crisis de Seguridad Pública by Lexys Rendon". ISSUU.com. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2015.

iucnrle.org

"Assessments". UCN Red List of Ecosystems. IUCN-CEM. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.

jstor.org

Humphreys, R. A. (1966). "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895. Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 17: 131–164. doi:10.2307/3678723. JSTOR 3678723. S2CID 155581308.

juf.org

"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers". Los Angeles Times. 6 April 2021.

justice.gov

"Nicolás Maduro Moros and 14 Current and Former Venezuelan Officials Charged with Narco-Terrorism, Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Criminal Charges". www.justice.gov. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.

laht.com

"Latin American Herald Tribune – US Announces New Executive Order Sanctions on Venezuela – Declares "National Emergency"". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

lapatilla.com

"Gracias a las malas políticas del Gobierno bolivariano, más de 4 millones de venezolanos se han ido del país (encuesta)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
"Sebin se lleva detenido al alcalde Antonio Ledezma". La Patilla. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
"Colombia desconocerá resultado de elecciones en Venezuela, dice Santos - LaPatilla.com". 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
"Protestas aumentan 278% en primer semestre 2014" (in Spanish). La Patilla. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
"El 80% de los módulos de Barrio Adentro del país está cerrado". La Patilla. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
"Deserción escolar se ubica en 58% en todo el país". La Patilla (in Spanish). 1 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

laprensa.com.ni

"Jefe de la OEA estudia invocar Carta Democrática por Venezuela". La Prensa (in Spanish). 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

larazon.net

"Designaciones de magistrados son un fraude a la Constitución". La razón (in Spanish). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

latintrails.com

"Information". Latin Trails. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.

loc.gov

lcweb2.loc.gov

"Country Profile: Venezuela" (PDF). Library of Congress (Federal Research Division). 2005. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

marietta.edu

"The Alpine Biome". marietta.edu. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009.

marketwatch.com

Venezuela oil reserves topped Saudis in 2010:OPEC Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Market Watch. 18 July 2011

miamiherald.com

"Amid deteriorating relations, Washington turns screws on Venezuela". miamiherald. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

migrationpolicy.org

Padilla, Beatriz; Peixoto, Joāo (28 June 2007). "Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe". Migration Policy. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

minpi.gob.ve

Benítez, Deivis (2011) [Updated 13 August 2012]. "Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011" (in Spanish). PRENSA MINPPPI. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012, article text:{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Los resultados arrojados por el censo poblacional realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas en el 2011 demuestra que las poblaciones indígenas ha aumentado progresivamente con respecto al censo del año 2001.
Según los datos estadísticos publicados por el INE, el total de población que se declaró indígena por sexo, arrojó un resultado de 50,46% hombre y 49,54% mujeres representando 365.920 hombres y 359.208 mujeres para un total de 725.148 personas que se declararon indígenas de Venezuela.
Así mismo, se tomó el porcentaje de población por entidad donde el estado Zulia es la entidad con más indígenas con un 61%, seguido del estado Amazonas con 10%, Bolívar con un 8%, Delta Amacuro con 6%, Anzoátegui 5%, Sucre 3%, Apure y Monagas 2% mientras que en otras entidades existe un 3% de población indígena.
Entre tanto, los pueblos indígenas con mayor población se encuentran los Wayuu 58%, Warao 7%, Kariña 5%, Pemón 4%, Piaroa, Jivi, Añu, Cumanágoto 3%, Yukpa, Chaima 2%, el pueblo Yanomami 1% y otros pueblos con un 9%.

mit.edu

atlas.media.mit.edu

"Venezuela". Massachusetts Institute of Technology: The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.

mites.gob.es

"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social". www.mites.gob.es. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

msn.com

encarta.msn.com

"South America". Encarta. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.

nature.com

Arzt, E.; Orjeda, G.; Nobre, C.; Castilla, J.C.; Barañao, L.; Ribeiro, S.; Bifano, C.; Krieger, J.E.; Guerrero, P.C. (12 June 2014). "Capacity building: Architects of South American science" (PDF). Nature. 510 (7504): 209–212. doi:10.1038/510209a. PMID 24926500. S2CID 38221305. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

nbcnews.com

"Venezuelan Soap Star Monica Spear Slain with Ex-Husband". NBC News. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
"As crisis deepens, more Venezuelans are emigrating to Lebanon". NBC News. 18 July 2017.

nbcolympics.com

"Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela". NBC Olympics. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

newyorker.com

Finnegan, William (1 November 2016). "Venezuela, A Failing State". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

DURAND J; MASSEY DS (2010). "New World Orders: Continuities and Changes in Latin American Migration". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 630 (1): 20–52. doi:10.1177/0002716210368102. PMC 2931359. PMID 20814591.
Grantham, H.S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1). 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. S2CID 228082162.
Keith, D.A.; et al. (2013). "Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e62111. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862111K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062111. PMC 3648534. PMID 23667454.
Arzt, E.; Orjeda, G.; Nobre, C.; Castilla, J.C.; Barañao, L.; Ribeiro, S.; Bifano, C.; Krieger, J.E.; Guerrero, P.C. (12 June 2014). "Capacity building: Architects of South American science" (PDF). Nature. 510 (7504): 209–212. doi:10.1038/510209a. PMID 24926500. S2CID 38221305. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

DURAND J; MASSEY DS (2010). "New World Orders: Continuities and Changes in Latin American Migration". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 630 (1): 20–52. doi:10.1177/0002716210368102. PMC 2931359. PMID 20814591.
Grantham, H.S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1). 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. S2CID 228082162.
Keith, D.A.; et al. (2013). "Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e62111. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862111K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062111. PMC 3648534. PMID 23667454.

noticias24.com

"Siete médicos cubanos demandan a Cuba y Venezuela por "esclavitud moderna"". Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

npr.org

Venezuela Announces Daily 4-Hour Power Cuts Amid Drought : The Two-Way Archived 28 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. NPR (22 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
Venezuela Cuts Public Employees' Workweek To 2 Days To Save Energy : The Two-Way Archived 28 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. NPR (27 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.

ntn24web.com

"Designación de magistrados del TSJ en Vzla es un "flagrante fraude" a la Constitución". NTN24 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

nytimes.com

Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Malkin, Elisabeth (16 January 2017). "Venezuela Issues New Bank Notes Because of Hyperinflation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Neuman, William (5 March 2013) "Chávez Dies, Leaving Sharp Divisions in Venezuela" Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times.
"Venezuela's Descent Into Dictatorship". The New York Times. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Semple, Kirk; Krauss, Clifford (27 December 2017). "Once a Cash Cow, Venezuela's Oil Company Now Verges on Collapse". The New York Times. Punto Fijo, Venezuela. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
Neuman, William; Krauss, Clifford (14 June 2018). "Workers Flee and Thieves Loot Venezuela's Reeling Oil Giant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Casey, Nicholas; Herrero, Ana Vanessa (1 August 2017). "Jailings Raise Fears of Dictatorship in Venezuela". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
Turkewitz, Julie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (19 June 2020). "A Knock, Then Gone: Venezuela Secretly Detains Hundreds to Silence Critics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
Romero, Simon (7 November 2010). "In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Brooke, James (17 February 1992). "Latin America Offers 'New World' to East Europe Emigrants". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

oas.org

"OAS Permanent Council Agrees "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term"". www.oas.org (Press release). OAS – Organization of American States. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
"SeguridadPúblicayPrivada VenezuelayBolivia" (PDF). Oas.org. August 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2015.

observatoriodeviolencia.org.ve

"Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia". Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

ogj.com

Stauffer, Karl W.; Croft, Gregory D. (1995). "A modern look at the petroleum geology of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela". Oil & Gas Journal. 93 (23). Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.

okdiario.com

"La dictadura venezolana invitó al podemita que irá a la cárcel por pegar a un socialista". OK Diario (in Spanish). 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

openaire.eu

Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). "L'Italiano in Venezuela". Italiano LinguaDue (in Italian). 3 (2): 20. doi:10.13130/2037-3597/1921. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017. L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese

pewforum.org

Berrios, Jerry. S. Fla. Venezuelans: Chavez incites anti-Semitism. Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Miami Herald, 10 August 2006.

prensa.com

"Nicolás Maduro: 'Impediré por las buenas o por las malas que la oposición llegue al poder'". La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

prodavinci.com

"La designación de magistrados del TSJ por la AN. ¿Fraude Constitucional?". ProDavinci. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

produccioncientificaluz.org

Conde, Edith Mabel Cuñarro (2004). "Venezuela 1984–1999: 15 años de historia (La Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado (COPRE) como mecanismo de innovación política)". Cuestiones Políticas (in Spanish). 20 (33). ISSN 0798-1406. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

psu.edu

personal.psu.edu

"The Spanish of the Canary Islands". personal.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

qz.com

"Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%". Quartz. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

ramsar.org

Peck, D (2000). "The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance: Venezuela". The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

refugees.org

"World Refugee Survey 2008". U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.

rethinkvenezuela.com

"Health Care for All: Venezuela's Health Missions at Work". Venezuela Information Office. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

reuters.com

"Venezuela's Maduro decried as 'dictator' after Congress annulled". Reuters. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Wallis, Daniel; Chinea, Eyanir (16 February 2014). "Venezuela's Lopez says ready for arrest at Tuesday march". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Buitrago, Deisy (17 April 2018). "Under military rule, Venezuela oil workers quit in a stampede". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Pons, Corina; Cawthorne, Andrew (30 December 2014). "Recession-hit Venezuela vows New Year reforms, foes scoff". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Wroughton, Lesley; Ellsworth, Brian (25 September 2018). "U.S. sanctions Venezuela officials, Trump slams Maduro". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
Cawthorne, Andrew; Ulmer, Alexandra (15 January 2016). "Venezuela decrees 'economic emergency,' reveals depth of crisis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
"U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials". Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Cawthorne, Andrew (7 February 2014). "German tourist, 76, shot dead on Venezuelan island". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Corina Pons (20 January 2017). "UPDATE 1-Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 pct, GDP contracts nearly 19 pct". REUTERS. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
Cawthorne, Andrew (24 October 2014). "Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Bases, Daniel (14 December 2013). "Update – S&P cuts Venezuela debt rating to B-minus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
"IMF projects Venezuela inflation will hit 1,000,000 percent in 2018". Reuters. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). "In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.

uk.reuters.com

Naranjo, Andrew Cawthorne and Mario (9 December 2012). "FACTBOX – Chavez's chosen successor Nicolas Maduro". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
"Crime threatens Chavez vote in Venezuela slums | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. 14 November 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

in.reuters.com

"IMF sees Venezuela inflation at 10 million percent in 2019". Reuters. 9 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019 – via in.reuters.com.

rfkhumanrights.org

"Enforced Disappearance Tool Political Repression Venezuela". Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.

runrun.es

"La ruptura democrática de Venezuela". RunRunes (in Spanish). 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

sazonlatinorestaurant.com

"History". Sazon Latino Restaurant. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

scielo.org.ve

López Maya, Margarita (2004). "Venezuela 2001–2004: actores y estrategias". Cuadernos del Cendes. 21 (56): 109–132. ISSN 1012-2508. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2010.

scmp.com

Lau, Stuart (2 February 2019). "Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'". The South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
• Page, Jeremy (1 February 2019). "China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019). "Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018). "China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China". America's Quarterly. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
• Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019). "From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political turmoil in Venezuela". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
Han Shih, Toh (11 April 2013). "China Railway Group's project in Venezuela hits snag". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Corrales, Javier (2020). "Authoritarian Survival: Why Maduro Hasn't Fallen". Journal of Democracy. 31 (3). Project Muse: 39–53. doi:10.1353/jod.2020.0044. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 226738491.
Smilde, David (14 September 2017). "Crime and Revolution in Venezuela". NACLA Report on the Americas. 49 (3): 303–308. doi:10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956. ISSN 1071-4839. S2CID 158528940. Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.
Isidoro Losada, Ana María; Bitar Deeb, Rita (January 2022). "Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 41 (1): 102–104. doi:10.1111/blar.13316. eISSN 1470-9856. ISSN 0261-3050. S2CID 246773739. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Humphreys, R. A. (1966). "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895. Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 17: 131–164. doi:10.2307/3678723. JSTOR 3678723. S2CID 155581308.
Da Silva P, José Luis (2013). "Venezuelan Democracy in the 20th Century. The Struggle Between the Military and the Non–Military". Politeja. 10 (24): 49–68. doi:10.12797/politeja.10.2013.24.05. ISSN 1733-6716. S2CID 155380658.
Cannon 2004, p. 295. Cannon, Barry (21 June 2004). "Venezuela, April 2002: Coup or Popular Rebellion? The Myth of a United Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 23 (3): 285–302. doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2004.00109.x. S2CID 56445250.
Grantham, H.S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1). 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. S2CID 228082162.
Rodríguez, J.P.; Nassar, J.M.; Rodríguez-Clark, K.M.; Zager, I.; Portillo-Quintero, C.A.; Carrasquel, F.; Zambrano, S. (2009). "Tropical dry forests in Venezuela: assessing status, threats and future prospects". Environmental Conservation. 35 (4): 311. doi:10.1017/S0376892908005237. ISSN 0376-8929. S2CID 85838371.
Daniel, Ortega; Rodríguez, Francisco (October 2008). "Freed from Illiteracy? A Closer Look at Venezuela's Misión Robinson Literacy Campaign". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 57 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1086/590461. S2CID 143581685.
Arzt, E.; Orjeda, G.; Nobre, C.; Castilla, J.C.; Barañao, L.; Ribeiro, S.; Bifano, C.; Krieger, J.E.; Guerrero, P.C. (12 June 2014). "Capacity building: Architects of South American science" (PDF). Nature. 510 (7504): 209–212. doi:10.1038/510209a. PMID 24926500. S2CID 38221305. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

spartannewsroom.com

Montiel, Santiago. "Formula 1 needs more attention in the United States". Spartan Newsroon. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.

state.gov

travel.state.gov

"Venezuela Country Specific Information". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
"Venezuela". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
"Venezuela Travel Warning". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

talcualdigital.com

Silvera, Yohana (10 June 2010). "Poesía en objetos" (in Spanish). TalCualDigital. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

tau.ac.il

Annual Report 2004: Venezuela. Archived 23 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Stephen Roth Institute. Accessed 11 August 2006.

telegraph.co.uk

"Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro bans opposition parties from election". The Telegraph. Agence France-Presse. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

thearda.com

"National Profiles". Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

theborneopost.com

"Venezuelans protest en masse in rival rallies". Borneo Post. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

theguardian.com

Left, Sarah (16 April 2002). "Simon Bolivar". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Watts, Virginia Lopez Jonathan (15 April 2013). "Nicolás Maduro narrowly wins Venezuelan presidential election". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
Carroll, Rory; Lopez, Virginia (9 March 2013). "Venezuelan opposition challenges Nicolás Maduro's legitimacy". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Lopez, Virginia (26 September 2013). "Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no food'". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jones, Sam; Wintour, Patrick (4 February 2019). "EU countries recognise Juan Guaidó as interim Venezuelan leader". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
Roth, Andrew; Kuo, Lily; Agren, David; Augustin, Ed; Walker, Peter (24 January 2019). "Russia and key allies vow to stand by Maduro in Venezuela crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
Milne, Seumas. "Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
"FCO travel advice mapped: the world according to Britain's diplomats". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Lopez, Virginia (26 September 2013). "Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no food'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Venezuela Guardian. 25 October 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006.

themoscowtimes.com

Lau, Stuart (2 February 2019). "Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'". The South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
• Page, Jeremy (1 February 2019). "China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019). "Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018). "China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China". America's Quarterly. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
• Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019). "From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political turmoil in Venezuela". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.

transparency.org

e.V., Transparency International (31 January 2023). "Transparency International – Venezuela". www.transparency.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.

travel.gc.ca

"Venezuela". Government of Canada. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

tumblr.com

venezuelablog.tumblr.com

Venezuelan Politics and Human Rights Archived 7 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Venezuelablog.tumblr.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.

turpialtravel.com

"Key Facts Venezuela". Turpial Travel & Adventure. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

un.org

"Annex tables" (PDF). World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2003. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
"The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011". Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine United Nations. 2011. Web. 2 April 2012.

population.un.org

"World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

unb.br

bdtd.bce.unb.br

Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas" (PDF). Universidade de Brasília. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

undp.org

hdr.undp.org

"Income Gini coefficient". undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
"Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

hdrstats.undp.org

"Human Development Report 2009 – Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)". Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

une.edu.ve

"Alcaldía del Hatillo: Historia" (in Spanish). Universidad Nueva Esparta. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

unesco.org

unesdoc.unesco.org

UNESCO (1988). "Compendium of statistics on illiteracy" (PDF). Retrieved 10 June 2017.

data.uis.unesco.org

"UIS.Stat". UNESCO INSTITUTE FOR STATISTICS. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

unfccc.int

www4.unfccc.int

INDC – Submissions Archived 13 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. .unfccc.int. Retrieved on 15 June 2016.

unhcr.org

"Number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela reaches 3 million". UNHCR.org. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.

unicef.org

Venezuela Archived 17 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Unicef.org.

unodc.org

"GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2011" (PDF). UNODC. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
"GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2014" (PDF). UNODC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
United Nations, World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

upenn.edu

publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu

"The Legacy of Hugo Chavez and a Failing Venezuela". publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu. Wharton Public Policy Initiative, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

upi.com

Pestano, Andrew V. (19 February 2017). "Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis". UPI. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

usatoday.com

eu.usatoday.com

"With executive order, Trump imposes new round of Venezuela sanctions". USA Today. 25 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.

utsandiego.com

legacy.utsandiego.com

Rueda, Jorge (4 December 2007). "Jewish leaders condemn police raid on community center in Venezuela". U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.

venezuelaaldia.com

"Expresidentes denuncian ruptura del orden constitucional y democrático en Venezuela". Venezuela al día (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.

vtv.gov.ve

"Dos mil 719 candidatos se disputarán los curules de la Asamblea Nacional" (in Spanish). Venezolana de Televisión. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

washingtonpost.com

Board, Editorial (23 February 2018). "Opinion | Latin-America's worst-ever refugee crisis: Venezuelans". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018. This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history
Francisco Toro (21 October 2016). "It's official: Venezuela is a full-blown dictatorship". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
"Venezuela says it will quit Organization of American States". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.

web.archive.org

"Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)" (PDF). ine.gov.ve. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
"National Profiles". Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
"Battling Authoritarian Regimes in Venezuela and Beyond: A Conversation with Venezuelan Opposition Leader Leopoldo López". David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. 25 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)'s Constitution of 1999 with Amendments through 2009" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
"Venezuela country profile". BBC. 4 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Venezuela)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
"Income Gini coefficient". undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
"Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
"The World Factbook: Venezuela". Central Intelligence Agency. September 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
"South America". Encarta. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
"Annex tables" (PDF). World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2003. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
"The Legacy of Hugo Chavez and a Failing Venezuela". publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu. Wharton Public Policy Initiative, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
• Heritage 2002, pp. 618–621.
• Voigt, Kevin (6 March 2013). Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Beeton, Dan; Joe Sammut (6 December 2013). Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Venezuela Overview Archived 29 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. worldbank.org. The World Bank. Accessed 17 November 2014. "Economic growth and the redistribution of resources associated with these missions have led to an important decline in moderate poverty, from 50% in 1998 to about 30% in 2012. Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998 to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region." Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7894-8805-3.
Charlie Devereux & Raymond Colitt. 7 March 2013. "Venezuelans' Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Nagel, Juan Cristóbal (4 June 2014). "Poverty Shoots Up in Venezuela". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
남민우, 기 (2 May 2018). 화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라 [The monetary economy collapsed... Venezuela clamors for minimum wage hike]. 朝鮮日報 (The Chosun Ilbo) (in Korean). Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2018 – via chosun.com. Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy
Isidoro Losada, Ana María; Bitar Deeb, Rita (January 2022). "Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 41 (1): 102–104. doi:10.1111/blar.13316. eISSN 1470-9856. ISSN 0261-3050. S2CID 246773739. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
"World Report 2022: Rights Trends in Venezuela". Human Rights Watch. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
"Fuel subsidies have contributed to Venezuela's economic crisis". chinadialogue.net. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 February 2015). "Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela". El Pais. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Rosati, Andrew (9 October 2018). "Venezuela's 2018 Inflation to Hit 1.37 Million Percent, IMF Says". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
"IMF sees Venezuela inflation at 10 million percent in 2019". Reuters. 9 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019 – via in.reuters.com.
• Gillespie, Patrick (12 April 2016). "Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Gillespie, Patrick (12 December 2016). "Venezuela shuts border with Colombia as cash crisis escalates". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017). "Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
"Chamber of Commerce: 80% of Venezuelans are in poverty". El Universal. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Malkin, Elisabeth (16 January 2017). "Venezuela Issues New Bank Notes Because of Hyperinflation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
"Number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela reaches 3 million". UNHCR.org. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
Gillespie, Patrick (14 November 2017). "Venezuela just defaulted, moving deeper into crisis". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
"Venezuela in 'selective default'". bbc.com. BBC News. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
"Venezuela". Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
Zamora 1993, Voyage to Paradise. Zamora, Margarita (1993). Reading Columbus. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08297-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
Cachero, Montserrat. "The Court and the Jungle: Integrating Narratives of Privilege". Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Ulrich Zwack, Bayerischer Rundfunk (5 August 2015). "Albtraum von Eldorado: Als die Welser über Venezuela herrschten" (in German). Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Alcaldía del Hatillo: Historia" (in Spanish). Universidad Nueva Esparta. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
Minster, Christopher. "April 19, 1810: Venezuela's Declaration of Independence". About. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Left, Sarah (16 April 2002). "Simon Bolivar". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
"Venezuela". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
"History of Venezuela". History World. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
McFarlane, Anthony (2013). War and Independence In Spanish America. Routledge. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-136-75772-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
"Venezuela – The Century of Caudillismo Archived 5 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine". Library of Congress Country Studies.
"200 años como símbolo de soberanía" (in Spanish). Consulado General de Venezuela en Canarias. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
Stauffer, Karl W.; Croft, Gregory D. (1995). "A modern look at the petroleum geology of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela". Oil & Gas Journal. 93 (23). Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Davilaa, Luis Ricardo (April 2000). "The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x. ISSN 0261-3050. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
Conde, Edith Mabel Cuñarro (2004). "Venezuela 1984–1999: 15 años de historia (La Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado (COPRE) como mecanismo de innovación política)". Cuestiones Políticas (in Spanish). 20 (33). ISSN 0798-1406. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
"Profile: Hugo Chavez". BBC News. 5 December 2002. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. Mr Chavez first came to prominence in February 1992 when he led an attempt to overthrow the government of President Carlos Andres Perez amid growing anger at economic austerity measures.
"Minister: 2002–2003 strike cost PDVSA US$12.8bn – BNamericas". 27 July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
"Venezuela devalues currency against US dollar" Archived 14 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Aljazeera.com (9 February 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
"The bill for years of mismanagement is coming due" Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ft.com (12 February 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
"Venezuela The homecoming" Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Economist.com (23 February 2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
Farzad, Roben. (15 February 2013) "Venezuela's Double-Edged Devaluation". Businessweek.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
Mander, Benedict. (10 February 2013) "Venezuelan devaluation sparks panic" Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Ft.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
Boyd, Sebastian (7 October 2014). "How Venezuela Got No Dollars From $65 Billion Bond Sales". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Neuman, William (5 March 2013) "Chávez Dies, Leaving Sharp Divisions in Venezuela" Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times.
Venezuelan Politics and Human Rights Archived 7 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Venezuelablog.tumblr.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
"From riches to rags: Venezuela's economic crisis: The Big Picture". Al Jazeera. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Board, Editorial (23 February 2018). "Opinion | Latin-America's worst-ever refugee crisis: Venezuelans". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018. This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history
"Gracias a las malas políticas del Gobierno bolivariano, más de 4 millones de venezolanos se han ido del país (encuesta)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Forero, Juan; Protti, Tommaso (13 February 2018). "Venezuela's Misery Fuels Migration on Epic Scale". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
"Hugo Chávez and the Future of Venezuela". 4 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
Naranjo, Andrew Cawthorne and Mario (9 December 2012). "FACTBOX – Chavez's chosen successor Nicolas Maduro". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Watts, Virginia Lopez Jonathan (15 April 2013). "Nicolás Maduro narrowly wins Venezuelan presidential election". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
"Venezuela audit confirms Nicolas Maduro electoral victory". BBC News. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Carroll, Rory; Lopez, Virginia (9 March 2013). "Venezuelan opposition challenges Nicolás Maduro's legitimacy". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
"Venezuela's Maduro decried as 'dictator' after Congress annulled". Reuters. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
José Miguel Vivanco (31 March 2017). "Venezuela's crumbling façade of democracy". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017. This ruling is the end of Maduro administration's façade of democracy.
Francisco Toro (21 October 2016). "It's official: Venezuela is a full-blown dictatorship". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
"Venezuela's Descent Into Dictatorship". The New York Times. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Lopez, Linette (11 April 2014). "Why The United States Has Done Nothing About Venezuela". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
Minaya, Ezequiel; Vyas, Kejal (23 February 2014). "Protesters in Venezuela Press Government". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
"Venezuelans protest en masse in rival rallies". Borneo Post. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
Kurmanaev, Anatoly (7 November 2013). "Venezuela Inflation Hits 16-Year High as Shortages Rise". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Wallis, Daniel; Chinea, Eyanir (16 February 2014). "Venezuela's Lopez says ready for arrest at Tuesday march". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
"Sebin detuvo al alcalde Metropolitano Antonio Ledezma". El Universal. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
"Sebin se lleva detenido al alcalde Antonio Ledezma". La Patilla. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
"Venezuela: Human rights groups reject condemnation of jailed Leopoldo Lopez as 'baseless'". International Business Times UK. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Rosati, Andrew; Soto, Noris (6 December 2015). "Venezuela Seen Handing Congress to Opposition in Sunday Vote". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
Minaya, Ezequiel (9 February 2013). "Venezuela Devalues Its Currency – WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.(subscription required)
Lopez, Virginia (26 September 2013). "Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no food'". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
"Let them eat Chavismo The UN honours Venezuela for curbing hunger—which is actually getting worse". The Economist. 20 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
"Venezuela". Massachusetts Institute of Technology: The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
Semple, Kirk; Krauss, Clifford (27 December 2017). "Once a Cash Cow, Venezuela's Oil Company Now Verges on Collapse". The New York Times. Punto Fijo, Venezuela. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
Neuman, William; Krauss, Clifford (14 June 2018). "Workers Flee and Thieves Loot Venezuela's Reeling Oil Giant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Buitrago, Deisy (17 April 2018). "Under military rule, Venezuela oil workers quit in a stampede". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Yergin, Daniel (4 February 2019). "Maduro Wrecked Venezuela's Oil Industry". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
Pons, Corina; Cawthorne, Andrew (30 December 2014). "Recession-hit Venezuela vows New Year reforms, foes scoff". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Cristóbal Nagel, Juan (13 July 2015). "Looking Into the Black Box of Venezuela's Economy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
"With executive order, Trump imposes new round of Venezuela sanctions". USA Today. 25 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
"Dollars Are Out, Euros Are In as U.S. Sanctions Sting Venezuela". Bloomberg.com. 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
Wroughton, Lesley; Ellsworth, Brian (25 September 2018). "U.S. sanctions Venezuela officials, Trump slams Maduro". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
"Venezuela's economic nightmare takes an ugly turn". CNN Money. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Garreau, Simone (12 May 2014). "Venezuelan Oil Dynamics: Why The Protests Matter". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
"Venezuela crisis: How the political situation escalated". BBC. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Cawthorne, Andrew; Ulmer, Alexandra (15 January 2016). "Venezuela decrees 'economic emergency,' reveals depth of crisis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
"Thousands Of Venezuelans Cross Into Colombia In Search Of Food And Medicine". The Huffington Post. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
"Hambre en Venezuela: El 15,7% de los venezolanos se ha alimentado de residuos". Diario Las Américas. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
"Man claims son was eaten by fellow inmates during riot in Venezuelan prison". Fox News. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
Casey, Nicholas; Herrero, Ana Vanessa (1 August 2017). "Jailings Raise Fears of Dictatorship in Venezuela". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
"Colombia desconocerá resultado de elecciones en Venezuela, dice Santos - LaPatilla.com". 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
Charner, Flora; Newton, Paula; Gallón, Natalie (21 May 2018). "Opponents slam Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's election victory as a sham". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018. An alliance of 14 Latin American nations and Canada, known as the Lima Group, released a statement Monday calling the vote illegitimate... The alliance includes Argentina, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Paraguay, St. Lucia, Guyana, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica.
Jones, Sam; Wintour, Patrick (4 February 2019). "EU countries recognise Juan Guaidó as interim Venezuelan leader". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
Rapalo, Manuel (26 January 2019). "Mexico stays neutral in Venezuela political crisis". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
Roth, Andrew; Kuo, Lily; Agren, David; Augustin, Ed; Walker, Peter (24 January 2019). "Russia and key allies vow to stand by Maduro in Venezuela crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
"Russia, Turkey, China denounce US interference in Venezuela". Al Jazeera. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
Lau, Stuart (2 February 2019). "Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'". The South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
• Page, Jeremy (1 February 2019). "China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019). "Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018). "China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China". America's Quarterly. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
• Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019). "From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political turmoil in Venezuela". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
"OAS Permanent Council Agrees "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term"". www.oas.org (Press release). OAS – Organization of American States. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
Paul LeBlanc (6 August 2019). "Trump announces total economic embargo against Venezuela". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
"Nicolás Maduro Moros and 14 Current and Former Venezuelan Officials Charged with Narco-Terrorism, Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Criminal Charges". www.justice.gov. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
Turkewitz, Julie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (19 June 2020). "A Knock, Then Gone: Venezuela Secretly Detains Hundreds to Silence Critics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
"Enforced Disappearance Tool Political Repression Venezuela". Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
"Country Profile: Venezuela" (PDF). Library of Congress (Federal Research Division). 2005. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
"Gobierno en Línea: Geografía, Clima". gobiernoenlinea.ve. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
"The Alpine Biome". marietta.edu. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
"Extreme High Temperature in Venezuela". wunderground. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
"Extreme Low Temp in Venezuela". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012. NOTE: Pass the cursor over the subrayed record to see the source of this. "This location is probably uninhabited, but is close to the town of San Isidro de Apartaderos. −11 °C (12 °F) has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras Blancas, Mérida state."
"South America Banks on Regional Strategy to Safeguard Quarter of Earth's Biodiversity". Conservation International. 16 September 2003. Archived from the original on 4 October 2003.
Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Venezuela". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
Bevilacqua, M; Cardenas, L; Flores, AL; et al. (2002). "State of Venezuela's forests: A case study of the Guayana Region". World Resources Institute. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms". cybertruffle.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
"Venezuela: Overview". Global Forest Watch. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
"Fungi of Venezuela – potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Peck, D (2000). "The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance: Venezuela". The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
"Biodiversity and Protected Areas—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles. World Resources Institute. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
Carbon Markets Are Making a Slow, But Steady, Comeback Archived 2 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomberg.com (8 December 2015). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
INDC – Submissions Archived 13 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. .unfccc.int. Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
"Assessments". UCN Red List of Ecosystems. IUCN-CEM. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
Anuario estadístico de Venezuela (in Spanish). OCEI. 2000. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Kaplan, Joanna Overing (1975). The Piaroa, a People of the Orinoco Basin: A Study in Kinship and Marriage. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-01-923189-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Affairs (U.S.), Institute of Inter-American; Peterson, Lyall E. (1946). The Lake Valencia Region in Venezuela: A Special Report. Institute of Inter-American Affairs, Food Supply Division. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Yegres, Ramón Santaella (1989). La dinámica del espacio en la cuenca del Lago de Maracaibo, 1873-1940: y su proyeccion hasta el presente, 1980 (in Spanish). FACES-UCV, División de Publicaciones. ISBN 978-980-00-0312-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Cárdenas, Antonio Luis; Castillo, Rubén Carpio (2000). Geografía de Venezuela (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Figueroa, Rosa (1995). Agenda Geografica Venezuela (in Spanish). Editorial Alfa. ISBN 978-980-354-005-0. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
Carter, Douglas Broadmore (1946). "The Water Balance of the Lake Maracaibo Basin". Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Nwachukwu, Joseph Iheanacho (1981). "Organic Geochemistry of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela". Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Hammond, D. S. (2005). Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield. ISBN 978-1-84593-092-9. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Sojo, Raúl; Castillo, Horacio Biord (2009). Venezuela al natural. Editorial Arte. ISBN 978-980-6476-26-4. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Las Microfacies Del Cretaceo de Venezuela Occidental (in Spanish). Brill Archive. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Socorro, Orangel Antonio Aguilera (2006). Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: el cuaternario del Estado Falcón (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Cultura. ISBN 978-980-12-1379-6. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Páez, Ramón (1863). "Wild Scenes in South America". Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
Rojas, Arístides (1897). Primer libro de geografía de Venezuela según Codazzi (in Spanish). Santana y cia. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
Zinck, Alfred. "Valles de Venezuela" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
A, América Bracho (1984). Geografía de Venezuela: III año (in Spanish). Ediciones CO-BO. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
The Latin America & Caribbean Review. World of Information. 1986. ISBN 9780904439557. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Baño, Adrián Hernández (1986). Secretos de los Médanos de Coro (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura del Estado Falcón. ISBN 978-980-6081-09-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
Salazar-Quijada, Adolfo (1971). Toponimia de la Guajira venezolana (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
Colombo-Venezolanos, Venezuela Comisión Presidencial para Asuntos Fronterizos (1993). Apure: diagnostico y estrategias de desarrollo fronterizo (in Spanish). La Comisión. ISBN 978-980-03-0130-2. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Hidrocarburos, Venezuela Ministerio de Minas e (1962). Memoria - Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos (in Spanish). El Ministerio. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Léidenz, Misael Salazar (2001). Venezuela en la magia, el mito y la leyenda (in Spanish). Editorial Guaraira Repano. ISBN 978-980-07-8548-5. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
"Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
"Dos mil 719 candidatos se disputarán los curules de la Asamblea Nacional" (in Spanish). Venezolana de Televisión. 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Frankal, Elliot (4 July 2005). "Compulsory voting around the world". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
"Luisa Estela Morales afirma que la división de poderes debilita al Estado" (in Spanish). El Informador. 5 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
"Protestas aumentan 278% en primer semestre 2014" (in Spanish). La Patilla. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
Milne, Seumas. "Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
"Nicolás Maduro: 'Impediré por las buenas o por las malas que la oposición llegue al poder'". La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"La designación de magistrados del TSJ por la AN. ¿Fraude Constitucional?". ProDavinci. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"Designaciones de magistrados son un fraude a la Constitución". La razón (in Spanish). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Designación de magistrados obvió fase de impugnación". El Nacional (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Por qué importan tanto los magistrados que designó el chavismo en Venezuela". BBC (in Spanish). 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Designación de magistrados del TSJ en Vzla es un "flagrante fraude" a la Constitución". NTN24 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"El Supremo suspende la proclamación de tres diputados opositores y uno chavista". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Unidad Editorial. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Maduro pide al TSJ declarar "inconstitucional" la Ley de Amnistía". El Estímulo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Decreto de emergencia económica no puede pasar del 12 de mayo". El Nacional (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"Nicolás Maduro decreta un nuevo Estado de Excepción y de Emergencia Económica en Venezuela". BBC. 14 May 2016. p. Spanish. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"Prorroga del Decreto Emergencia Económica es inconstitucional". El Nuevo País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
"La ruptura democrática de Venezuela". RunRunes (in Spanish). 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"La dictadura venezolana invitó al podemita que irá a la cárcel por pegar a un socialista". OK Diario (in Spanish). 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"La dictadura venezolana reafirma su naturaleza". Eju.tv (in Spanish). 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Expresidentes denuncian ruptura del orden constitucional y democrático en Venezuela". Venezuela al día (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Opositores denuncian "ruptura del orden constitucional" en Venezuela". El País (in Spanish). 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Venezuela es una dictadura que no representa la división de poderes". El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Jefe de la OEA estudia invocar Carta Democrática por Venezuela". La Prensa (in Spanish). 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
"Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power". BBC News. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
"Venezuela: Supreme court backtracks on powers bid". BBC News. 1 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
"U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials". Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
"Latin American Herald Tribune – US Announces New Executive Order Sanctions on Venezuela – Declares "National Emergency"". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
"Amid deteriorating relations, Washington turns screws on Venezuela". miamiherald. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
"Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue". BBC News. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
"Venezuela says it will quit Organization of American States". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
"Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia". Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Rueda, Manuel (8 January 2014). "How Did Venezuela Become So Violent?n". Fusion TV. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
"GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2011" (PDF). UNODC. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
"GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2014" (PDF). UNODC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
"Global homicide rates drop, but nearly 500,000 murdered in 2012". Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
"SeguridadPúblicayPrivada VenezuelayBolivia" (PDF). Oas.org. August 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
"Venezuela: Gravísima Crisis de Seguridad Pública by Lexys Rendon". ISSUU.com. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
"Según el Cicpc el 2011 cerró con 1.150 secuestros en todo el país – Sucesos". Eluniversal.com. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Castillo, Mariano (9 January 2014). "Beauty queen's killers nabbed, Venezuela says". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Gallegos, Raul (10 January 2014). "Miss Venezuela's Murder Is the Price of Politics". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Rueda, Manuel. "How Did Venezuela Become So Violent?". Fusion. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Davies, Wyre (20 February 2016). "Venezuela's decline fuelled by plunging oil prices". BBC News, Latin America. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
"Venezuela Country Specific Information". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
"Crime threatens Chavez vote in Venezuela slums | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. 14 November 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
"14 Killed in Caracas anti-crime operation". Fox News. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
Finnegan, William (1 November 2016). "Venezuela, A Failing State". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
"Venezuela". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
"Venezuela Travel Warning". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"Venezuela". Government of Canada. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"FCO travel advice mapped: the world according to Britain's diplomats". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
"Venezuelan Soap Star Monica Spear Slain with Ex-Husband". NBC News. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Cawthorne, Andrew (7 February 2014). "German tourist, 76, shot dead on Venezuelan island". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"20 killed in Venezuelan prison violence". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
Silverstein, Amy (20 August 2012). "Venezuela prison riot kills 20". Global Post. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Venezuela". Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
"Democracy Index 2012". www.eiu.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
"Democracy Index 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
The truth of Pdval Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, El Universal, 21 January 2011.
e.V., Transparency International (31 January 2023). "Transparency International – Venezuela". www.transparency.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
"WJP Rule of Law Index™ 2014". Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
United Nations, World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
"Venezuela: Where The Mafia And The Military Come Together". Fox News. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"The Economy Of Venezuela". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
"Is socialism to blame for Venezuela's never-ending crisis?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"What socialism? Private sector still dominates Venezuelan economy despite Chavez crusade". Fox News. Associated Press. 18 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Venezuela: Gold Returns to the Country, The Euphoria in the Streets". 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
Pons, Corina; Corina, Nathan (9 August 2013). "Venezuela Ogles Chavez's Hidden Billions as Reserves Sink". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
"Resultados del Índice Nacional de Precios Al Consumidor, Producto Interno Bruto y Balanza de Pagos Cuarto Trimestre De 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). BCV. 18 February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Corina Pons (20 January 2017). "UPDATE 1-Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 pct, GDP contracts nearly 19 pct". REUTERS. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
"The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011". Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine United Nations. 2011. Web. 2 April 2012.
Gallagher, J. J. (25 March 2015). "Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015). "Don't Blame It On the Oil". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
"UN Congratulates Venezuela on Hunger". ABC News. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Cawthorne, Andrew (24 October 2014). "Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Minaya, Ezequiel; Vyas, Kejal (9 February 2013). "Venezuela Slashes Currency Value". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Lopez, Virginia (26 September 2013). "Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no food'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
"Venezuela to nationalize food distribution". Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
"Facing shortages, Venezuela takes over toilet paper factory". CNN. 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Bases, Daniel (14 December 2013). "Update – S&P cuts Venezuela debt rating to B-minus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
"Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent". CNBC. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017). "Venezuela's Awful Economy Got Even Worse in 2016". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
Bartenstein, Ben; et al. (1 November 2017). "Venezuela's Bondholder Meeting Is a Bust as S&P Declares Default". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
"Rating: Venezuela Credit Rating". Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
"IMF projects Venezuela inflation will hit 1,000,000 percent in 2018". Reuters. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Brushaber, Susan; Greenberg, Arnold (1997). Venezuela Alive. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-55650-800-4. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Mann, Mark (2014). The Community Tourism Guide: Exciting Holidays for Responsible Travellers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-85466-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Dagert, Domingo Alberto Medina (1993). Community Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Tourism: "Los Aleros" Merida, Venezuela. Michigan State University. Department of Park and Recreation Resources. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
"Venezuela's currency: The not-so-strong bolívar". The Economist. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
"Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%". Quartz. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Dulaney, Chelsey; Vyas, Kejal (16 September 2014). "S&P Downgrades Venezuela on Worsening Economy Rising Inflation, Economic Pressures Prompt Rating Cut". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
"La escasez también frena tratamientos contra cáncer" (in Spanish). Venezuela. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
"Venezuela sufre escasez de prótesis mamarias" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Herald. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?". BBC. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). "In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
MacDonald, Elizabeth (26 May 2016). "Exclusive: Harrowing Video Shows Starving Venezuelans Eating Garbage, Looting". Fox Business. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
Sanchez, Fabiola (8 June 2016). "As hunger mounts, Venezuelans turn to trash for food". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
"Mangoes fill the gaps in Venezuela's food crisis". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
Venezuela Announces Daily 4-Hour Power Cuts Amid Drought : The Two-Way Archived 28 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. NPR (22 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
Venezuela Cuts Public Employees' Workweek To 2 Days To Save Energy : The Two-Way Archived 28 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. NPR (27 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
Pestano, Andrew V. (19 February 2017). "Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis". UPI. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
Suarez, Roberth (22 March 2017). "Fotos: Escasez de gasolina se agudiza en Barquisimeto". El Impulso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
"Venezuela – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. 30 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
"Venezuela Energy Profile". Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Energy Information Administration. Last Update: 30 June 2010.
Venezuela oil reserves topped Saudis in 2010:OPEC Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Market Watch. 18 July 2011
"Venezuela: Energy overview". BBC. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
Bauquis, Pierre-René (16 February 2006). "What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case". World Energy Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
López Maya, Margarita (2004). "Venezuela 2001–2004: actores y estrategias". Cuadernos del Cendes. 21 (56): 109–132. ISSN 1012-2508. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Han Shih, Toh (11 April 2013). "China Railway Group's project in Venezuela hits snag". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Country Comparison :: Roadways Archived 3 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. cia.gov
"Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles. World Resources Institute. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
"Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica". Ine.gob.ve. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014). "Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros". El Nuevo Herald. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
"El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria". El Impulso. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
Benítez, Deivis (2011) [Updated 13 August 2012]. "Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011" (in Spanish). PRENSA MINPPPI. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012, article text:{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Los resultados arrojados por el censo poblacional realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas en el 2011 demuestra que las poblaciones indígenas ha aumentado progresivamente con respecto al censo del año 2001.
Según los datos estadísticos publicados por el INE, el total de población que se declaró indígena por sexo, arrojó un resultado de 50,46% hombre y 49,54% mujeres representando 365.920 hombres y 359.208 mujeres para un total de 725.148 personas que se declararon indígenas de Venezuela.
Así mismo, se tomó el porcentaje de población por entidad donde el estado Zulia es la entidad con más indígenas con un 61%, seguido del estado Amazonas con 10%, Bolívar con un 8%, Delta Amacuro con 6%, Anzoátegui 5%, Sucre 3%, Apure y Monagas 2% mientras que en otras entidades existe un 3% de población indígena.
Entre tanto, los pueblos indígenas con mayor población se encuentran los Wayuu 58%, Warao 7%, Kariña 5%, Pemón 4%, Piaroa, Jivi, Añu, Cumanágoto 3%, Yukpa, Chaima 2%, el pueblo Yanomami 1% y otros pueblos con un 9%.
Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas" (PDF). Universidade de Brasília. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
"The Spanish of the Canary Islands". personal.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social". www.mites.gob.es. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Erichsen, Gerald. "Facts About Venezuela for Spanish Students". About. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
"Gran Canaria Culture". GranCanariaInfo. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
"History". Sazon Latino Restaurant. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Ross, Ben; Calder, Simon (5 December 2009). "Tale of Two Travellers: The two sides of the Canaries". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Romero, Simon (7 November 2010). "In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Padilla, Beatriz; Peixoto, Joāo (28 June 2007). "Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe". Migration Policy. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Brooke, James (17 February 1992). "Latin America Offers 'New World' to East Europe Emigrants". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
"World Refugee Survey 2008". U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.
> Censos de población y vivienda Archived 19 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. INE (23 February 2012). Retrieved on 16 April 2012.
Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). "L'Italiano in Venezuela". Italiano LinguaDue (in Italian). 3 (2): 20. doi:10.13130/2037-3597/1921. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017. L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese
Aguire, Jesus Maria (June 2012). "Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Centro Gumilla. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
Thor Halvorssen Mendoza (8 August 2005). "Hurricane Hugo". The Weekly Standard. 10 (44). Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
Annual Report 2004: Venezuela. Archived 23 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Stephen Roth Institute. Accessed 11 August 2006.
Berrios, Jerry. S. Fla. Venezuelans: Chavez incites anti-Semitism. Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Miami Herald, 10 August 2006.
The Chavez Regime: Fostering Anti-Semitism and Supporting Radical Islam. Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Anti-Defamation League, 6 November 2006. Accessed 3 April 2008.
Rueda, Jorge (4 December 2007). "Jewish leaders condemn police raid on community center in Venezuela". U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
"Health Care for All: Venezuela's Health Missions at Work". Venezuela Information Office. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
Castro, Arachu (2008). "Barrio adentro a look at the origins of a social mission". David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
"Siete médicos cubanos demandan a Cuba y Venezuela por "esclavitud moderna"". Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Matheus, Ricardo. Abandonados 70% de módulos de BA Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Diario 2001 (29 July 2007).
"Venezuela". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). FAO.org.
Venezuela Archived 17 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Unicef.org.
Chávez 2004. Chávez, Hugo (2004). Cumpliendo las metas del milenio (PDF) (in Spanish). CDBpublicaciones. ISBN 978-980-6456-12-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011.
Dreier, Hannah (24 March 2015). "Mastectomies on the rise in Venezuela amid economic crisis". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
"Human Development Report 2009 – Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)". Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Goodman, Joshua (31 January 2014). "Venezuela's Best and Brightest Camp on Sidewalks". ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"Deserción escolar alcanza el 58% en todo el país". Contexto Diario (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
Aponte 2008, p. 45. Aponte, Pedro Rafael (2008). The Invention of the National in Venezuelan Art Music, 1920–1960. University of Pittsburgh. ISBN 978-1-109-05320-3. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Silvera, Yohana (10 June 2010). "Poesía en objetos" (in Spanish). TalCualDigital. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
"Information". Latin Trails. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
"Key Facts Venezuela". Turpial Travel & Adventure. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
"Copa America: a new cycle begins and the revolving calendar remains". CONMEBOL. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Montiel, Santiago. "Formula 1 needs more attention in the United States". Spartan Newsroon. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
"Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela". NBC Olympics. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

weeklystandard.com

Thor Halvorssen Mendoza (8 August 2005). "Hurricane Hugo". The Weekly Standard. 10 (44). Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010.

wikimedia.org

upload.wikimedia.org

/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə; Latin American Spanish: [beneˈswela] ^ⓘ

worldatlas.com

"The Economy Of Venezuela". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
"What Languages Are Spoken in Venezuela?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

worldbank.org

• Heritage 2002, pp. 618–621.
• Voigt, Kevin (6 March 2013). Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Beeton, Dan; Joe Sammut (6 December 2013). Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Venezuela Overview Archived 29 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. worldbank.org. The World Bank. Accessed 17 November 2014. "Economic growth and the redistribution of resources associated with these missions have led to an important decline in moderate poverty, from 50% in 1998 to about 30% in 2012. Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998 to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region." Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7894-8805-3.

worldcat.org

Corrales, Javier (2020). "Authoritarian Survival: Why Maduro Hasn't Fallen". Journal of Democracy. 31 (3). Project Muse: 39–53. doi:10.1353/jod.2020.0044. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 226738491.
Smilde, David (14 September 2017). "Crime and Revolution in Venezuela". NACLA Report on the Americas. 49 (3): 303–308. doi:10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956. ISSN 1071-4839. S2CID 158528940. Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.
Isidoro Losada, Ana María; Bitar Deeb, Rita (January 2022). "Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 41 (1): 102–104. doi:10.1111/blar.13316. eISSN 1470-9856. ISSN 0261-3050. S2CID 246773739. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Da Silva P, José Luis (2013). "Venezuelan Democracy in the 20th Century. The Struggle Between the Military and the Non–Military". Politeja. 10 (24): 49–68. doi:10.12797/politeja.10.2013.24.05. ISSN 1733-6716. S2CID 155380658.
Davilaa, Luis Ricardo (April 2000). "The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x. ISSN 0261-3050. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
Conde, Edith Mabel Cuñarro (2004). "Venezuela 1984–1999: 15 años de historia (La Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado (COPRE) como mecanismo de innovación política)". Cuestiones Políticas (in Spanish). 20 (33). ISSN 0798-1406. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Grantham, H.S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1). 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. S2CID 228082162.
Rodríguez, J.P.; Nassar, J.M.; Rodríguez-Clark, K.M.; Zager, I.; Portillo-Quintero, C.A.; Carrasquel, F.; Zambrano, S. (2009). "Tropical dry forests in Venezuela: assessing status, threats and future prospects". Environmental Conservation. 35 (4): 311. doi:10.1017/S0376892908005237. ISSN 0376-8929. S2CID 85838371.
López Maya, Margarita (2004). "Venezuela 2001–2004: actores y estrategias". Cuadernos del Cendes. 21 (56): 109–132. ISSN 1012-2508. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2010.

worldenergy.org

Bauquis, Pierre-René (16 February 2006). "What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case". World Energy Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.

worldjusticeproject.org

data.worldjusticeproject.org

"WJP Rule of Law Index™ 2014". Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

wri.org

earthtrends.wri.org

"Biodiversity and Protected Areas—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles. World Resources Institute. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
"Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles. World Resources Institute. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

archive.wri.org

Bevilacqua, M; Cardenas, L; Flores, AL; et al. (2002). "State of Venezuela's forests: A case study of the Guayana Region". World Resources Institute. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

wsj.com

online.wsj.com

Minaya, Ezequiel; Vyas, Kejal (23 February 2014). "Protesters in Venezuela Press Government". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
Minaya, Ezequiel (9 February 2013). "Venezuela Devalues Its Currency – WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.(subscription required)
Minaya, Ezequiel; Vyas, Kejal (9 February 2013). "Venezuela Slashes Currency Value". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Dulaney, Chelsey; Vyas, Kejal (16 September 2014). "S&P Downgrades Venezuela on Worsening Economy Rising Inflation, Economic Pressures Prompt Rating Cut". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.

wsj.com

Forero, Juan; Protti, Tommaso (13 February 2018). "Venezuela's Misery Fuels Migration on Epic Scale". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Yergin, Daniel (4 February 2019). "Maduro Wrecked Venezuela's Oil Industry". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
Lau, Stuart (2 February 2019). "Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'". The South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
• Page, Jeremy (1 February 2019). "China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019). "Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018). "China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China". America's Quarterly. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
• Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019). "From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political turmoil in Venezuela". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.

wunderground.com

"Extreme High Temperature in Venezuela". wunderground. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
"Extreme Low Temp in Venezuela". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012. NOTE: Pass the cursor over the subrayed record to see the source of this. "This location is probably uninhabited, but is close to the town of San Isidro de Apartaderos. −11 °C (12 °F) has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras Blancas, Mérida state."

wur.nl

library.wur.nl

Zinck, Alfred. "Valles de Venezuela" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.

yahoo.com

news.yahoo.com

"Global homicide rates drop, but nearly 500,000 murdered in 2012". Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
"Venezuela to nationalize food distribution". Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.

youtube.com

"From riches to rags: Venezuela's economic crisis: The Big Picture". Al Jazeera. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.