Vietnamese language (English Wikipedia)

Taylor, K. W. (2013-05-09). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
Driem, George van (2001). Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One. BRILL. p. 264. ISBN 90-04-12062-9. Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.
Lam, Ha (2008). "Vietnamese Immigration". In González, Josué M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 884–887. ISBN 978-1-4129-3720-7.
Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004), "Vietnamese in France", in Ember, Carol (ed.), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Springer, p. 1162, ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9

britannica.com

"Vietnamese literature". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
"Vietnamese language". Britannica. 29 November 2023.

ca.gov

library.ca.gov

Nguyen, Angie; Dao, Lien, eds. (May 18, 2007). "Vietnamese in the United States" (PDF). California State Library. p. 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2015.

cornell.edu

ecommons.cornell.edu

Phan, John (2013-01-28). "Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce".

doi.org

Thompson, Laurence C. (January 17, 1963). "The Problem of the Word in Vietnamese". WORD. 19 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659787 – via CrossRef.
Alves 2021, p. 661. Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-027. ISBN 978-3-11-055606-3.
Alves 2021, p. 662. Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-027. ISBN 978-3-11-055606-3.
Alves 2021, p. 663. Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-027. ISBN 978-3-11-055606-3.
Alves 2021, p. 659. Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. doi:10.1515/9783110558142-027. ISBN 978-3-11-055606-3.
Shimizu 2015, p. 136. Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). "A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials". NINJAL Research Papers. 9 (1–2): 135–158. doi:10.15084/00000465.
Shimizu 2015, pp. 151–152. Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). "A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials". NINJAL Research Papers. 9 (1–2): 135–158. doi:10.15084/00000465.
Shimizu 2015, pp. 141–142. Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). "A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials". NINJAL Research Papers. 9 (1–2): 135–158. doi:10.15084/00000465.
Ferlus, Michel (1982), "Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien", Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 11 (1): 83–106, doi:10.3406/clao.1982.1105.
Shimizu 2015, p. 152. Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). "A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials". NINJAL Research Papers. 9 (1–2): 135–158. doi:10.15084/00000465.
Gong 2019, p. 60. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Shimizu 2015, pp. 143–155. Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). "A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials". NINJAL Research Papers. 9 (1–2): 135–158. doi:10.15084/00000465.
Gong 2019, pp. 58–59. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Gong 2019, p. 58. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Gong 2019, pp. 55, 59. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Deborah, H.-F., W., H. B., & T., E. H. (2002). Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(3), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/031)
Alves, Mark (2006-02-01). "Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 1 (1–2): 104–130. doi:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104.
LaPolla, Randy J. (2010). ""Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2 (5): 6858–6868. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036.
NGUYEN, Danh Hoang Thanh; LE, Trang Thi Huyen (2020-03-31). "Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language by Vietnamese Students and Temporary Workers". Asian and African Languages and Linguistics. 14: 21. doi:10.15026/94521.
Kirby (2011), p. 382. Kirby, James P. (2011). "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (3): 381–392. doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181. S2CID 144227569.

ed.ac.uk

lel.ed.ac.uk

Kirby (2011), p. 382. Kirby, James P. (2011). "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (3): 381–392. doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181. S2CID 144227569.

ethnologue.com

Vietnamese at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

"Slovakia: Vietnamese community granted national minority status | European Website on Integration". 7 June 2023.

hal.science

Scholvin, Vera; Meinschaefer, Judith (2018). "The integration of French loanwords into Vietnamese: A corpus-based analysis of tonal, syllabic and segmental aspects". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Alves 2020, p. xviii. Alves, Mark (2020). "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 13 (2): xiii–xlv. hdl:10524/52472.
Alves 2020, p. xix. Alves, Mark (2020). "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 13 (2): xiii–xlv. hdl:10524/52472.

hinative.com

"What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?". hinative.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
"What is the meaning of "tôi chóng mặt luôn, quá lu bu quá mệt (plz english)"? - Question about Vietnamese". HiNative. 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2023-06-07.

idnes.cz

zpravy.idnes.cz

Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency does not have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy (in Czech)

idnes.cz

"Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy". 3 July 2013.

ined.fr

La dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle Insee, enquête Famille 1999. (in French)

jim.com

Desbarats, Jacqueline. "Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation". Indochina report; no. 11. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2013.

jolr.ru

Sidwell & Alves 2021, p. 189. Sidwell, Paul; Alves, Mark (2021). "The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Language Relationship. 19 (3–4): 166–194.
Sidwell & Alves 2021, p. 187. Sidwell, Paul; Alves, Mark (2021). "The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis". Journal of Language Relationship. 19 (3–4): 166–194.

jstor.org

Thompson, Laurence C. (1976). "Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology". Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. Austroasiatic Studies Part II. 13. University of Hawai'i Press: 1113–1203. JSTOR 20019198.

khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn

"Tiếng lóng trên các phương tiện truyền thông hiện nay". khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn.

mla.org

apps.mla.org

MLA Language Map Data Center, Modern Language Association, retrieved 2018-01-20

prd.go.th

thailand.prd.go.th

More Thai Students Interested in Learning ASEAN Languages Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. April 16, 2014. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 2015-01-10.

researchgate.net

Alves, Mark (2006-02-01). "Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 1 (1–2): 104–130. doi:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104.

sealang.net

There are different descriptions of Hanoi vowels. Another common description is that of (Thompson 1991):

	Front	Central	Back
	Front	Central	unrounded	rounded
Centering	ia~iê [iə̯]		ưa~ươ [ɯə̯]	ua~uô [uə̯]
Close	i [i]		ư [ɯ]	u [u]
Close-mid	ê [e]		ơ [ɤ]	ô [o]
Open-mid	e [ɛ]	ă [ɐ]	â [ʌ]	o [ɔ]
Open		a [a]

This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of ă and â would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel ă [ɐ] as being slightly higher (upper low) than a [a].

Thompson, Laurence C. (1991) [1965]. A Vietnamese reference grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1117-8.

"Mon–Khmer languages: The Vietic branch". SEAlang Projects. Retrieved November 8, 2006.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Gong 2019, p. 60. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Gong 2019, pp. 58–59. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Gong 2019, p. 58. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Gong 2019, pp. 55, 59. Gong, Xun (2019). "Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology". Journal of Language Relationship. 17 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209. S2CID 212689052.
Kirby (2011), p. 382. Kirby, James P. (2011). "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (3): 381–392. doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181. S2CID 144227569.

tandfonline.com

Thompson, Laurence C. (January 17, 1963). "The Problem of the Word in Vietnamese". WORD. 19 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659787 – via CrossRef.

tbtvn.org

"Vãi là gì? Tại sao các bạn trẻ lại hay sử dụng từ này?". tbtvn.org. 2020-07-18.

tphcm.blogspot.com

www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, Language Log's itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html, and tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html for more examples.

upenn.edu

itre.cis.upenn.edu

www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, Language Log's itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html, and tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html for more examples.

vietnam-culture.com

admin (2014-02-05). "Vietnamese Language History". Vietnamese Culture and Tradition. Retrieved 2021-01-30.

vietnambreakingnews.com

Vietnamese teaching and learning overwhelming Germany. Retrieved 2015-06-13.

vietnamesetypography.com

"Alphabet | Vietnamese Typography". vietnamesetypography.com. Retrieved 2023-06-24.

vietnamnet.vn

"Vã mồ hôi "giải mã" tiếng lóng tuổi teen – Xã hội – VietNamNet". vietnamnet.vn. Retrieved 2021-04-06.

vietnamtimes.org.vn

Times, Vietnam (May 30, 2020). "More and more foreigners have need to learn Vietnamese". Vietnam Times.

vlada.cz

Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency does not have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
"National Minorities | Government of the Czech Republic". www.vlada.cz.

vnexpress.net

"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay". vnexpress.net. 2016-06-25.
"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay". vnexpress.net. 2016-06-25.

web.archive.org

More Thai Students Interested in Learning ASEAN Languages Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. April 16, 2014. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
Nguyen, Angie; Dao, Lien, eds. (May 18, 2007). "Vietnamese in the United States" (PDF). California State Library. p. 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
School in Berlin maintains Vietnamese language. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
"What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?". hinative.com. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
Vũ Thế Khôi (2009). "Ai “bức tử” chữ Hán-Nôm?".
Desbarats, Jacqueline. "Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation". Indochina report; no. 11. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, Language Log's itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html, and tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html for more examples.

youtube.com

Nhạc chế World Cup 2018 | TÂY BÁN NHÀ | Ronaldo còn có nhà mà về, retrieved 2023-08-30