Viking Age (English Wikipedia)

Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 095173394X. The term 'Viking' is derived from the Old Norse vík, a bay, and means 'one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord'. In the 9th and 10th centuries, it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking', but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation', 'the Viking Age', 'the Viking movement', 'Viking influence', the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history...
• Haywood, John (1995). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings. Penguin Books. p. 8. ISBN 0140513280. The term "Viking" has come to be applied to all Scandinavians of the period, but in the Viking Age itself the term víkingr applied only to someone who went í víking, that is plundering. In this sense, most Viking-age Scandinavians were not Vikings at all, but peaceful farmers and craftsmen who stayed quietly at home all their lives."
• Haywood, John (1999). The Vikings. Sutton. p. 37. ISBN 0750921943. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2020. The term 'Viking' has come in modern times to be applied to all early medieval Scandinavians and it is directly as a result of this that the controversy has arisen. As used originally in the Viking Age itself, the word was applied only to someone who went i viking, that is someone whose occupation was piracy. The earliest use of the word predates the Viking Age by some years and it was not even used exclusively to describe Scandinavian pirates. Most Viking Age Scandinavians were not Vikings at all in this original sense of the word but were simply peaceful farmers, craftsmen and merchants."
• Wilson, David M. (2008). The Vikings in the Isle of Man. Aarhus University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-8779343672. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2020. The word 'Viking' did not come into general use in the English language until the middle of the nineteenth Century—at about the same time that it was introduced into serious academic literature in Scandinavia—and has since then changed its meaning and been much abused. It must, however, be accepted that the term is today used throughout the world as a descriptor of the peoples of Scandinavia in the period from the late eighth Century until the mid-eleventh Century.
• Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). "Vikings". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195338423. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020. "Vikings" is the usual generic term given today to all Scandinavians of the Viking Age
Jones 1968, p. 195. Simeon of Durham recorded the raid in these terms:
And they came to the church of Lindisfarne, laid everything waste with grievous plundering, trampled the holy places with polluted feet, dug up the altars, and seized all the treasures of the holy church. They killed some of the brothers; some they took away with them in fetters; many they drove out, naked and loaded with insults; and some they drowned in the sea."

Magnus Magnusson, Vikings!, p. 32.
Jones, Gwyn (1968). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. OCLC 581030305.
Gwyn Jones (2001). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-019280134-0.
Fadlan, Ibn (2012). Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin UK. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-14-197504-7.

bbc.co.uk

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Did the Vikings make a telescope? Archived 25 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine BBC. 5 April 2000

books.google.com

Sawyer, Peter H. (1995). Scandinavians and the English in the Viking Age. University of Cambridge. p. 3. ISBN 095173394X. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019. The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic islands...
Jesch, Judith (1991). Women in the Viking Age. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 84. ISBN 0851153607. International contact is the key to the Viking Age. In Scandinavian history, this period is distinct because large numbers of Scandinavian people left their homelands and voyaged abroad... The period is thus defined by the impact the Scandinavians had on the world around them.
• Haywood, John (1995). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings. Penguin Books. p. 8. ISBN 0140513280. The term "Viking" has come to be applied to all Scandinavians of the period, but in the Viking Age itself the term víkingr applied only to someone who went í víking, that is plundering. In this sense, most Viking-age Scandinavians were not Vikings at all, but peaceful farmers and craftsmen who stayed quietly at home all their lives."
• Haywood, John (1999). The Vikings. Sutton. p. 37. ISBN 0750921943. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2020. The term 'Viking' has come in modern times to be applied to all early medieval Scandinavians and it is directly as a result of this that the controversy has arisen. As used originally in the Viking Age itself, the word was applied only to someone who went i viking, that is someone whose occupation was piracy. The earliest use of the word predates the Viking Age by some years and it was not even used exclusively to describe Scandinavian pirates. Most Viking Age Scandinavians were not Vikings at all in this original sense of the word but were simply peaceful farmers, craftsmen and merchants."
• Wilson, David M. (2008). The Vikings in the Isle of Man. Aarhus University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-8779343672. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2020. The word 'Viking' did not come into general use in the English language until the middle of the nineteenth Century—at about the same time that it was introduced into serious academic literature in Scandinavia—and has since then changed its meaning and been much abused. It must, however, be accepted that the term is today used throughout the world as a descriptor of the peoples of Scandinavia in the period from the late eighth Century until the mid-eleventh Century.
• Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). "Vikings". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195338423. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020. "Vikings" is the usual generic term given today to all Scandinavians of the Viking Age
Jesch, Judith (2015). The Viking Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-1-317-48253-6.
Stefan Brink; Neil Price (2008). The Viking World. Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 978-020341277-0.
Battles, Dominique (2013). Cultural Difference and Material Culture in Middle English Romance: Normans and Saxons. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-136-15662-5.
Bagge, Sverre (2014). Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-4008-5010-5.
Winroth, Anders (2016). The Age of the Vikings. Princeton University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-691-16929-3.
Winroth, Anders (2016). The Age of the Vikings. Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-691-16929-3.
Price, T. Douglas (2015). Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings. Oxford University Press. pp. 321–322. ISBN 978-0-19-023199-6. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
Carroll, Jayne (2014). "Viking wars and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". In Allard, Joe; North, Richard (eds.). Beowulf and Other Stories: A New Introduction to Old English, Old Icelandic and Anglo-Norman Literatures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86041-9.
Loyn, Henry (1995). The Vikings in Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-631-18711-0.
Bagge, Sverre (2014). Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4008-5010-5. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
Howard, Ian (2003). Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-85115-928-1. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
Winroth, Anders (2016). The Age of the Vikings. Princeton University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-691-16929-3.
Somerville, Angus A.; McDonald, R. Andrew, eds. (2019). "The End of the Viking Age". The Viking Age: A Reader (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 451. ISBN 978-1-4875-7047-7.
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Bagge, Sverre (2014). Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4008-5010-5. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 216. Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018). Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Springer. p. 349. ISBN 978-3-319-78828-9. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Dunedin Academic Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
Noonan, Thomas S. (2001). "Scandinavians in European Russia". In Sawyer, P.H. (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.
Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. BRILL. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-90-04-36381-6.
Bjerg, Line; Lind, John H.; Sindbæk, Søren Michael (2013). Bjerg, Line; Lind, John H.; Sindbæk, Søren Michael (eds.). From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-87-7124-425-0.
Blöndal, Sigfús (2007). The Varangians of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-03552-1.
Brink, Stefan (2008). "Who were the Vikings?". In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-020341277-0.
Jakobsson, Sverrir (2020). The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire. Springer Nature. p. 73. ISBN 978-3-030-53797-5.
Kempke 2001, p. 17. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Jöns, Hauke; Kowalska, Anna (2020). "Scandinavians on the Southern Baltic Coast". In Aannestad, Hanne Lovise; Pedersen, Unn; Moen, Marianne; Naumann, Elise; Berg, Heidi Lund (eds.). Vikings Across Boundaries: Viking-Age Transformations – Volume II. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-000-20470-4.
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Kempke 2001, p. 12. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Kempke 2001, p. 18. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Kempke 2001, p. 15. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Kempke 2001, pp. 15–16. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Kempke 2001, p. 13. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
Kempke 2001, p. 16. Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (eds.). Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.–6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-07671-5.
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